chemical reactions for seasonal heat storage · chemical reactions for . seasonal heat storage. m....
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Chemical reactions for seasonal heat storage
M. Bakker
This paper was presented at Eurotherm Seminar 93, Bordeaux, France,
16-18 November 2011
ECN-L--11-124 DECEMBER 2011
www.ecn.nl
Chemical reactions for seasonal heat storageMarco Bakker
Eurotherm, Bordeaux, 16‐18 November 2011
Heating49%
Electricity20%
Transport31%
European primary energy use in 2008
Why thermal energy storage?
Why thermal energy storage?
Functions of thermal energy storage
Functions:
• Supply‐demand matching
• Peak shaving
• Flexibility
• Comfort enhancement
Functions of thermal energy storage
Function of storage determines
main parameters:
• quality [°C]• capacity [GJ]
• storage density [GJ/m3]
• power [kW]
T
h
T
h
T
h
Sensible heat
• heat capacity
• reservoirs, aquifers, ground/soil
Latent heat
• phase change (melting, evaporation)
• water, organic or inorganic PCMs
Chemical heat
• physical or chemical bonds (reaction enthalpy)
• adsorption, absorption, chemical reactions
Heat storage principles
Heat storage principles
10050
10
sensible latent chemical
Example: storage volume in m3 needed for full solar coverage of
a very energy efficient household
Examples: sensible thermal storage
Examples: latent thermal storage
Examples: chemical storage
How does it work?
How does it work?
Technically, two different mechanisms ‘under the hood’:
• absorption
- chemisorption
- volume
• adsorption
- physisorption- surface
How does it work?
How does it work?
evacuated atmospheric
sepa
rate
integrated
R
A
B
C
evacuated atmospheric
sepa
rate
integrated
R
A
C
evacuated atmospheric
sepa
rate
integrated
BB
B
evacuated atmospheric
sepa
rate
integrated
R
A
C
evacuated atmospheric
sepa
rate
integrated
R
A
CBB
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
high storage density relatively complex technology
no long‐term storage losses early stage of development
suitable for long‐term, high density storage
Application example: Domestic heating
Application example: Domestic heating
Main drivers:
• high energy density
• low losses
• low price
Application example: Automotive
0 500 1000 1500 2000
1st 2 min. after cold start:95% of emissions
Engine temperature during standard test cycle
Main drivers:
• high power
• low weight
• high cyclability
Application example: High temperature
Main drivers:
• high power
• high cyclability
• low payback time
Ongoing research
IEA SHC/ECES Task 42/24:
Thermal Energy Storage: Material Development for System Integration
www.iea‐shc.org/task42
Renewable Heating & CoolingEuropean Technology Platform:
Strategic Research Agenda
www.rhc‐platform.org
Ongoing research: Materials science
• Identification of promising materials
• Development of new materials
- AlPO, SAPO, MOF
- zeolite composites
Ongoing research: Material optimisation
• Development of material composites
• Optimisation of material properties
• Multi‐scale numerical modelling
• Development of characterisation methods
1 mm
1 mm
1 mm
Ongoing research: Reactor development
• Reactor design and optimisation
- power, storage density, stability• Several types of prototypes
- open, closed- separate, integrated
Ongoing research: Reactor development
Ongoing research: System studies
• Conceptual design and feasibility studies
• Techno‐economical analysis
• Life‐cycle analysis
Conclusion
• Heat uses as much energy as transport and electricity combined
• Thermal storage is essential part of many (renewable) heating technologies
• Different applications, different drivers;good fit for seasonal storage in buildings
• Thermochemical storage systems: young but promising technology
Thank you for your attention!
Marco BakkerEnergy Research Centre of the NetherlandsP.O. Box 11755 ZG PettenThe Netherlands
phone +31 224 568966fax +31 224 568079email [email protected] www.ecn.nl