chemical characterization of urban · web viewappendix b 3 standard solutions 3 appendix c 3...
TRANSCRIPT
CH EM I CA L C H A R A CT ER I Z A T I O N O F UR B A N A ER O S OL S C OL L EC T E D I N
B U DA P ES T
EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY
Institute of Chemistry
Department of Analytical Chemistry
BERGEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
Department of Chemistry engineering
Institute of aqua culture-, chemistry- and bio engineering subjects
Chemistry engineering
PREFACE
The Bachelor thesis makes up 15 credit points, and it is completed during the last semester of the
bachelor degree at Bergen University College (HiB). This thesis was done at the Deparmtent of
Analytical Chemistry of the institute of Chemistry at Eötvös Loránd University, in the framework of
collaboration between Eötvös Loránd University and Bergen University College.
First of all we would like to thank our supervisor Dr. Gyula Záray for all the help we got from him
throughout the process. We would also like to give a special thanks to Viktor Gábor Mihucz and
Enikő Tatár who has been of great help to us in both the writing process and the experimental part.
Budapest, 24 June 2009
2
ABSTRACT
The goal of this thesis was to determine the concentrations of 28 elements (Li, Be, Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Te,
Tl, Pb, Bi, U, Ag, Cd, Pt, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Mo, Rh, Pd) in urban aerosol collected
at three different sites of Budapest, Hungary during a 3-month sampling-campaign from April 2009
to June 2009.
The samples were taken onto quartz fibre filters with a high-volume sampler equipped with a PM 2.5
head. Once a month, one sample was collected from each of the sites with a sampling time of 96
hours. The air intake was 30 m3/h, resulting in 2880 m3 sampled air volume.
For the quantitative determination of the investigated elements a sector-field inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-SF-MS) was used. Prior to the ICP-SF-MS measurements, one half of
each sample was subjected to water extraction performed in a sonication bath, while the other
halves were digested by microwave assisted acidic digestion procedure. Gold and indium were used
as internal standards.
The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were higher in Budapest than in Rome, Italy, however the
concentrations found in Budapest were lower than the concentrations found at various sites in
Spain. The mass concentration of Budapest is below the annual mean health limit value of PM 10
established by the European Union (1). The average mass concentrations found at Széna tér, Gilice
tér and behind the incinerator of Kápostásmegyer were 20.1, 21.1 and 25.2 µg/m 3, respectively,
while the mean health limit of PM10 is 40 µg/m3.
All of the elements could be determined by ICP-SF-MS in the range of 0.001-52.6 ng/m 3 for the
sample subjected to sonication assisted water extraction, and the range of 0.001-782.6 ng/m3 for
the sample subjected to microwave assisted digestion, in PM2.5 aerosol fractions collected at three
different sites in Budapest during a 3-month sampling campaign started in April 2009. The element
concentrations were the highest generally at Széna tér, a high-traffic related square of Budapest. As
expected iron, copper, antimony and tin had very high concentrations at Széna tér. However, zinc
and especially lead was found to be unexpectedly high at unexpected locations, and they should
therefore be further investigated.
4
CONTENTS
Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Theoretical part....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Aerosols............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Adverse Health effects..........................................................................................................................................3
2.1.2 PM investigations................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.3 Typical and toxic elements in aerosols.........................................................................................................3
2.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry...............................................................................................3
2.2.1 Quadrupole mass spectrometer.......................................................................................................................3
2.2.2 Time-of-flight mass spectrometer...................................................................................................................3
2.2.3 Magnetic sector field.............................................................................................................................................3
2.3 Sampling equipment......................................................................................................................................................3
2.3.1 Samplers..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.2 Filters........................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Experimental.............................................................................................................................................................................3
3.1 Materials and methods................................................................................................................................................. 3
3.1.1 Reagents......................................................................................................................................................................3
3.1.2 Instrumentation...................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Aerosol sampling.............................................................................................................................................................3
3.3 Sample preparation........................................................................................................................................................3
3.3.1 Pre-treatment of the filter samples................................................................................................................3
3.3.2 Microwave assisted digestion...........................................................................................................................3
5
3.3.2 Sonication assisted water extraction of the filter samples...................................................................3
4. Results and discussion..........................................................................................................................................................3
6. Conclusions................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
7. Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................3
Samandrag...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
8. References.................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Appendix A..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Operating conditions.............................................................................................................................................................3
Appendix B...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Standard solutions................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Appendix C...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Mass determination of the loaded quartz filters.......................................................................................................3
Appendix D..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Calculations............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Appendix E...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Concentration values of elements determined in PM2.5 urban aerosol fractions........................................3
Appendix F...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Raw data..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6
1. INTRODUCTION
In the last years, air pollution has been receiving a lot of attention. There are plenty of sources that
causes air pollution and they are increasing as the world gets more and more industrialized. This
leads to the raising of questions like: how does this emission affect the human health and the
environment in short and long term? This may be some of the reasons that led the leaders of the
European Union to demand the member states to monitor the air pollution. Thus, the member states
have to ensure that the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of urban aerosols are measured (1). In the previous
years plenty of research focused on the PM10 fraction, while the investigation of PM2.5 fraction has
only drawn the attention in the last couple of years due to the fact that results revealed that the
PM2.5 possibly would have more critical effects on the human health.
This thesis is written based on a three-month sampling campaign, carried out during the spring
season (April-June) of 2009 in Budapest, Hungary. The goal was to make an elemental
characterization of the collected urban aerosols corresponding to PM2.5 fractions. The ICP-SF-MS
was used to measure solutions of the samples. Two parallels were digested by microwave assisted
digestion and the other two parallels were subjected to sonication assisted water extraction.
Because of the fact that the sonication assisted water extraction is more likely to resemble
availability of the investigated elements for human beings, the results originating from this latter
method are also very important. The data acquisitions from the ICP-SF-MS measurements were
followed by the determination of the concentrations for each element.
7
2. THEORETICAL PART
Aerosols are considered as solid and liquid particles in air or in some other gas, which are smaller
than 100 µm in diameter (2). In some cases the gas is the air containing particles produced by
different formation processes like vapour condensation, combustion or mechanical disintegration of
the surface of the Earth. A part of the particles is emitted into the atmosphere from the surface
(primary particles), while other particles come into being in the air by gas-to-particle conversion
(secondary particles). Aerosol particles formed by gas-to-particle conversion either in gas or liquid
phase (e.g. in clouds) generally have sizes (diameters) below 1 µm (10 -6 m) called the fine particles.
On the other hand, surface dispersion creates particles of a diameter larger than 1 µm, termed the
coarse particles. Bio aerosols (e.g. pollens, spores) released directly by the vegetation are generally
in this latter size range. Particles due to combustion can be found in both size intervals mentioned
(3).
2.1 AEROSOLS
The aerosols found in the atmosphere today are both natural and man made. Airborne particles or
aerosols are known as “particulate matter (PM)” or simple “particles” (4). “PM10” refers to particles
smaller than 10 µm in diameter (usually 10-2.5 µm), while “PM2.5” refers to the fine particles of 2.5
µm in diameter or smaller. The major part of the aerosol of < 2 µm comprises man made
components (e.g. lead from motor exhausts, ammonium sulphate from atmospheric oxidation of
sulphur dioxide), whilst the > 2 µm material is frequently natural in origin (e.g. wind-blown soil,
marine aerosol) (5).
The aerosols in the atmosphere are often divided into two groups: the anthropogenic aerosol and
the natural aerosol. The major natural aerosols components are sea salt, soil dust (e.g. viruses,
bacteria, protozoa, algae and humic substances), natural sulphates, volcanic aerosols, and those
generated by natural forest fires (6). Anthropogenic aerosols are formed because of the human
activity, and they are in the largest amount in the big cities. These urban aerosols are often just
associated with emission from vehicles, but they are also caused by power plants, different burning
processes and other various industries. While natural aerosols are uncontrollable, urban aerosols
are controllable even though it is a challenge. This is probably why the urban aerosols attract more
8
attention within research than the natural aerosols. Large amounts of heavy elements are
discharged every day and during the past 100 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere has increased by about 25% on account of human activities (6). It is also a concern that
aerosols may contribute to the global warming, and have negative effects on the human health.
2.1.1 ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS
The concentration of many chemicals in the atmosphere has increased considerably due to
industrialization and its factory chimney emission release. Motor vehicles also produce a number of
air pollutants that pose risks to human health. Some of the traffic-generated air pollutants are
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fine
particulate matter (PM2.5). Aerosols can enter the human
body via the skin, but their major route is the respiratory
system (see Figure 1). The health risk differs from one
pollutant to another, for example, nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
mainly acts as an irritant affecting the mucosa of the eyes,
nose, throat and the respiratory tract. On the other hand,
fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause
serious health problems such as irritation of the breathing
airways, difficulty in breathing, aggravated asthma,
development of chronic bronchitis and also premature
deaths in people with heart or lung disease (7).
Health effects, adverse or therapeutic, of the inhaled
particulate matter are determined by complex sets of
physiological and/or physical, chemical and biological
properties of both the respiratory system and the aerosol
(8). Urban PM has been found to contain significant
amounts of metals (9), which may mediate the health
related effects of PM exposures, as demonstrated in a
number of studies (10) (11) (12). Previous research on an
IDEAL respiratory system (mathematical model) indicated
that the highest deposition values of aerosols were observed in the extrathoracic region, regardless
of size distributions of the aerosol, or the age and gender of the human. Depositions were also
9
Figure 1: The human respiratory
system.
observed in the tracheobronichial tree and the acinar region, but in much smaller amounts (13).
Several mathematical models of the human respiratory system have been developed to be able to
calculate the deposition of the aerosols that are present regardless of size (14) (15) (16) (17) (18).
Former studies have concluded that the ultrafine particles of urban aerosols are possibly
responsible for the particle size dependence of pulmonary diseases (19), which is also indicated by
epidemiological studies (20) (21). Some other epidemiological studies as well as animal inhalation
experiments support the hypothesis that physical (e.g., particle size, shape and electrical charge)
and chemical properties (e.g., solubility or transportability) of single particles are also involved in
their potentially toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic health effects (19). Nevertheless the fine aerosols
(PM2.5) are small enough to enter the alveoli, and it is therefore necessary to do more medical
research on the long-term effects of this exposal on the human body.
2.1.2 PM INVESTIGATIONS
In 2008, a review dealing with source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter (PM)
between 1987 and 2007 in Europe was published (22). It pointed to four main source types for the
PM10 and PM2.5 throughout Europe: a vehicular source (traced by carbon/Fe/Ba/Zn/Cu), a crust
source (Al/Si/Ca/Fe), a sea-salt source (Na/Cl/Mg), and a mixed industrial/fuel-oil combustion
(V/Ni/SO42-) as well as a secondary aerosol (SO4
2-/NO3-/NH4
+) source (the latter two probably
representing the same source type) (22).
Until 2005, PM10 was the preferred target metric. PM10 was investigated in 46% of the publications
reported, while PM2.5 was investigated in 33%. However, in 2006 and 2007 38% of the new studies
found in the literature targeted PM2.5, while only 29% focused on PM10 (22). This shifting focus is
most likely related to the effects that fine particles have on human health.
A broad spectrum of techniques was described in the different articles (see Table 1). Ion
chromatography was most commonly used for the determination of ionic species (22% of the
studies), while major and trace elements were determined in similar proportions (9–12%) by
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS), Particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) and X-ray
fluorescence (XRF). Discrimination between organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon was only
carried out in 5% of the studies. The low percentage of OC/EC analyses, as well as the almost
10
complete absence of data on speciation of organic aerosols (OA) in these studies, implies an evident
difficulty to detect and interpret sources of organic PM, such as different vehicular sources (e.g.,
diesel vs. gasoline vehicles) (22).
In 2002 an investigation was done at four different locations in Budapest, Hungary, to determine
elemental mass size distributions and atmospheric mass concentrations of PM 10, PM2.5 and PM (23).
Fraction PM10 contributed 83, 82, 69 and 69% of the total suspended particulate in the order of the
sampling sites: KFKI campus, Lágymányos campus, Széna tér and Castel District Tunnel,
respectively, while PM2.5 made up 55, 62, 40 and 34% of PM10, respectively. By applying X-ray
emission spectrometry (XES), the mass concentration of PM0.1 fraction was found to be only
between 1.5 and 2.1% of the PM2.5 (23).
In 2006, a study analyzing the relation between air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, PM 10 and PM2.5) and
cause-specific mortality was done in a population-wide sample in Oslo, Norway (24). The goal was
to address the thresholds of different causes of death. The major sources of air pollution during the
period were car traffic, road dust, wood burning, and long-range transport by trucks (mainly for
PM2.5 and PM10) (24). The daily average exposure values from all the neighbourhoods were
calculated during the 4-year period 1992-1995 and were categorized into quartiles for each air
pollutant. The mean value for PM10 was 19 µg m-3 (range, 7-30) and for PM2.5 was 15 19 µg m-3
(range, 7-22) (24). Hazard ratios for all causes of death across quartiles of PM2.5 showed an
increasing effect for men and women in both age groups: age 51-70 and 71-90 years (24). The effect
was estimated to be largest for the youngest age group, while the effect on the women in the oldest
age group was comparatively small.
In Spain 21 different sites were monitored between 1999 and 2005 (25). The locations were: three
traffic sites, eleven urban background sites, four suburban sites with variable industrial influences
and three regional background sites. At the least polluted rural sites, most trace metal
concentrations lied within the range of 0.1-10 ng m-3, with only Zr, Mo, Ni, V, Ti, Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn (in
increasing order of abundance) exceeding 1 ng m-3. Concentrations rose with increasing
anthropogenic contamination, in the most extreme cases multiplying values to over 10 times in the
case of the rural background for Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, W and Pb. Atmospheric metal particle
mixtures from the sites tend to each have their own characteristic chemical signature (25). Earth
crust related trace elements (Cs, Sr, Ti among others) measured as PM2.5 reach only 20-40% of the
levels of PM10, a percentage that in contrast increased up to 60%, 65%, 70% and 80% for As, Ni, Pb,
and Cd (25).
11
The exposure that children in the age 11-15 years had to PM2.5 during physical education at a school
was investigated in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2009 (26). The indoor concentration of PM2.5
exceeded the WHO recommended 24-hour limit of 25 µg m -3 in 50% of the days measured. The
average 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 in the school were similar to the corresponding average from
the nearest fixed site monitor, suggesting a high outdoor-to-indoor penetration rate (26). The
coarse indoor fraction concentration (PM2.5-10) was associated with the number of exercising pupils,
indicating that human activity was its main source.
The size distribution, spatial variability and temporal variability between chemical fractions of PM10
and PM2.5 were studied in Rome, Italy in 2008 (27). The soluble fractions of As, Mg, Ni, Pb, S, Sn, Tl
and V showed the same temporal pattern at the three sites suggesting spatially homogeneous
sources for the soluble species of these elements. All these, apart from Mg, were almost totally in the
fine fraction. Also the soluble fractions of Cd and Sb were almost totally in the fine fraction; however
these elements were also influenced by localized sources (27).
An experimental work regarding physical-chemical characteristics of fine aerosols was done in the
Venice Lagoon, Italy (28). Sulphate, nitrate and ammonium were largely present in the soluble
fraction of PM1.0 and PM2.5 lagoon atmospheric aerosol. The sum of these ions in the spring campaign
of 2006 varies from 51% to nearly 100% of PM2.5 fraction aerosol. By applying the PIXE and Particle
Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) analyzing techniques, ammonium was found to be
significantly correlated to non-sea-salt sulphate and nitrate, thus indicating the prevalence of
ammonium nitrate and sulphate in the samples.
There is a renewed interest in domestic wood heating as an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear
power consumption in Sweden (29). Wood combustion is an important source of particulate matter
(inorganic ash material, condensable organic compounds, and carbon-containing particles), as well
as a source of a complex mixture of gases, some of them known as potentially carcinogenic species
(e.g. benzo[a]pyrene) (29). However, an increasing of aerosol concentration may lead to negative
effects, both on the environment and on human health. In order to characterize the urban aerosol
during the wood burning season in Northern Sweden, a field campaign was conducted in a
residential area in winter 2005/2006 (29). The focus was on the analysis of the temporal variation
and daily pattern of aerosol physical properties. The mean and standard deviation concentrations
were 12.1 ± 10.2 µg m-3 for PM10 and 9.2 ± 5.9 µg m-3 for PM1. On average, PM1 accounted for 76% of
PM10 (29). The results suggested that a combination of emissions from residential wood combustion
and traffic sources might explain the high evening concentration of PM10, PM1, particle number, and
12
light-absorbing carbon as well as large geometric mean diameters observed during weekdays and
weekends (29).
Particle number and PM2.5 concentrations were determined in the cabin of buses and trams and in
the compartment of the driver in Helsinki, Finland in 2009 (30). The average PM2.5 concentrations
were 20 to 25% lower in the compartment of the driver than in the cabin in all the monitored
vehicles independently of the vehicle age and type. It was speculated that this was connected with a
larger re-suspension of particles in the cabin space, but a proper analysis would be required before
any conclusion could be drawn. Heavy metals associated with road traffic emissions (Cu and Zn)
were elevated in the buses while emission from the wheel-trail interface probably increased the Fe
concentration, especially in the older trams (30). The results indicate that the exposure of the driver
to particles can be lowered with the existing techniques by using newer vehicles with improved air
conditioning and filtration as well as good isolation of the compartment of the driver. The low-floor
construction of newer vehicle types was not observed to lead to elevated street dust penetration
(PM2.5) inside the vehicles (30).
Table 1: Relevant particulate matter investigations in Europe between 2002 and 2008, with
emphasis on the type of particulate matter, applied techniques and investigated elements.
Year Place, Country PM Technique Elements Ref
2002 Budapest,
Hungary
10, 2.5,
0.1
XES Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr,
Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br,
Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, Pb,
(23)
2006 Oslo, Norway 10, 2.5 - - (24)
2007 Barcelona,
Spain
10, 2.5, 1 ICP-AES, ICP-SF-
MS,
Li, Be, P, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu,
Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb,
Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb,, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd,
Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Tl, Pb,
Bi, Th, U
(25)
2008 Prague, Czech
Republic
10, 2.5 - - (26)
2008 Rome, Italy 10, 2.5 ICP-OES, ICP-SF-
MS
Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg,
Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl,
V
(27)
13
2008 Venice Lagoon, Italy
2.5 PIXE, PIGE Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3
-,
SO42-, C2O4
2-, F-, C2O42-, CH3COO-,
HCOO-, MSA-, CH3COCOO-
or
Na, Mg, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe,
Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb,
(28)
2008 Lycksele,
Sweden
10, 1 - - (29)
2009 Helsinki,
Finland
2.5 - Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, S, Si, Ti, Zn (30)
2.1.3 TYPICAL AND TOXIC ELEMENTS IN AEROSOLS
In 1999, Pinheiro, T, et al. (31) investigated airborne particulate matter (PM10) found in the human
respiratory system. Both particles in the epithelial regions of trachea and bronchi were identified. In
the upper regions of the respiratory, Earth crust elements were mainly found, such as Al, Si, Ca and
Fe. Occasionally, Ti and Zn were also present. In the bronchi, the chemical composition was more
varied. Elements such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were detected, mainly in the association with S, K,
Ca and Si (31).
The following table (Table 2) summarizes the toxic hazard of some elements.
Table 2: The relative toxicity of cations (32). OH- stands for base (sodium hydroxide or sodium
carbonate), S2- for sulphide, SO42- for sulphate and CO3
2- for carbonate.
Name Toxic hazard Precipitant
Antimony High OH-, S2-
Bismuth Low OH-, S2-
Chromium (III) High OH-
Cobalt (II) High OH-, S2-
Copper Low OH-, S2-
Gallium High OH-
14
Iron Low OH-, S2-
Lithium Low
Manganese (II) High OH-, S2-
Molybdenum Low OH-
Nickel High OH-, S2-
Platinum (II) High OH-, S2-
Rubidium Low
Silver High Cl-, OH-, S2-
Strontium Low SO42-, CO3
2-
Vanadium High OH-, S2-
Antimony (Sb) comes probably from a corruption of an old Arabic word or from the Latin word
stibium, meaning mark (33). Antimony is a metalloid often found in contaminated soils. Auto brake
linings and brake disks are major contributors to antimony emissions along heavily travelled
highways (34). It is a toxic metalloid and is often present in inorganic forms such as more toxic
Sb(III) and less toxic Sb(V) (35).
Bismuth (Bi) comes from the German word weisse Masse, which means white mass and it is used
in low-melting alloys and in medicines that relieve indigestion (33). No industrial poisoning by
bismuth metal has ever been reported but ingestions of compounds and inhalation of dust should be
avoided (36).
Cadmium (Cd) comes from Greek Cadmus, founder of Thebes (33). It is extremely toxic and
accumulates in humans mainly in the kidneys and liver; prolonged intake, even of very small
amounts, leads to dysfunction of the kidneys (36). Normal dietary intakes are in the range 0.21-0.42
mg per week which are close to the WHO recommended maximum (0.4-0.5 mg per week) (37).
Cadmium has caused a serious disease (itai itai) in Japan from pollution. It may also pose pollution
problem associated with industrial use of zinc, e.g., galvanization (38).
Chromium (Cr) comes from the Greek word chroma that means colour and is corrosion-resistant
metal (33). The main use of the chromium metal so produced is in the production of non-ferrous
alloys, the use of pure chromium being limited because of its low ductility at ordinary temperatures
(36). It is highly toxic as CrVI and moderately toxic as CrIII (38).
15
Cobalt (Co) comes from the German word kobold, meaning goblin or evil spirit (33). It is used to
make permanent magnets and for alloying with iron. Humans need cobalt in the diet, because it is a
component of vitamin B12 (33). Extensive areas are known where low soil cobalt affects the health of
grazing animals (38).
Occupational exposure to cobalt may result in adverse health effects in different organs or tissues,
including the respiratory tract, the skin, the hemapoietic tissues, the myocardium or the thyroid
gland. In addition, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects have been observed in experimental systems
and/or in humans (39).
Copper (Cu) derived from aes cyprium (later Cuprum), since it was from Cyprus that the Romans
first obtained their copper metal (36). About one-third of the copper used is secondary copper (i.e.
scrap). The major use is as an electrical conductor but is also widely employed in coinage alloys as
well as the traditional bronze, brass, and special alloys such as Monel (Ni-Cu) (36). Wilson’s disease,
genetic recessive, results in toxic increase in copper storage (38).
Gallium (Ga) comes from Latin Gallia (33). Its main use is in semiconductor technology. For
example, GaAs can convert electricity directly into coherent light and is employed in
electroluminescent and in solid-state devices such as transistors (36). Gallium is the second metal
ion, after platinum, to be used in cancer treatment (40). Its toxicity is well documented in vitro and
in vivo in animals. In humans, the oral administration gallium is less toxic, and allows a chronic
treatment, allowing an improvement of its bioavailability in tumours, by comparison with the
parenteral use (40).
Iron (Fe) is lustrous metallic with a greyish tinge, which is most widely used of all the d-metals. It is
also the most abundant element on Earth as a whole and the second most abundant metal in the
crust on Earth (33). A healthy adult human body contains about 3 gram of iron, mostly as
haemoglobin. Close to 1 mg is lost daily (in sweat, faces, and hair), so iron must be ingested daily in
order to maintain the balance (33). It is normally only slight toxicity, but excessive intake can cause
siderosis and damage to organs through excessive iron storage (hemochromatosis) (38).
Lead (Pb) comes from Latin plumbum (41) and is an extremely toxic metal; its effect on human is
cumulative. It enters the body either as inorganic lead (Pb2+) ion or as tetraethyl lead (41). It can
lead to damage on the central nervous system and cause blood and brain disorder.
16
Lead is a worldwide pollutant of the atmosphere. It is concentrated in urban areas from the
combustion of tetraethyl lead in gasoline as well as local pollutant from mines (38).
Lithium (Li) comes from the Greek word lithos and means stone (33) and belongs to alkali metals.
It is, as all alkali metals, very reactive. The crust of the Earth is about 0.006 percent lithium by mass
and the element is also present in seawater to the extent of about 0.1 µg/g by mass (41). Breathing
in lithium dust can irritate both nose and throat. Lithium is used pharmacologically to treat manic-
depressive patients (38). However, it may be risky, since lithium has a narrow range between
therapeutic and toxic serum levels (42). It is slightly toxic (38).
Manganese (Mn) comes from Greek and Latin magnes and means magnet (33). Millions of tons of
manganese are used annually, and it is most common mineral, pyrolusite, has been used in
glassmaking since the time of the Pharaohs (36). It is moderately toxic (38).
Molybdenum (Mo) comes from the Greek word molybdos and means lead (33). It is used in the
manufacture of stainless steel and high-speed tools, which account for about 85 % of molybdenum
consumption (36). Pollution from industrial smoke may be linked with lung disease (38).
Nickel (Ni) comes from German and means Old Nick (33). Some individuals get an allergic reaction
when in skin contact with nickel, which is known as dermatitis. The reaction is marked by itching
and read skin. Nickel is very toxic to most plants. It is highly toxic to invertebrates and moderately
toxic to mammals (38).
Platinum (Pt) comes from Spanish plata and means silver (33). It is used in different fields ranging
from laboratory equipment and catalysers to dentistry. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) is used as
an anticancer drug (38). A review of airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and
human health published in 2009 (43) concluded that platinum may pose a greater health risk than
once thought. Platinum group elements may be easily mobilised and solubilised by various
compounds present in the environment, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. They may also be
transformed into more toxic species upon uptake by organisms. A significant proportion of platinum
group elements found in airborne PM are present in the fine fraction that has been found to be
associated with increases in morbidity and mortality (43).
Rubidium (Rb) comes from the Latin word rubidus, which means deep red or flushed (33). The
main use for rubidium is for hardening platinum and palladium (36). Studies (44) indicate that
17
rubidium is only slightly toxic on an acute toxicological basis and it would pose an acute health
hazard only when ingested in large quantities.
Silver (Ag) or argentum in Latin, is rarely found native (as the metal). It is most obtained as a by-
product of the refining of copper and lead, and a considerably amount is recycled through the
photographic industry (33).
Strontium (Sr) is named after Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was first discovered (33).
Strontium has a variety of commercial and research uses. It has been used in certain optical
materials, and it produces the red flame color of pyrotechnic devices such as fireworks and signal
flares. Strontium has also been used as oxygen eliminator in electron tubes and to produce glass for
color television tubes. Strontium ion is slightly toxic; the toxicity of its compounds is thus closely
associated with the anion of the compound concerned (45).
Tellurium (Te) comes from Latin tellus meaning earth (33). Compounds of tellurium should be
treated as potentially toxic. For instant H2Te is particularly dangerous, as it is taken up by the
kidneys, spleen, and liver, and even in minute concentrations cause headache, nausea, and irritation
of mucous membrane (36).
Thallium (Tl) comes from Greek thallos meaning green shoot (33). Both the element and its
compounds are extremely toxic; skin-contact, ingestion, and inhalation are all dangerous, and the
maximum allowable concentration of soluble thallium compounds in air is 0.1 mg m-3 (36).
Tin (Sn) is a silvery lustrous grey element, which is resistant to corrosion and is mainly used in
tinplating. It provides a non-toxic corrosion-resistant cover for sheet steel and it can be applied both
by hot dipping in molten tin, or more elegantly and controllably by electrolytic tinning. In addition
to extensive use in food packaging, tinplate is used increasingly for distributing beer and other
drinks. Tin is a non-toxic element (36).
Uranium (U) is named after the planet Uranus (33). Uranium is an emerging pollutant and it can
cause irreversible renal injury and may lead even to death which concerned the USEPA to set the
maximum permissible uranium concentration in drinking water to 30 ng/g. The environmental
impact of uranium mining and milling activities are severe as it releases hazardous and
conventional contaminants to environment (46).
Vanadium (V) comes from Vanadis (33), which is another name for the Scandinavian mythological
goddess, Freya. About 80 % of vanadium produced is used as an additive to steel. The benefit of
18
vanadium as an additive in steels is that it forms V4O5 with any carbon present, and this disperses to
produce a fine-grained steel which has increased resistance to wear and is stronger at high
temperatures (36). Vanadium is possible pollutant from industrial smoke that may cause lung
disease (38).
Zinc (Zn) occurs principally as the mineral sphalerite, ZnS, also called zincblende. Zinc is used as
anode in mercury battery. Mercury batteries are used extensively in medicine and electronic
industries, for instance in pacemakers, hearing aids, electric watches and light meters (41).
Pollution from industrial smoke may cause lung disease and the use of zinc promotes cadmium
pollution. Zinc is moderate to slightly toxic and orally causes vomiting and diarrhoea (38).
2.2 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY
The ICP-SF-MS is based on connecting inductively coupled plasma, to produce ions, with a mass
spectrometer that separates and detects the ions, Figure 2. The most common method for
introduction of solutions into the plasma is the pneumatic nebulisation. The nebulizer converts
liquid samples into aerosols and the aerosols is subsequently passed forward into the plasma to
create ions. An ICP is a partly
ionized gas that consists of the
same amount of both negative
and positive charged particles.
It is established and maintained
by electromagnetic field with a
frequency of 27.2 MHz. The
plasma is formed in a torch
(often made of quartz) which
consists of three tubes. Mostly
pure argon gas is used as
plasma auxiliary and sample
carrier gas with flow rate of 10
L/min, 1 L/min and 0.5 L/min,
respectively. Samples to be analyzed are introduced into the central channel of the plasma where
the temperature amounts to 6000-6500 K. Due to this temperature a large proportion of the atoms
of many chemical elements are ionized by loosing its most detachable electron, to form a singly
19
Figure 2: Schematic setup of a magnetic sector field inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometer (48).
charged ion. The ions are extracted through a sampler cone and further through a skimmer cone
into a mass spectrometer, which operates in a high vacuum. Approximately 75 elements and 300
isotopes can be resolved at the same time (47). The MS consists of three modules: an ion source, a
mass analyzer and a detector. Here the ICP is the ion source. The mass analyzer is applying an
electromagnetic field to sort the ions by masses, while the detector measure the value of an
indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers generally incorporate one of two basic detection
schemes: Faraday cup detectors, or electron multiplier detectors (48). Mass spectrometers produce
various types of data; the most common data representation is probably the mass spectrum. Other
types of mass spectrometry data can be mass chromatogram, types of chromatograms that include
selected ion monitoring (SIM), selected reaction monitoring chromatogram (SRM) and total ion
current (TIC). There is also a possibility to use three dimensional contour maps (48).
According to A.L. Gray (49) only mass spectrometry offers the combination of simple spectra,
adequate resolution and low detection limits that were desirable for trace determination in complex
matrices.
2.2.1 QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETER
Principle:
The quadrupole consists of four parallel metal
rods to which are applied both a constant voltage
and a radiofrequency oscillating voltage, Figure 3.
Over the radiofrequency voltage a direct current
voltage is superimposed. The electric field
deflects ions in complex trajectories as the ions
move towards the detector, other ions collide
with the rods and are lost before they reach the
detector, allowing only ions with one particular
mass-to-charge ratio to reach the detector. By
rapidly varying voltages one can select ions of different masses to reach the detector (47). In the
ICP-QP-MS device a DRC (dynamic reaction cell) is often placed before the quadrupole chamber to
20
Figure 3: Quadrupole mass spectrometer. Ideally,
the rod should have a hyperbolic cross section on
the surfaces that face one another (47).
reduce or eliminate spectral interferences. The DRC is filled with a low pressure reaction gas (or a
mixture of two different gases) which reacts with the molecule ions and therefore removes some of
the interference before the ions reach the quadrupole chamber (50).
2.2.2 TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER
Principle:
In ICP-TOF-MS the ions are detected according to their m/z ratio by means of their flight times.
After the ions are being sampled from the plasma, all of them (ideally) accelerate to the same kinetic
energy. They however do not have the same flight time because their flight time is determined by
the equations:
where Ekin is the kinetic energy of the ion, m is the
ions mass, v is its velocity, z is its charge, q is the
electronic charge, U is the electrostatic potential
and L is the length of the electrostatic field-free
drift region through which the ion travels through
the detector (48). As one can see the lighter ions
will achieve higher velocity than the heavier ions
within the flight tube. This will give the ions different flight times as displayed in Figure 4. As the
ions reaches the detector a mass spectrum will be
produced at once.
2.2.3 MAGNETIC SECTOR FIELD
21
Figure 4: Time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Positive ions
are accelerated out of the source by voltage +v periodically
applied to the back plate. Light ions travel faster and reach
the detector sooner than heavier ions (47).
Principle:
The analyzer consists of a curved flight tube, which is located between the poles of either a
permanent magnet or, in practice, an electromagnet with variable field strength. The ions
(generated in the ICP) are accelerated after passing the interface region by a high extraction
potential. Positively charged ions from the plasma are focused through a sequence of ion lenses
before travelling through a narrow slit of adjustable width (source slit). Furthermore the ions are
injected perpendicular to the magnetic field and traverse the field in different circular trajectories
according to their mass/charge ratio. A second slit (collector slit) positioned at the exit of the
magnet at the focus point results in the selection of a specific mass, Figure 2, (48).
Double-focusing:
The term “double-focusing” is applied to mass spectrometers in which the directional and energy
aberrations of a population of ions are simultaneously minimized, thereby improving the resolution
capabilities of the instrument. Double focusing is achieved by the use of the combination of an
energy-focusing electrostatic field (ESA), located either prior to or after the magnetic field, and the
magnet (48).
In the Nier–Johnson geometry device a 90°
electric analyzer is placed before a 60°
magnetic sector, in which the electrostatic
analyzer field is used to compensate for
the energy dispersion. In use of the
reverse geometry the magnetic field is
placed before the electrostatic analyzer, as
indicated in Figure 5. The geometry in it
self keeps the noise down because the bend prevents the photons from going directly to the
detector, and high transmission is therefore permitted. But the reverse design also appears to
improve the abundance sensitivity and to reduce noise even more because the high ion currents
from the magnetic source are first reduced by mass analysis, and only ions of the selected mass are
subjected to the subsequent energy analysis. To enhance abundance sensitivity in this device, a wide
aperture retarding potential (WARP) filter is applied (48).
22
Figure 5: Operation principle of a double-focusing mass
spectrometer (48).
Interferences:
Operating a mass spectrometer at a high resolution is one of the most utilized ways to overcome the
problem of interferences. High mass resolution allows separation of the peak of the isotope of
interest and the interfering species (48). One of the ways to achieve higher resolution is to use a slit
system, which is found in double-focusing sector field mass spectrometers. A
slit system is equipped with slits of different dimensions, as displayed in
Figure 6, whereas each slit has the shape of a trapezoidal. The slit with the
largest dimensions attain low resolution (R=300). By decreasing the slit
width, the resolution will be increased. The slit with the smallest dimensions
will be able to attain a high resolution (R=10 000). A mass resolution of up to
10 000 and more, which is defined here as “high” resolution, is usually
achieved with double-focusing instruments (51).
Isobaric interferences are caused by overlapping isotopes of different elements of essentially the
same mass. Most elements in the periodic table have at least one, two or even three isotopes free
from isobaric overlap (49). For natural elements the isobaric interferences can be found from mass
36 to mass 204 and for non-natural isotopes they can be found in range above m/z 230, derived
from nuclear processes (48).
Molecular ion interferences are formed by the matrix elements, the atom of the solvent and/or the
atoms of the plasma gas (48). They may also arise from the reagents used for sample pre-treatment.
Another important source of molecular ions is formation of cluster ions from the dominant species
in the plasma, which preferentially occurs in cool plasma boundaries (possibly at the walls of the
skimmer) or in the sampling and expansion areas of the interface (51).
The following table (Table 3) is pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of the mass
spectrometers that are mentioned earlier.
Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of the differents mass spectrometers.
Mass
spectrometer
Advantages Disadvantages
23
Figure 6: The slit width defines the ion
beam entering the magnetic field.
Narrow slits are used for high
resolution.
Magnetic
sector field
High mass resolution (up to 12000)
(48).
High sensitivity (48).
Low noise (48).
Good isotope ratio precision (48).
Flat-top peaks (trapezoidal shape)
(48).
High linear dynamic range over nine
orders of magnitude (48).
High cost (48).
Duty cycles limited by hysteresis
of magnetic field (48).
Loss of sensitivity at higher
mass resolution (48).
Loss of trapezoid peak shape at
high mass resolution (48).
No solution for interferences
with mass resolutions of more
than 12000 (48).
Time of flight Simple (47).
High acquisition rate (102 to 104
spectra/s) (47).
Capability for measuring very high
masses (m/z ≈106) (47).
TOF-MS seems to be an attractive
alternative to scanning-based
systems for hyphenated speciation
analysis (48).
Requires a low operating
pressure (10-12 bar) (47).
Poorer detection limits than
those obtained by quadrupole
and magnetic sector
instruments (48).
The sensitivity of ICP-TOF-MS is
much as an order of magnitude
poorer than comparable
quadrupole systems (48).
Quadrupole Good multi -purpose instrument
(47).
Reasonable price (48).
High operating pressure (10-9 bar)
(47).
Abundance sensitivity can be 106 or
better (48).
Peak tailing (48).
Ions are lost in the region of the
mass filter near the entrance,
and to a lesser extent in the
region near the exit (48).
Eliminations of spectral
interferences need DRC.
2.3 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
24
A particulate sampling train consists of the following components: air inlet, particulate separator or
collecting device, air flow meter, flow rate control valve, and air mover or peristaltic pump. Of these,
the most important component is the particulate separator. The separator may consist of a single
element (such as a filter or impinge), or there may be two or more elements in a series (such as a
two-stage cyclone or multi-stage impactor) so as to characterize the particulates into different size
ranges (4).
2.3.1 SAMPLERS
There are two main types of samplers suitable for sampling aerosols in the ambient atmosphere –
high-volume samplers and low-volume continuously recording samplers. For applications where
aerosol concentrations are expected to be low, or when the concentrations are specific compounds
within the aerosol are low (such as dioxins, etc.), a sampler with a high flow rate is preferred. Low-
volume continuously recording samplers is used for remote automatic sampling networks, or the
study of short-term trends in the fraction of ambient aerosol to identify periods of high potential
risk (52).
2.3.2 FILTERS
Sampling on filters is the most practical method currently available to characterize the particle sizes
and chemical composition of airborne particulates (4). Airborne particles are collected from the air
surrounding the filter by a pump, while all gases pass through the filter.
Filter types for aerosol sampling are in general divided in two main categories – fibrous filters and
membrane filters. Fibrous fibres consist of layers of fibres made generally of glass, quartz or
cellulose. While membrane filters contain small pores of controlled size, and they are usually
composed of thin films of polymeric material (3).
The characteristics of different types of fibrous and membrane filters widely used for sampling
aerosol particles for subsequent chemical analysis are summarized in Table 4 .
Table 4: Properties of filters used for particulate sampling with a face velocity of 10 cm s -1. Note
that the efficiencies refer to particles with diameters above 0.03 µm (3).
Filter Composition Density (mg cm-2) Surface reactivity Efficiency (%)
25
Teflon Polytetrafluoro-ethene 0.5 Neutral 99
Whatman 41 Cellulose fiber 8.7 Neutral 58
Whatman GF/C Glass fiber 5.2 Basic (pH 9) 99
Gelman Quartz Quartz fiber 6.5 pH 7 98
Nuclepore Polycarbonate 0.8 Neutral 93
Milipore Cellulose acetate/nitrate 5.0 Neutral 99
Teflon, quartz and Nuclepore filters give the best substrates for chemical studies, because they don’t
react with atmospheric trace gases resulting in a sampling artefact (3).
26
3. EXPERIMENTAL
The sampling sites were located in three different places of Budapest, the capital of Hungary, which
includes a population of 1.7 million. The three sampling sites were Széna tér with mainly traffic
pollution, Gilice tér an urban background site and Káposztásmegyer which is located just behind a
waste incinerator.
3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.1 REAGENTS
Throughout the experiments, ion-exchanged water was used. Commercially available 1000 mg/L standard solutions (Pt, Sb, In, Au) were diluted and used as internal standards, while the multi element standard solution was mixed from standard solutions from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany (). For the microwave assisted digestion and acidification of the samples, hydrochloric and nitric acids of Suprapure grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied. All samples and standards were stored in polyethylene bottles. Standard solutions were prepared daily.
3.1.2 INSTRUMENTATION
For aerosol sampling, a Greenlab DHA-80 type high-volume PM2.5 sampler with 500 L/min air intake
was used, property of the National Meteorological Service. Ion-exchanged water (16.8 MΩ cm) was
used was produced by a PUR1TE (Purite, Thame, Oxfordshire, UK) system. Microwave assisted
digestion was achieved in an Anton-Paar GmbH MultiwaweTM equipment equipped with 6 quartz
vessels. For water extraction of the filter samples an Elma®, S40 Elmasonic, sonication bath was
applied. For the ICP-SF-MS measurements, an inductively coupled plasma sector field mass
spectrometer ELEMENT2 (Thermo Finnigan, Bremen, Germany) were used. The operating
conditions are listed in the Appendix A.
3.2 AEROSOL SAMPLING
The collection of aerosol samples was achieved in collaboration with the National Meteorological
Service, who has a network consisting of 11 completely automated air quality measuring stations in
the charge of the Environmental, Nature Protection and Hydrological Inspectorate of the Central
Danube Valley. The compounds that they usually monitor are: nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide,
27
ozone, BTEX and PM10 fractions. PM2.5 collection has still not been implemented in all of the stations
on a regular basis. The sampling campaign lasted 3 months from April 2009 to June 2009 and
consisted of almost one-week long sampling periods each month at the following three sites; Széna
tér, the vicinity of an incinerator situated in Káposztásmegyer and Gilice tér. The first two sites are
located in Buda; meanwhile Gilice tér is in Pest (see Figure 7). The sampling sites were chosen in
order to collect samples from a high-traffic area (Széna tér) and from a waste incinerator zone. The
site corresponding to the Gilice tér resembled the urban background area.
Figure 7: The location of the three sampling sites (red dots) displayed in a map of Budapest,
Hungary.
The duration of the sampling was 96 hours (4 days), which resulted in a sampled air volume of 2880
m3 for the sampling period. The weather conditions during the sampling period were similar. Even
though the spring of 2009 has been quite warm, and April has been the warmest April since 1901,
the temperatures during the sampling has been quite stabile. The average temperatures during the
week of sampling in April, May and June were 15-16, 13-16.5 14-16°C, respectively. Mostly there
has been no precipitation during the sampling time, but in the last couple of days of the sampling in
June there was some precipitation.
28
3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION
3.3.1 PRE-TREATMENT OF THE FILTER SAMPLES
For each series of measurements, four quartz filters, one for each sampling site and one blank
sample, were heated in an oven at 550°C for eight hours in order to eliminate organic contamination.
Whatman QM-A filters with a diameter of 150 mm were used. The filters were weighed, attached to
grinds, put in Petri dishes and stored in an exsiccator. Filters were handled and cut with a ceramic
scalpel and silicon tweezers, respectively. To determine the weight of the aerosol sample alone, the
filters were weighed on an analytical scale both before and after the aerosol sampling ( Appendix C).
The cut filters, later subjected to microwave assisted digestion or sonication, were also weighed.
3.3.2 MICROWAVE ASSISTED DIGESTION
For the microwave assisted digestion, ¼ of the original filter was cut out. Furthermore, the ¼ pieces
were split into two 1/8 pieces and weighed. These pieces were placed into microwave assisted
digestion quartz vessels (priory washed with nitric acid and rinsed with water). Then, aqua regia
(2.5 ml nitric acid and 7.5 ml hydrochloric acid) was added to the samples. The quartz vessels were
placed in a carousel, and put into a microwave assisted oven where a microwave assisted digestion
program was applied (Appendix A).
After the microwave assisted digestion, each liquid sample from the quartz containers was
transferred into PP (polypropylene) Falcon test tubes. The filter pieces were still intact; therefore it
was necessary to wash them carefully in order to be able to transfer the whole sample into the test
tubes. Furthermore the test tubes, containing the samples, were filled up with ion-exchanged water
up to 50 ml. Because of the fact that the test tubes now also contained colloidal particles, the
samples also had to be filtered. To strain off the particles, a MILIPORE Millex syringe filter unit (0.22
µm diameter) was utilized. After the filtration, 15 ml of the samples were transferred into 15-ml PP
Falcon test tubes previously soaked with 20% nitric acid solutions and rinsed three times with ion-
exchanged water.
3.3.2 SONICATION ASSISTED WATER EXTRACTION OF THE FILTER SAMPLES
From the loaded filters, another ¼ pieces were cut off and weighed. Furthermore, it was cut into
smaller pieces, which were put into 50-ml PP Falcon test tubes and the test tubes were filled with
29
ion-exchanged water. The tubes were put into a sonication bath for 150 minutes. After the
sonication, the solutions were filtered by applying a MILIPORE Millex syringe filter unit (0.22 µm
diameter). From the filtrate, 10 ml was extracted and mixed with 560 µl cc. nitric acid and 10 µl In,
Au (50 µg/cm3) used as internal standards for the ICP-SF-MS measurements.
30
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The concentrations for all of the elements for each site in all of the months have been compiled in
tables in Appendix E. However, some of the elements monitored could not be detected because their
concentration fell either under the detection limit (LOD) or the ICP-SF-MS could not detect the
elements at all (see Table 5 and Table 6). The concentration of the elements subjected to sonication
assisted water extraction ranged between 0.001 ng/m3 and 52.6 ng/m3, while the concentration of
the elements subjected to microwave assisted digestion ranged between 0.001 ng/m3 and 782.6
ng/m3.
Table 5: Overview of the elements, subjected to the sonication assisted water extraction, whose
concentration fell under the limit of detection (LOD) or was not detected by the ICP-SF-MS at all.
Month/ Location Not detectable < LOD
April 2009
Széna tér
Gilice tér Pt, Rh
Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
Pt, Rh
May 2009
Széna tér Be, U
Gilice tér Be, U, Pt, Rh
Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
Be, U Pd
June 2009
Széna tér Be, U, Ag Pt
Gilice tér Be, U, Ag Pt
Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
Be, U, Ag Pt
31
Table 6: Overview of the elements, subjected to the microwave assisted digestion, whose
concentration fell under the limit of detection (LOD) or was not detected by the ICP-SF-MS at all.
Month/ Sampling site Not detectable < LOD
April 2009
Széna tér
Gilice tér Be, Pt, Co, As, Se, Pd
Káposztásmegyer Pt, As, Se
May 2009
Széna tér As, Se Pt
Gilice tér As, Se, Be, Pt, Co, Rh
Káposztásmegyer As, Se, Co, Pt, Rh Pd
June 2009
Széna tér Li, Be, U, Pt, As, Se, Rh,
Ni
Gilice tér Li, Be, U, Pt, As, Se, Rh
Káposztásmegyer Li, Be, U, Pt, As, Se, Rh
As displayed in Figure 8 and Figure 9, the concentration of the elements (subjected to sonication
assisted water extraction) has generally decreased from April 2009 to May 2009. If data of Figure 8
and Figure 10 are compared, one can also see that the concentrations of the elements have also
generally decreased from April 2009 to June 2009, with exception of arsenic (As) and zinc (Zn).
However, the concentration of the elements has increased for most of the elements from May 2009
to June 2009, which leads to the belief that some of the reason why the concentration has decreased
to this extent from April to May and from April 2009 to June 2009, may be that the mass
concentration (Appendix E, Table 24) is higher in April than in the other two months.
32
* The concentration of iron (Fe) has been decreased 10 times to make the concentration of the other determined elements more visible.
Figure 8: Concentration of the elements subjected to sonication assisted water extraction, in PM2.5
aerosol fractions collected in April 2009 at the three selected sites of Budapest.
* The concentration of iron (Fe) has been decreased 10 times to make the concentration of the other determined elements more visible.
Figure 9: Concentration of the elements subjected to sonication assisted water extraction, in PM2.5
aerosol fractions collected in May 2009 at the three selected sites of Budapest.
33
* The concentration of iron (Fe) has been decreased 10 times to make the concentration of the other determined elements more visible.
Figure 10: Concentration of the elements subjected to sonication assisted water extraction, in
PM2.5 aerosol fractions collected in June 2009 at the three selected sites of Budapest.
As expected the highest concentration of both iron (Fe), copper (Cu), antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn) was
found in Széna tér for each sampling months. This is in accordance with former European
publications (see 2.1.2 PM investigations or (22)), in which was stated that traffic and vehicle
exhaust was one of the major sources for Fe and Cu emission. Both auto brake linings and brake
disks are sources of the Sb emissions (22), which explain the high concentration found at both Széna
tér and Káposztásmegyer. Although it was expected to find the highest concentration of zinc at
Széna tér, since the main source of zinc emission is the same as the main source for iron and copper,
this was not the case. Zinc was found to have its highest emission at Gilice tér (the urban
background) in both May 2009 and June 2009. The concentration of lead (Pb) was found to be a
little bit high, especially at Gilice tér. Further research is therefore necessary, both to monitor the
concentration and to look for possible sources.
In Figure 11 the mass concentration is compared with the PM10 annual mean health limit value, set
by EU, due to the fact that there is no current existing annual health limit value for PM2.5.
34
Figure 11: PM2.5 mass concentration compared with the annual mean limit value for PM 10, set by
the European Union.
As Figure 11 shows, the mass concentrations from April 2009 to June 2009 are under the mean
health limit value. The average mass concentration found in Széna tér, Gilice tér and
Káposztásmegyer were 20.1 µg/m3, 21.1 µg/m3 and 25.2 µg/m3, respectively, while the mean health
limit of PM10 is 40 µg/m3. If the average mass concentrations are compared to previous works, it is
possible to see that the mass concentration in Budapest is higher than the mass concentration in
Rome, Italy (27). However it is lower than the mass concentration in various sites in Spain (25).
The concentration values of elements determined in PM2.5 fractions by ICP-SF-MS after microwave
assisted digestion are presented in Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9.
The total concentration is considered to be obtained by microwave assisted digestion. Because of
the fact that the concentrations obtained by the sonication assisted water extraction are the
concentrations that are most available for human beings. Due to this fact it is possible to get an
impression of what elements is expected to be absorbed by the respiratory system.
Table 7: The element concentrations of PM 2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
April 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. Results originating from two parallel
measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Elemen Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
35
t
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li 1.7866 ± 0.1365 0.2205 ± 0.0075 1.7451 ± 0.1263
Be 0.2072 ± 0.0199 - 0.1478 ± 0.0141
Rb 0.6949 ± 0.2219 0.8801 ± 0.0229 0.8773 ± 0.3689
Sr 0.8204 ± 0.2306 0.9240 ± 0.0080 1.2164 ± 0.4886
Sn 384.9768 ± 115.0546 1.6986 ± 0.0196 358.7118 ± 142.5627
Sb 540.7024 ± 142.9713 5.2661 ± 0.0828 782.5842 ± 269.7238
Te 0.0392 ± 0.0046 0.0419 ± 0.0014 0.0459 ± 0.0078
Tl 0.0302 ± 0.0053 0.0529 ± 0.0013 0.0162 ± 0.0035
Pb 23.9200 ± 5.6085 31.8144 ± 0.4494 21.5919 ± 6.0315
Bi 0.1912 ± 0.0516 0.0837 ± 0.0015 0.1424 ± 0.0488
U 0.0296 ± 0.0078 0.0166 ± 0.0005 0.0236 ± 0.0085
Ag 8.7008 ± 2.6688 3.1898 ± 0.0939 4.3333 ±1.6415
Cd 1.3010 ± 0.3286 1.6062 ± 0.0304 1.4524 ± 0.5817
Pt 0.0073 ± 0.0021 - -
V 1.3277 ± 0.2209 1.3122 ± 0.0462 1.2721 ± 0.3516
Cr 2.5402 ± 0.5477 1.3449 ± 0.0319 1.3941 ± 0.3322
Mn 16.6033 ± 2.2808 7.8410 ± 0.1716 11.7301 ± 2.6897
Fe 508.0692 ± 100.5101 323.9420 ± 7.7783 363.5036 ± 63.5791
Co 0.1377 ± 0.0206 - 0.1282 ± 0.0243
Ni 6.9324 ± 1.1201 1.0323 ± 0.0207 3.5492 ± 0.6285
Cu 25.5373 ± 2.7663 17.8531 ± 0.4478 15.4213 ± 3.1849
Zn 129.1941 ± 24.6756 9.0968 ± 0.3057 110.1591 ± 18.9971
Ga 0.1807 ± 0.0338 0.1653 ± 0.0090 0.1592 ± 0.0394
As 15.3139 ± 1.7464 - -
Se 155.0285 ± 16.8307 - -
Mo 1.2731 ± 0.2491 0.3938 ± 0.0218 0.6413 ± 0.1292
Rh 0.0141 ± 0.0030 - 0.0007 ± 0.0001
Pd 0.0959 ± 0.0144 - 0.0881 ± 0.0109
36
Table 8: The element concentrations of PM 2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
May 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. Results originating from two parallel
measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Element Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li 0.2069 ± 0.0069 0.0901 ± 0.0045 0.3325 ± 0.0111
Be 0.0134 ± 0.0005 - 0.0117 ± 0.0003
Rb 0.2518 ± 0.0057 0.3364 ± 0.0032 0.8924 ± 0.0113
Sr 0.4456 ± 0.0054 0.3585 ± 0.0022 1.1241 ± 0.0198
Sn 0.9990 ± 0.0113 0.6724 ± 0.0047 0.7477 ± 0.0069
Sb 1.3300 ± 0.0247 0.9259 ± 0.0115 1.2004 ± 0.0153
Te 0.0133 ± 0.0005 0.0151 ± 0.0005 0.0137 ± 0.0005
Tl 0.0132 ± 0.0004 0.0153 ± 0.0004 0.0168 ± 0.0005
Pb 3.8838 ± 0.0573 5.6765 ± 0.1014 6.8961 ± 0.1147
Bi 0.0817 ± 0.0024 0.1098 ± 0.0031 0.0626 ± 0.0011
U 0.0069 ± 0.0002 0.0081 ± 0.0002 0.0206 ± 0.0003
Ag 1.7218 ± 0.0448 5.0069 ± 0.1984 3.5822 ± 0.1196
Cd 0.2418 ± 0.0055 0.2723 ± 0.0082 0.2590 ± 0.0054
Pt 0.0081 ± 0.0002 - -
V 0.4396 ± 0.0213 0.5325 ± 0.0191 1.1979 ± 0.0519
Cr 1.1766 ± 0.0374 0.5954 ± 0.0146 1.3016 ± 0.0342
Mn 5.6525 ± 0.1415 3.5424 ± 0.0918 9.7727 ± 0.2368
Fe 257.7546 ± 4.3674 125.9903 ± 1.5944 414.1383 ± 5.7418
Co 1.8974 ± 0.0528 - -
Ni 0.5458 ± 0.0159 0.7996 ± 0.0210 0.9720 ± 0.0290
Cu 8.1615 ± 0.1641 5.3185 ± 0.0685 8.2791 ± 0.1808
Zn 2.7683 ± 0.0537 3.0145 ± 0.1137 1.3633 ± 0.0399
Ga 0.0535 ± 0.0030 0.0618 ± 0.0042 0.1669 ± 0.0094
37
As - - -
Se - - -
Mo 0.3567 ± 0.0214 0.2948 ± 0.0159 0.2501 ± 0.0127
Rh 0.0051 ± 0.0002 - -
Pd 0.0642 ± 0.0030 0.0620 ± 0.0031 0.3151 ± 0.0117
Table 9: The element concentrations of PM 2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
June 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. Results originating from two parallel
measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Element Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li - - -
Be - - -
Rb 0.172 ± 0.004 0.146 ± 0.003 0.167 ± 0.003
Sr 0.297 ± 0.007 0.122 ± 0.002 0.124 ± 0.001
Sn 1.047 ± 0.009 0.484 ± 0.006 0.484 ± 0.007
Sb 0.989 ± 0.012 0.629 ± 0.009 0.676 ± 0.006
Te 0.003 ± 0.000 0.006 ± 0.000 0.005 ± 0.000
Tl 0.004 ± 0.000 0.013 ± 0.000 0.009 ± 0.000
Pb 4.311 ± 0.066 4.245 ± 0.069 4.360 ± 0.054
Bi 0.077 ± 0.002 0.027 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.001
U - - -
Ag 3.412 ± 0.109 1.122 ± 0.030 1.321 ± 0.023
Cd 0.201 ± 0.006 0.211 ± 0.005 0.206 ± 0.005
Pt - - -
V 0.390 ± 0.014 0.359 ± 0.012 0.412 ± 0.012
Cr 0.782 ± 0.030 0.350 ± 0.011 0.441 ± 0.011
Mn 3.585 ± 0.081 2.272 ± 0.050 2.456 ± 0.068
Fe 199.358 ± 3.223 79.436 ± 0.969 97.576 ± 0.868
38
Co 0.033 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.042 ± 0.002
Ni - 0.050 ± 0.001 0.252 ± 0.006
Cu 6.999 ± 0.162 2.759 ± 0.070 3.939 ± 0.071
Zn 15.330 ± 0.177 14.043 ± 0.152 14.813 ± 0.295
Ga 0.029 ± 0.002 0.017 ± 0.001 0.018 ± 0.001
As - - -
Se - - -
Mo 0.300 ± 0.023 0.133 ± 0.009 0.179 ± 0.009
Rh - - -
Pd 0.021 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.000 0.013 ± 0.001
39
6. CONCLUSIONS
This work is a pilot study since the PM2.5 aerosol fractions are not as regularly investigated as the
PM10 fractions. Moreover, health limit values have not been set by the decision makers of the EU for
the investigated elements. However, from the present work, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1. All of the elements could be determined by ICP-SF-MS in the range of 0.001-52.6 ng/m3 for
the sample subjected to sonication assisted water extraction, and the range of 0.001-782.6
ng/m3 for the sample subjected to microwave assisted digestion, in PM2.5 aerosol fractions
collected at three different sites in Budapest during a 3-month sampling campaign started in
April 2009.
2. The element concentrations were the highest generally at the Széna tér, where the traffic
density amounts to about 85 000 vehicles/day.
3. The mass concentration of the PM2.5 fractions did not exceed the 40 µg/m3 annual health
limit value. The mass concentrations found in Budapest is higher than the mass
concentrations found in Rome, Italy, however it is lower than the mass concentrations found
at various sites in Spain.
4. As expected iron, copper, antimony and tin had very high concentrations at the high traffic
site, Széna tér. However, zinc and especially lead was found to be unexpectedly high at
unexpected locations, and they should therefore be further investigated.
The results of the present work are important as they could be useful for the EU decision makers in
order to establish health limit values for the elements found in PM2.5 urban aerosol fractions.
Further prospects connected to this work include accuracy test performed with standard reference
materials; investigation of seasonal variation of element concentration in PM2.5 fractions as well as
speciation studies for antimony, an element whose emission has been increased drastically lately, in
order to see to which extent are present in their toxic chemical forms in the investigated fractions.
40
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The help and support of the following legal entities and persons is acknowledged:
Norwegian - Hungarian Foundation
National Meteorological Service
Ove Jan Kvammen, Associate professor, HiB, Norway
Kristin Kvamme, Assistant professor, HiB, Norway
Gyula Záray, DSc, Head of Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
Imre Salma, DSc, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
Enikő Tatár, PhD, Associate professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
Viktor Gábor Mihucz, PhD, lecturer, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
Mihály Óvári, PhD, lecturer, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
Szilvia Keresztes, PhD student, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE, Hungary
41
SAMANDRAG
Føremålet med hovudoppgåva var å bestemme konsentrasjonen til 28 element ved tre forskjellige
stadar i Budapest, Ungarn, i løpet av ein 3 månadar lang måle kampangje frå April til Juni 2009.
Prøvane vart tatt på quartz fiber filter med ein høg-volum prøvetakar, som var utstyrt med eit PM 25
hovud. Ein gong i månaden samla ein inn ein prøve frå kvar av målestadane. Prøvetida var på 96
timar, der ein fekk sampla inn 2880 m3 luft volum (30 m3/t). For å måle konsentrasjonane nytta ein
ICP-SF-MS. På førhånd vart halvparten av kvar prøve behandla med vass ekstraksjon medan den
andre halvparten vart behandla med mikrobølgje ekstrahering. Ein såg på følgjande element: Li, Be,
Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Pb, Bi, U, Ag, Cd, Pt, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Mo, Rh, Pd. Au og In
var intern standardar.
Ein fann at masse konsentrasjonane var høgare i Budapest enn i Roma i Italia, men dei var derimot
lågare enn konsentrasjonane funne ved forskjellege stader i Spania. Likvel var masse
konsentasjonen i Budapest lågare enn den gjennomsnittlege årlege helse grensa til PM10, som er sett
av EU. Den gjennomsnittlege masse konsentrasjonen ved Széna tér, Gilice tér og Káposztásmegyer
var 20.1, 21.1 og 25.2 µg/m3, respektivt, medan gjennomsnittleg årleg helse verdi for PM10 er 40
µg/m3.
Etter å ha samla PM2.5 fraksjonar i tre månader (som vart starta opp i april 2009) frå tre ulike stader
i Budapest, kom ein fram til at ein ved hjelp av ICP-SF-MS kunne bestemme ein konsentrasjonen på
alle 28 elementa, i konsentrasjonsområdet 0.001-52.6 ng/m3 for dei prøvane som var behandla med
vass ekstraksjon og konsentrasjonsområdet 0.001-782.6 for dei prøvane som var behandla med
mikrobølgje ekstrahering. Generelt var konsentrasjonen til elementa ein fann høgast ved Széna tér,
som var rekna som området der trafikkmengda var størst. Dei høgaste konentrasjonane av elementa
jern, kopar, antimon og tinn som stort sett kjem frå trafikk relaterte kjelder fann ein difor på Széna
tér. Sjølv om ein og hadde venta å finne dei høgaste konsentrasjonane av sink på same staden, av
same grunn, var dette ikkje tilfellet. Både bly og sink hadde uventa høg konsentrasjon på andre
områder enn ein venta, så vidare forsking er naudsynt.
42
8. REFERENCES
1. Council Directive 1999/30/EC. Muller, W. 22 April 1999, Official Journal of the European
Communities, Vol. L 163, p. 41.
2. Manahan, S E. Environmental chemistry. sixth edition. s.l. : Lewis publishers, 1994. 1-56670-088-
4.
3. Mészáros, E. Fundamentals of athmospheric aerosol chemistry. Budapest : Akadémiai kiadó, 1999.
963-05-7624-4.
4. Cornelis, R, et al. Handbook of Elemental Speciation: Techniques and Methodology. s.l. : John Wiley
& Sons, 2003. p. 59. 0-471-49214-0.
5. Harrison, R M, [ed.]. Pollution - Causes, effects & control. second edition. s.l. : The royal society of
chemistry, 1990. 0-85186-283-7.
6. Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review. Satheesha, S K and Krishna Moorthy, K. 2005,
Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 39, p. 2089.
7. Traffic-generated airborne particles in naturally ventilated multi-storey residential buildings of
Singapore: Vertical distribution and potential health risks. Kalaiarasan, M, et al. 2008, Building and
Environment, Vol. 44, p. 1493.
8. Publication 66: Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP. 1994.
9. Consentration and particle size distribution of heavy metals in urban airborne particulate matter in
Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Zereini, F, et al. 2005, Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 39, p. 2983.
10. Cytokine production by human airway epithelial cells after exposure to an air pollution particles is
metal-dependent. Carter, J D, et al. 1997, Toxic Appl Pharmacol, Vol. 146, p. 180.
11. Bioavailable transtition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy
and compromised animal models. Costa, D L and Dreher, K L. 1997, Envirinmental Health
Perspective, Vol. 105, p. 1053.
43
12. A role for associated transtition metals in the immunotoxicity of inhaled ambient particulate
matter. Zelikoff, J T, et al. 2002, Environmental Health Perspective, Vol. 110, p. 871.
13. Effect of particle mass size distribution on the deposition of aerosols in the human respiratory
system. Salma, I, et al. 2002, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 33, p. 119.
14. Calculation of the physical characteristics of deposited particles in the respiratory airways.
Fabriés, J F. 1993, Journal of Aerosol Medicine, Vol. 6, p. 22.
15. Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part I: Simulation of particle transport
in a stochastic lung structure. Koblinger, L and Hofmann, W. 1990, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol.
21, p. 661.
16. A statistical description of the human tracheobronchial tree geometry. Soong, T T, et al. 1979,
Respiration Physiology, Vol. 37, p. 161.
17. Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Yeh, H C and
Schum, G M. 1980, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 42, p. 726.
18. Morphometry of the human lung. Weibel, E R. 1963.
19. Effect of physical exertion on the deposition of urban aerosols inthe human respiratory system.
Salma, I, et al. 2002, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 33, p. 983.
20. Epidemiologic studies on short-term effects of low levels of major ambient air pollution
components. Brunekreef, B, Dockery, D W and Krzyzanowski, M. 1995, Environmental Health
Perspectives, Vol. 103, p. 3.
21. Air pollution and daily mortality: A review and meta analysis. Schwartz, J. 1994, Environmental
Res., Vol. 64, p. 36.
22. Source appointment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results. Viana, M, et
al. 2008, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 39, p. 827.
23. Modal characteristics of particulate matter in urban atmospheric aerosols. Salma, I, et al. 2002,
Microchemical journal.
44
24. Relation between Concentration of Air Pollution and Cause-Specific Mortality: Four-Year Exposures
to Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter Pollutants in 470 Neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway. Næss,
Øyvind, et al. 2006, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 165, p. 435.
25. Spatial and temporal variations in airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) across Spain
1999-2005. Querol, X, et al. 2008, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, p. 3964.
26. Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions during indoor
physical education at school. Branis, M, Safránek, J and Hytychová, A. 2009, Building and
Environment, Vol. 44, p. 1246.
27. Characterisation of the traffic sources of PM through size-segregated sampling, sequential leaching
and ICP analysis. Canepari, S., Perrino, C., Olivieri, F., Astolfi, M.L., et al. 2008, Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 42, p. 8161.
28. Aerosol fine fraction in the Venice Lagoon: Particle composition and sources. Prodi, F, et al. 2009,
Athmospheric Reaserch, Vol. 92, p. 141.
29. Diurnal variation of atmospheric aerosol during the wood combustion season in Northern Sweden.
Krecl, P, Ström, J and Johansson, C. 2008, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, p. 4113.
30. Driver and passenger exposure to aerosol particles in buses and trams in Helsinki, Finland. Asmi, E,
et al. 2009, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 407, p. 2860.
31. Airborne particulate matter localisation in the human respiratory system. Pinheiro, T, et al. 158,
1999, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, p. 499.
32. Lide, D R, [ed.]. Handbook of chemistry and physics. 75th. s.l. : CRC Press, Inc. , 1995. 0-8493-
0475-X.
33. Jones, L and Atkins, P. Chemistry: Molecules, Matter, and Change. 4th . New York : W.H Freeman
and Company, 2000. 0-7167-3254-4.
34. Antimony speciation in soil samples along two Austrian motorways by HPLC-ID-ICP-MS. Amereih,
S, et al. 2007, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 7, p. 1200.
35. A study of antimony complexed to soil-derived humic acids and inorganic antimony species along a
Massachusetts highway. Ceriotti, G and Amarasiriwardena, D. 2009, Microchemical Journal, Vol.
91, p. 85.
45
36. Greenwood, N N and Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the elements. s.l. : Pergamon Press, 1984. 0-08-
022057-6.
37. O'Neil, P. Environmental chemistry. 2nd edition. s.l. : Chapman & Hall, 1993. ISBN 0-412-48490-
0.
38. Huheey, J E. Inorganic chemistry. 3rd edition. San Francisco : Harper International Si Edition,
1983. ISBN 0-06-350352-2.
39. Cobalt and antimony: genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. De Boeck, M, Kirsch-Volders, M and
Lison, D. 2003, Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 533, p. 135.
40. Gallium in cancer treatment. Collery, P, et al. 2002, Oncology/Hematology, Vol. 42, p. 283.
41. Chang, R. Chemistry. 4th. s.l. : McGraw-Hill, 1991. 0-07-010518-9.
42. Lithium in hazardous circumstances with one case of lithium toxicity. McKnelly, W V, Tupin, J P
and Dunn, M. 1970, Comprhensive Psychiatry, Vol. 11, p. 279.
43. Airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and human health: A review of recent
evidence. Wiseman, C L S and Zereini, F. 2009, Science of Total Environment, Vol. 407, p. 2493.
44. Acute toxicity of cesium and rubidium compounds. Johnson, G T, Lewis, T R and Wagner, W D. 2,
1975, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 32, p. 239.
45. Removal of strontium fro aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon: kinetic and
thermodynamic studies. Chegrouche, S, Mellah, A and Barkat, M. 2009, Desalination, Vol. 235, p.
306.
46. Removal of uranium from mining industry feed simulant solutions using trapped amidoxime
functionality within a mesoporous imprinted polymer material. James, D, Venkateswaran, G and
Prasada Rao, T. 2009, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 119, p. 165.
47. Harris, D C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 7th Edition. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company,
2007. p. 453. 0-7167-76941-5.
48. Nelms, S M, [ed.]. ICP Mass Spectrometry Handbook. s.l. : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005. 1-
4051-0916-5.
46
49. Jarvis, K E, Gray, A L and Houk, R S. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. s.l. : Blackie
academic & professional, 1992. 0-7514-0277-x.
50. Theory, Design, and Operation of a Dynamic Reaction Cell for ICP-MS. Tanner, S D and Baranov,
V I. March/April 1999, Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 20, p. 45.
51. Sector field mass spectrometers in ICP-MS. Jakubowskia, N, Moensb, L and Vanhaeckeb, F. 13,
November 1998, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 53.
52. Booker, D R, et al. Aerosol Sampling Guidelines. [ed.] A.L. Nichols. s.l. : The Royal Society Of
Chemistry, 1998. 0-85404-457-4.
47
APPENDIX A
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Table 10: Microwave assisted digestion program used for the digestion of loaded quartz filter
samples.
Power (W)* Time (min) Power (W)* Fan
1 400 4 400 1
2 500 6 600 1
3 900 15 900 1
4 0 15 0 3
*nominal value/6 quartz vessels
Table 11: Operating conditions for the ICP-SF-MS.
Plasma power 1 200 W
Outer gas (Ar) 1.00 L/min
Intermediate gas (Ar) 16.0 L/min
Aerosol carrier gas (Ar) 0.83 L/min
Sample uptake 0.30 mL/min
Nebulizer Meinhard
Spray chamber Double pass
Sample cone Ni, 1.0 mm orifice
Skimmer cone Ni, 0.7 mm orifice
Monitored isotopes at:
Low resolution (R=300) 7Li, 85Rb, 88Sr, 120Sn, 121Sb, 128Te, 205Tl, 208Pb, 209Bi, 238U
Medium resolution (R=4000) 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 57Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 69Ga, 98Mo, 109Ag, 114Cd, 195Pt, 197Au
Internal standard at R=300 197Au
Internal standard at R=4000 115In
Data acquisition Peak jumping
48
APPENDIX B
STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Table 12: Chemical composition (in mg/L) of the multielement standard stock solution used for the
preparation of the calibrating solutions.
Multi element standard
Matrix: Nitric acid HNO3 1 mol/L
Ag 10 ± 0.5 Bi 10 ± 0.5 Fe 100 ± 5 Mo 10 ± 0.5 Sr 10 ± 0.5
Al 10 ± 0.5 Ca 1000 ± 50 Ga 10 ± 0.5 Na 10 ± 0.5 Te 10 ± 0.5
As 100 ± 5 Cd 10 ± 0.5 K 10 ± 0.5 Ni 10 ± 0.5 Tl 10 ± 0.5
B 100 ± 5 Co 10 ± 0.5 Li 10 ± 0.5 Pb 10 ± 0.5 U 10 ± 0.5
Ba 10 ± 0.5 Cr 10 ± 0.5 Mg 10 ± 0.5 Rb 10 ± 0.5 V 10 ± 0.5
Be 100 ± 5 Cu 10 ± 0.5 Mn 10 ± 0.5 Se 100 ± 5 Zn 100 ± 5
Table 13: Preparation steps of the multielement calibrating solutions from the stock solution.
Step 1: Diluting
multi standard 10
times:
Step 2: Blank Step 3: 10 ng/mL
multi
Step 4: 20 ng/mL
multi
Step 5: 50 ng/mL
multi
56 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3
100 µL
Multielement
100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS*
844 µL Water 9.34 mL Water 100 µL Multi
standard (made in
step 1)
200 µL Multi
standard (made in
step 1)
500 µL Multi
standard (made in
step 1)
9.24 mL Water 9.14 mL Water 8.84 mL Water
* IS = Internal Standard
50
Table 14: Preparation of Sb calibrating solutions in concentration of: 0, 5, 25 and ng/mL.
Step 1: 1
µg/mL Sb:
Step 2:
Standard 1: 5
ng/mL Sb:
Step 3:
Standard 2: 25
ng/mL Sb:
Step 4:
Standard 3: 50
ng/mL Sb:
Step 5: Blank: 0
ng/mL Sb:
560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3 560 µL HNO3
100 µL 100
mg/L Sb
100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS*
9.34 mL Water 50 µL 1 µg/mL
Sb (made in
step 1)
250 µL 1 µg/mL
Sb (made in
step 1)
500 µL 1 µg/mL
Sb (made in
step 1)
9.34 mL Water
9.29 mL Water 9.09 mL Water 8.84 mL Water
* IS = Internal Standard
Table 15: Preparation of Sn calibrating solution in concentration of: 5, 25 and 50 ng/mL as well as
that of Pt, Pd, Rh in concentration of: 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, each.
Step 1: 10
µg/mL Sn:
Step 2: 1
µg/mL Sn:
Step 3: 1
µg/mL Pt,
Pd, Rh:
Step 4: 10
ng/mL Pt,
Pd, Rh:
Step 5:
blank: 0
ng/mL Sn,
0 ng/mL
Pt, Pd, Rh:
Step 6: 5
ng/mL Sn,
0.1 ng/mL
Pt, Pd, Rh:
Step 7: 25
ng/mL Sn,
0.5 ng/mL
Pt, Pd, Rh:
Step 8: 50
ng/mL Sn,
1.0 ng/mL
Pt, Pd, Rh:
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
560 µL
HNO3
10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl 10 µL HCl
100 µL
1 000
mg/L Sn
1 ml 10
µg/mL Sn
(made in
step 1)
100 µL 100
mg/L Pt,
Pd, Rh
100 µL 1
mg/L Pt,
Pd, Rh
(made in
step 3)
100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS* 100 µL IS*
9.33 mL
Water
8.43 mL
Water
9.33 mL
Water
9.33 mL
Water
9.33 mL
Water
50 µL 1
µg/mL Sn
250 µL 1
µg/mL Sn
500 µL 1
µg/mL Sn
51
(made in
step 2)
(made in
step 2)
(made in
step 2)
100 µL 10
ng/mL Pt,
Pd, Rh
(made in
step 4)
500 µL 10
ng/mL Pt,
Pd, Rh
(made in
step 4)
1000 µL 10
ng/mL Pt,
Pd, Rh
(made in
step 4)
9.18 mL
Water
8.58 mL
Water
7.83 mL
Water
* IS = Internal Standard
52
APPENDIX C
MASS DETERMINATION OF THE LOADED QUARTZ FILTERS
Table 16: The weight of the filters and aerosol samples collected on 10. April 2009.
Friday, 10. April 2009
Széna tér Gilice tér Káposztásmegyer
Filter paper (g) 1.4475 1.4461 1.4396
Filter paper + sample (g) 1.5421 1.5565 1.5423
Sample (g) 0.0946 0.1104 0.1027
Table 17: The weight of the filters and aerosol samples collected on 8. May 2009.
Friday, 8. May 2009
Szena tér Gilice tér Káposztásmegyer
Filter paper (g) 1.4450 1.4450 1.4465
Filter paper + sample (g) 1.4803 1.4797 1.5210
Sample (g) 0.0353 0.0347 0.0745
Table 18: The weight of the filters and aerosol samples collected on 6. June 2009.
Saturday, 6. June 2009
Szena tér Gilice tér Káposztásmegyer
Filter paper (g) 1.4437 1.4414 1.4451
Filter paper + sample (g) 1.4878 1.4786 1.4853
Sample (g) 0.0441 0.0372 0.0402
53
Table 19: Mass of samples originating from April 2009.
Location Total mass
of filter (g)
Mass of collected
aerosol samples (g)
Sample mass for
acid digestion (1/8)
(g)
Sample mass for
water extraction (1/4)
(g)
Széna tér 1.5421 0.0945 0.2072 0.3747
- - 0.1939 0.3739
Gilice tér 1.5565 0.1104 0.2373 0.3835
- - 0.1862 0.3784
Káposztás
megyer
1.5423 0.1027 0.2089 0.3889
- - 0.2047 0.3765
Blank 1.4411 - 0.1763 0.3170
- - 0.1758 0.3451
- - 0.1803 -
Table 20: Mass of samples originating from May 2009.
Location Total mass
of filter (g)
Mass of collected
aerosol samples (g)
Sample mass for
acid digestion (1/8)
(g)
Sample mass for
water extraction (1/4)
(g)
Széna tér 1.4803 0.0353 0.1774 0.3610
- - 0.2048 0.3690
Gilice tér 1.4797 0.0347 0.1658 0.4015
- - 0.1985 0.3268
Káposztás
megyer
1.5210 0.0745 0.1774 0.4089
- - 0.2129 0.3686
Blank 1.4443 - 0.1916 0.3251
- - 0.2016 0.3128
- - 0.1756 -
54
Table 21: Mass of samples originating from June 2009.
Location Total mass
of filter (g)
Mass of collected
aerosol samples (g)
Sample mass for
acid digestion (1/8)
(g)
Sample mass for
water extraction (1/4)
(g)
Széna tér 1.4878 0.0441 0.1643 0.3950
- - 0.2013 0.3550
Gilice tér 1.4786 0.0372 0.1585 0.3461
- - 0.1800 0.3800
Káposztás
megyer
1.4853 0.0402 0.1754 0.3895
- - 0.1809 0.3426
Blank 1.4460 - 0.1263 0.3746
0.1084 0.3235
0.2133 -
55
APPENDIX D
CALCULATIONS
CONCENTRATIONS
Below, the calculation of the concentration of the elements is displayed. All the elements have been
calculated similarly.
The equation from the calibration curve of each element is applied:
where Y is the intensity (cps), a is the slope (below in Error: Reference source not found, is a
compilation of the slope for all of the investigated elements), and x is the concentration (ng/cm3)
before blank subtraction.
First the intensity is divided on the internal standard (is):
Furthermore, the result is divided by the slope to get the concentration, b, for the diluted solution
(nebulised into the ICP-SF-MS):
The concentration of the whole filters:
56
Where is the volume of the sample volume + volume of the ion-exchanged water (total 50
mL), is the total mass of the aerosol sample, is the mass of the piece that was cut from
the filter, is the total air volume sampled (2880 m3) and c is the concentration for the whole
filter.
The original concentration for the whole filter:
Where d is the dilution factor (4) and C is the final concentration.
The concentration for the parallels from the same site is also calculated in this way. Furthermore the
average value from the two parallels is applied.
The final concentration is found by subtracting the concentration of the average filter blank (which
is calculated in the same way as the sample average) from the concentration of the average sample.
The concentration of each element is calculated in this way for both the microwave assisted
digestion and the sonication water extraction.
Table 22: The slope values found by applying linear regression, for the elements originating from
the samples subjected to sonication assisted water extraction.
Element April 2009 May 2009 June 2009
Li 0.002626 0.002463 0.002695
Be 0.000559 0.000509 0.000593
Rb 0.011740 0.010795 0.012003
Sr 0.014712 0.013713 0.015457
Sn 0.005388 0.004818 0.004303
Sb 0.002620 0.001873 0.002137
Te 0.000730 0.000691 0.000760
57
Tl 0.011993 0.012590 0.012816
Pb 0.008426 0.007916 0.008922
Bi 0.011580 0.012367 0.013021
U 0.012734 0.011799 0.013488
Ag 0.000099 0.000125 0.000128
Cd 0.002203 0.002066 0.002191
Pt 0.000591 0.030946 0.032701
V 0.000740 0.009323 0.010604
Cr 0.000682 0.009311 0.010265
Mn 0.000899 0.012898 0.013219
Fe 0.000018 0.000253 0.000262
Co 0.000849 0.010645 0.012452
Ni 0.000165 0.002289 0.002555
Cu 0.000359 0.004905 0.005360
Zn 0.000449 0.006382 0.000673
Ga 0.000538 0.007535 0.007894
As 0.000048 0.000671 0.000690
Se 0.000004 0.000051 0.000053
Mo 0.000189 0.002909 0.00318
Rh 0.000016 0.017334 0.016101
Pd 0.000001 0.001221 0.001261
Table 23: The slopes, found by applying linear regression, for the elements originating from the
samples subjected to microwave assisted digestion.
Element April 2009 May 2009 June 2009
Széna tér and Káposztásmegyer Gilice tér All three sites All three sites
Li 0.002692 0.002463 0.002463 0.002695
Be 0.000576 0.000509 0.000509 0.000593
Rb 0.011249 0.010795 0.010795 0.012003
Sr 0.015611 0.013713 0.013713 0.015457
Sn 0.000039 0.004818 0.004818 0.004303
58
Sb 0.000020 0.001873 0.001873 0.002137
Te 0.000821 0.000691 0.000691 0.000760
Tl 0.014437 0.012590 0.012590 0.012816
Pb 0.009023 0.007916 0.007916 0.008922
Bi 0.014557 0.012367 0.012367 0.013021
U 0.014307 0.011799 0.011799 0.013488
Ag 0.000113 0.000125 0.000125 0.000128
Cd 0.002432 0.002066 0.002066 0.002191
Pt 0.027022 0.030946 0.030946 0.032701
V 0.000701 0.009323 0.009323 0.010604
Cr 0.000678 0.009311 0.009311 0.010265
Mn 0.000902 0.012898 0.012898 0.013219
Fe 0.000018 0.000253 0.000253 0.000262
Co 0.000812 0.010645 0.010645 0.012452
Ni 0.000170 0.002289 0.002289 0.002555
Cu 0.000363 0.004905 0.004905 0.005360
Zn 0.000045 0.006382 0.006382 0.000673
Ga 0.000496 0.007535 0.007535 0.007894
As 0.000048 0.000671 0.000671 0.000690
Se 0.000004 0.000051 0.000051 0.000053
Mo 0.000219 0.002909 0.002909 0.00318
Rh 0.000978 0.017334 0.017334 0.016101
Pd 0.000052 0.001221 0.001221 0.001261
MASS CONCENTRATIONS
To calculate the mass concentrations of the aerosol samples, the following equation was applied:
59
APPENDIX E
CONCENTRATION VALUES OF ELEMENTS DETERMINED IN PM 2.5 URBAN
AEROSOL FRACTIONS
Table 24: The mass concentration of the aerosol samples collected in April 2009, May 2009 and
June 2009.
Mass concentration of the aerosol samples collected (µg/m3)
Sampling site: April 2009: May 2009: June 2009:
Széna tér 32.8125 12.2569 15.3125
Gilice tér 38.3333 12.0486 12.9167
Incinerator (Káposztásmegyer) 35.6597 25.8681 13.9583
Table 25: Mass concentration of the aerosol samples collected in Spain (25) and Italy (27).
Spain Italy
Rural background Urban background Traffic/industrial hotspots Daily amount
12-17 µg/m3 20-30 µg/m3 30-35 µg/m3 13.6 µg/m3
Table 26: The element concentrations of PM2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
April 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. Results originating from two
parallel measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Element Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li 0.0637 ± 0.0042 0.0739 ± 0.0041 0.0830 ± 0.0045
Be 0.0123 ± 0.0013 0.0008 ± 0.0001 0.0004 ± 0.0000
Rb 0.3690 ± 0.0229 0.4878 ± 0.0248 0.4873 ± 0.0213
60
Sr 0.5315 ± 0.0227 0.6931 ± 0.0213 1.0187 ± 0.0227
Sn 0.0959 ± 0.0029 0.1181 ± 0.0035 0.1244 ± 0.0039
Sb 1.1763 ± 0.0511 1.9355 ± 0.0660 1.9782 ± 0.0566
Te 0.0092 ± 0.0006 0.0086 ± 0.0005 0.0076 ± 0.0004
Tl 0.0477 ± 0.0011 0.0490 ± 0.0010 0.0435 ± 0.0012
Pb 8.0477 ± 0.3107 11.6561 ± 0.3838 6.7484 ± 0.2711
Bi 0.0179 ± 0.0007 0.0195 ± 0.0008 0.0174 ± 0.0007
U 0.0040 ± 0.0002 0.0039 ± 0.0002 0.0017 ± 0.0001
Ag 0.1765 ± 0.0065 0.2204 ± 0.0048 0.7807 ± 0.0185
Cd 0.5144 ± 0.0173 0.7774 ± 0.0195 0.6046 ± 0.0147
Pt 0.7080± 0.0169 - -
V 0.5453 ± 0.0268 0.6811 ± 0.0317 0.5387 ± 0.0241
Cr 0.3158 ± 0.0207 0.2875 ± 0.0176 0.2578 ± 0.0168
Mn 5.9976 ± 0.2284 3.9265 ± 0.1455 5.7068 ± 0.1592
Fe 52.5853 ± 12.1714 41.0771 ± 9.5553 46.1329 ± 10.5372
Co 0.0307 ± 0.0018 0.0425 ± 0.0023 0.0493 ± 0.0029
Ni 0.3319 ± 0.0223 0.3438 ± 0.0148 0.3469 ± 0.0135
Cu 7.0660 ± 0.3630 6.5498 ± 0.2090 6.2475 ± 0.2558
Zn 2.6209 ± 0.1395 3.0177 ± 0.1086 3.1289 ± 0.1666
Ga 0.0334 ± 0.0044 0.0377 ± 0.0045 0.0295 ± 0.0042
As 0.7047 ± 0.0301 0.9860 ± 0.0353 0.7357± 0.0230
Se 0.5237 ± 0.2237 0.6034 ± 0.2495 0.5468 ± 0.2371
Mo 0.1935 ± 0.0112 0.1274 ± 0.0057 0.1460 ± 0.0079
Rh 0.6363 ± 0.0354 - -
Pd 2.6212 ± 0.2359 2.0995 ± 0.1964 2.0632 ± 0.1865
Table 27: The element concentrations of PM2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
May 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. Results originating from two
parallel measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Element Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
61
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li 0.1153 ± 0.0050 0.0224 ± 0.0008 0.0240 ± 0.0011
Be - - -
Rb 0.1112 ± 0.0140 0.1302 ± 0.0154 0.1661 ± 0.0208
Sr 0.2736 ± 0.0133 0.2697 ± 0.0089 0.6399 ± 0.0231
Sn 0.0266 ± 0.0009 0.0462 ± 0.0012 0.0421 ± 0.0011
Sb 0.5124 ± 0.0166 0.4787 ± 0.0079 0.4929 ± 0.0087
Te 0.0031 ± 0.0004 0.0034 ± 0.0004 0.0027 ± 0.0003
Tl 0.0099 ± 0.0009 0.0115 ± 0.0011 0.0089 ± 0.0008
Pb 0.7765 ± 0.0392 1.5290 ± 0.0542 0.2677 ± 0.0097
Bi 0.0023 ± 0.0004 0.0053 ± 0.0008 0.0013 ± 0.0002
U - - -
Ag 0.1305 ± 0.0095 0.1207 ± 0.0043 0.1144 ± 0.0048
Cd 0.0932 ± 0.0076 0.1274 ± 0.0100 0.0325 ± 0.0027
Pt 0.0029 ± 0.0001 - 0.0013 ± 0.0000
V 0.2312 ± 0.0181 0.2801 ± 0.0226 0.2953 ± 0.0206
Cr 0.1442 ± 0.0054 0.0985 ± 0.0042 0.0423 ± 0.0015
Mn 1.7680 ± 0.0897 1.6047 ± 0.0594 4.3687 ± 0.1983
Fe 13.0347 ± 0.7637 9.7615 ± 0.5723 4.0362 ± 0.2230
Co 0.0224 ± 0.0008 0.0342 ± 0.0011 0.0317 ± 0.0012
Ni 0.1649 ± 0.0048 0.1223 ± 0.0047 0.0826 ± 0.0027
Cu 3.0157 ± 0.1468 1.9617 ± 0.0813 1.9199 ± 0.1065
Zn 0.8229 ± 0.0193 0.9653 ± 0.0316 0.4106 ± 0.0085
Ga 0.0015 ± 0.0004 0.0039 ± 0.0011 0.0009 ± 0.0002
As 0.7089 ± 0.0302 0.7924 ± 0.0275 0.7085 ± 0.0318
Se 0.1767 ± 0.0105 0.2207 ± 0.0145 0.2398 ± 0.0152
Mo 0.1058 ± 0.0063 0.1165 ± 0.0058 0.0871 ± 0.0047
Rh 0.0011 ± 0.0000 - 0.0005 ± 0.0000
Pd 0.0069 ± 0.0004 0.0055 ± 0.0003 0.0095 ±0.0005
62
Table 28: The element concentrations of PM2.5 aerosol samples collected, at three different sites, in
June 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. Results originating from two
parallel measurements; c = concentration; SD = standard deviation.
Element Széna tér Gilice tér Incinerator
(Káposztásmegyer)
c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3) c ± SD (ng/m3)
Li 0.0299 ± 0.0015 0.0171 ± 0.0011 0.0159 ± 0.0010
Be - - -
Rb 0.0895 ± 0.0053 0.1125 ± 0.0059 0.1000 ± 0.0069
Sr 0.2390 ± 0.0053 0.2181 ± 0.0049 0.1967 ± 0.0059
Sn 0.0213 ± 0.0006 0.0328 ± 0.0007 0.0393 ± 0.0013
Sb 0.4186 ± 0.0268 0.5475 ± 0.0267 0.5746 ± 0.0322
Te 0.0028 ± 0.0005 0.0035 ± 0.0006 0.0035 ± 0.0006
Tl 0.0112 ± 0.0008 0.0178 ± 0.0011 0.0144 ± 0.0010
Pb 1.7912 ± 0.0296 2.3222 ± 0.0315 1.7247 ± 0.0503
Bi 0.0046 ± 0.0005 0.0047 ± 0.0005 0.0054 ± 0.0006
U - - -
Ag - - -
Cd 0.1011 ± 0.0040 0.1344 ± 0.0047 0.1195 ± 0.0048
Pt 0.0002 ± 0.0000 0.0002 ± 0.0000 0.0002 ± 0.0000
V 0.2498 ± 0.0179 0.3054 ± 0.0239 0.2964 ± 0.0196
Cr 0.1906 ± 0.0077 0.1385 ± 0.0074 0.1126 ± 0.0055
Mn 1.8316 ± 0.0391 1.6365 ± 0.0484 1.6298 ± 0.0540
Fe 25.5602 ± 0.9109 16.7313 ± 0.5634 17.8587 ± 0.7588
Co 0.0128 ± 0.0004 0.0051 ± 0.0002 0.0077 ± 0.0004
Ni 0.1912± 0.0079 0.1016 ± 0.0044 0.1084 ± 0.0061
Cu 4.1212 ± 0.1019 2.1555 ± 0.0562 2.7529 ± 0.0673
Zn 9.7302 ± 0.2832 10.4432 ± 0.2892 8.9507 ± 0.2556
Ga 0.0024 ± 0.0004 0.0057 ± 0.0010 0.0048 ± 0.0008
As 0.8279 ± 0.0225 1.1031 ± 0.0399 1.0715 ± 0.0323
Se 0.2446 ± 0.0130 0.4403 ± 0.0240 0.4036 ± 0.0224
63
Mo 0.1002 ± 0.0049 0.1062 ± 0.0036 0.1274 ± 0.0087
Rh 0.0002 ± 0.0000 0.0002 ± 0.0000 0.0002 ± 0.0000
Pd 0.0063 ± 0.0004 0.0055 ± 0.0003 0.0058 ± 0.0004
64
APPENDIX F
RAW DATA
Table 29: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to sonication assisted
water extraction for the sampling period of April 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Filter_blank_1 Filter_blank_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 24110.5 2703.3 11.21 20946.1 1299.4 6.2
Be9(LR) 2970.4 261.1 8.79 2551.7 461.3 18.08
Rb85(LR) 29149.4 1958 6.72 25891.1 1428.2 5.52
Sr88(LR) 498120.5 15364.8 3.08 498283.1 20256 4.07
Sn120(LR) 81155 5632.2 6.94 82796.2 641.1 0.77
Sb121(LR) 47453.8 1055.9 2.23 43226.2 3055.9 7.07
Te128(LR) 1201.7 80.4 6.69 1046.3 106.6 10.19
Au197(LR) 6448225 106903 1.66 6289488.1 179993.5 2.86
Tl205(LR) 38698 977 2.52 36809.9 601 1.63
Pb208(LR) 173944.8 7376.3 4.24 169092.3 8064.1 4.77
Bi209(LR) 12859.3 134.9 1.05 20974 2392.7 11.41
U238(LR) 67667 4507.9 6.66 68743.5 3972.4 5.78
Ag109(LR) 5821.4 290 4.98 5590 103.3 1.85
Cd114(LR) 7701.3 456.4 5.93 7331.9 156.8 2.14
In115(LR) 58366465.9 1422349.6 2.44 54066071.7 4518942.6 8.36
Pt195(LR) 4214.3 86.9 2.06 1166.4 24.1 2.07
V51(MR) 1440.5 129.6 9 1181.5 43.8 3.7
Cr52(MR) 56452.8 5183.9 9.18 58544.2 6621.1 11.31
65
Mn55(MR) 6901.1 210.2 3.05 5742 306.2 5.33
Fe57(MR) 726.9 73.9 10.17 870.9 678.8 77.94
Co59(MR) 2971.5 261.8 8.81 6391.3 420.9 6.59
Ni60(MR) 6439.8 394.7 6.13 5955.8 262 4.4
Cu63(MR) 12712.2 426.4 3.35 10751.3 546.7 5.09
Zn66(MR) 4963.6 232.1 4.68 3524.2 236.4 6.71
Ga69(MR) 293.8 19.7 6.72 159.8 60.5 37.88
As75(MR) 1634.4 99.3 6.08 1489.6 68.1 4.57
Se77(MR) 24.6 33.8 137.24 65.3 15.2 23.36
Mo98(MR) 1688.9 161.3 9.55 1627 72.6 4.46
Rh103(MR) 1680.9 123.3 7.33 484 26.6 5.5
Pd105(MR) 188.7 31.3 16.59 70.1 6.9 9.78
Table 30: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in April 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_water_sonic_1 Szena_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 165305 9945.3 6.02 209921.9 6626.4 3.16
Be9(LR) 13645.1 1255.7 9.2 5972.6 337.6 5.65
Rb85(LR) 3713488.8 296065.8 7.97 4573866.5 209398.7 4.58
Sr88(LR) 7244664.6 604237 8.34 8855713.2 143160.7 1.62
Sn120(LR) 533062.7 19027.4 3.57 656179.1 4249 0.65
Sb121(LR) 2785071.7 148302.6 5.32 3163503.2 86919.4 2.75
Te128(LR) 7731.1 453.6 5.87 7849.7 161.7 2.06
Au197(LR) 5111975.9 109711.5 2.15 5339852.2 31512.1 0.59
Tl205(LR) 577641.2 17996.8 3.12 597906.7 13284.6 2.22
Pb208(LR) 63584102.2 1506292.6 2.37 64826080.6 2634352.3 4.06
66
Bi209(LR) 209150.6 3184.4 1.52 224857.6 2604.6 1.16
U238(LR) 148533.5 6344.1 4.27 119815.3 3092.6 2.58
Ag109(LR) 24855.1 1321.4 5.32 22478.7 563.4 2.51
Cd114(LR) 998898.5 40202.1 4.02 1166398.6 15546 1.33
In115(LR) 64019234.7 2491924.8 3.89 71284590.8 1761462.9 2.47
Pt195(LR) 53043.7 2269.6 4.28 11968 139.5 1.17
V51(MR) 339126.7 15238.7 4.49 430194.3 10697.9 2.49
Cr52(MR) 250506.1 11581.7 4.62 304671.8 3295.5 1.08
Mn55(MR) 4597085.9 257139.4 5.59 5644750.5 71345.7 1.26
Fe57(MR) 824521.8 24358.7 2.95 970643 14763.5 1.52
Co59(MR) 28406.5 1306.2 4.6 32911.7 1032.8 3.14
Ni60(MR) 51765.6 4473.1 8.64 68146.6 5230.4 7.68
Cu63(MR) 2191257.8 112193.1 5.12 2647514 185047.5 6.99
Zn66(MR) 1034643.3 41540.9 4.01 1204846.3 71053.1 5.9
Ga69(MR) 16110.1 719.1 4.46 18534.8 556.8 3
As75(MR) 32461.3 1199.5 3.7 35468.6 972.7 2.74
Se77(MR) 1873.4 109.7 5.85 2210 95.5 4.32
Mo98(MR) 33920.1 2136.5 6.3 39569.5 1159 2.93
Rh103(MR) 16916.1 638.5 3.77 4384 247.3 5.64
Pd105(MR) 3216.2 94.8 2.95 1993.1 132.1 6.63
Table 31: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in April 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_water_sonic_1 Gilice_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 236116.9 3374.6 1.43 234383.8 7357.1 3.14
67
Be9(LR) 4372.7 184.8 4.23 4316.6 202.6 4.69
Rb85(LR) 6099163.8 200666.4 3.29 5984672.6 288439.6 4.82
Sr88(LR) 11442534.7 286035.1 2.5 11342019.9 297091.9 2.62
Sn120(LR) 774707.9 23111 2.98 790389.5 8874.2 1.12
Sb121(LR) 5492678.1 102731.7 1.87 5269215.2 130037.6 2.47
Te128(LR) 8154 206.7 2.53 8147.8 181.5 2.23
Au197(LR) 5968591.8 74622 1.25 5763023.6 42464.1 0.74
Tl205(LR) 673441.7 11388.7 1.69 663989.3 15334 2.31
Pb208(LR) 105310906 1296305.8 1.23 101124826 2962265.1 2.93
Bi209(LR) 262222.9 4985.6 1.9 258355.4 5440 2.11
U238(LR) 149474.1 9639.8 6.45 147149.5 7086.8 4.82
Ag109(LR) 29332.5 230.4 0.79 32472.4 376.1 1.16
Cd114(LR) 1810959.6 23163.9 1.28 1800842.7 12431.3 0.69
In115(LR) 74896195.7 955597.7 1.28 74719335.3 1990630.6 2.66
Pt195(LR) 2007.5 22.3 1.11 1929.3 58.5 3.03
V51(MR) 529365 26074.1 4.93 530960.7 5196.7 0.98
Cr52(MR) 292245 4511.3 1.54 281171 6982 2.48
Mn55(MR) 3850154.2 94538.2 2.46 3571546.9 142557.3 3.99
Fe57(MR) 799162 3252.8 0.41 753752.4 34155.9 4.53
Co59(MR) 42717.7 668.7 1.57 46087.8 2216.2 4.81
Ni60(MR) 65194.4 1807.5 2.77 71127.7 2748.2 3.86
Cu63(MR) 2512494.4 53482.9 2.13 2450870.2 53748.1 2.19
Zn66(MR) 1445650.8 17054.6 1.18 1407373.7 25788.6 1.83
Ga69(MR) 21704.5 262.3 1.21 21428.2 336.4 1.57
As75(MR) 52133.9 1006.6 1.93 51506.5 904.8 1.76
Se77(MR) 2665.8 51.2 1.92 2522.9 70.8 2.81
Mo98(MR) 28706.1 532.2 1.85 26464 563.3 2.13
Rh103(MR) 1294.8 69.6 5.38 1232.3 18.8 1.53
Pd105(MR) 2376.3 130 5.47 2390.8 131.7 5.51
68
Table 32: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in April 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG =
average; STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR =
medium resolution)
Kapmegyer_water_sonic_1 Kapmegyer_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 264812.7 7090.5 2.68 248041.9 3876.2 1.56
Be9(LR) 4374.4 284.1 6.5 3787.6 135.4 3.57
Rb85(LR) 5993753.8 143858 2.4 5897513.9 169016.4 2.87
Sr88(LR) 16429106.8 150278.5 0.91 15914721.1 133736.8 0.84
Sn120(LR) 850749.6 30115.5 3.54 763455.5 9922.8 1.3
Sb121(LR) 5736707.4 72727.8 1.27 5107538.3 45291.7 0.89
Te128(LR) 7648.4 156 2.04 6927.9 238.3 3.44
Au197(LR) 5876056 133165.7 2.27 5582360 108511.2 1.94
Tl205(LR) 624639.5 17023.8 2.73 558716.1 22425.6 4.01
Pb208(LR) 65874965.4 1329543 2.02 52374688.7 2641476.4 5.04
Bi209(LR) 243313.3 2683.9 1.1 219416.1 4679.2 2.13
U238(LR) 122827.7 3363 2.74 112115.4 2288.3 2.04
Ag109(LR) 125826.8 1945.2 1.55 51649.6 575.5 1.11
Cd114(LR) 1468988.1 8215 0.56 1306198.4 14235.7 1.09
In115(LR) 73085266.6 1386400.3 1.9 71455415.4 1337769.9 1.87
Pt195(LR) 2383.7 59.2 2.48 1637.6 72.1 4.4
V51(MR) 441782.4 6152.6 1.39 386463.5 14604.9 3.78
Cr52(MR) 282804.2 6274.6 2.22 241153.9 7971.9 3.31
Mn55(MR) 5517553.2 77705.2 1.41 5104078.1 69961.7 1.37
Fe57(MR) 970568 10844.5 1.12 752149 16079.6 2.14
Co59(MR) 48309.6 2306.1 4.77 51002.9 1835.3 3.6
Ni60(MR) 66761.8 2128.6 3.19 68606.5 1264.4 1.84
69
Cu63(MR) 2425838.8 32947.5 1.36 2242594.1 147573.9 6.58
Zn66(MR) 1521554.7 83152.6 5.46 1394375.1 61990.4 4.45
Ga69(MR) 18463.8 1069.1 5.79 15049.2 929.6 6.18
As75(MR) 40830.3 382.6 0.94 36542.3 344.9 0.94
Se77(MR) 2481.3 144.6 5.83 2167.6 150.4 6.94
Mo98(MR) 33028.4 1496.3 4.53 28679.5 916.3 3.19
Rh103(MR) 1387.9 20.7 1.49 997.3 49.9 5.01
Pd105(MR) 2452.2 190.3 7.76 2175.6 42.8 1.97
Table 33: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to sonication assisted
water extraction for the sampling period of May 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
filter_blank_1 filter_blank_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 43063.7 1705.4 3.96 43118.6 1760 4.08
Be9(LR) 12870.1 11331.3 88.04 4967.5 1373.3 27.65
Rb85(LR) 57225.1 18330.1 32.03 53187.1 5686.2 10.69
Sr88(LR) 715724.5 26094.9 3.65 699076.1 24149.3 3.45
Sn120(LR) 122357.5 3138.6 2.57 128709.5 2033.7 1.58
Sb121(LR) 55915 1625.8 2.91 57505.1 726.4 1.26
Te128(LR) 2695.2 882.7 32.75 1387 155.4 11.2
Au197(LR) 6986282.7 281103.3 4.02 6987197.2 276904.7 3.96
Tl205(LR) 71181.4 19576.4 27.5 48098.9 4008.5 8.33
Pb208(LR) 228603.5 14927.8 6.53 354007.6 8407.6 2.37
Bi209(LR) 47202.3 20109.1 42.6 39986.3 7293.6 18.24
U238(LR) 91165.8 6169 6.77 91401.2 9036.1 9.89
Ag109(LR) 8571.6 507.3 5.92 10032.4 609.8 6.08
Cd114(LR) 15158.1 3746.8 24.72 16074.9 405.9 2.53
70
In115(LR) 70388474 2421342.6 3.44 70111007.5 717088.1 1.02
Pt195(LR) 1295.8 48.2 3.72 7339.8 307.7 4.19
V51(MR) 2639.4 517.4 19.6 2751.3 102.3 3.72
Cr52(MR) 114749.9 4036.9 3.52 86654.2 3972.2 4.58
Mn55(MR) 12882.1 735.9 5.71 10392.8 376.9 3.63
Fe57(MR) 1266.7 153.7 12.14 1844.4 80.2 4.35
Co59(MR) 7172.4 309.6 4.32 3303.1 124.8 3.78
Ni60(MR) 15918.5 460.9 2.9 14577.6 688 4.72
Cu63(MR) 20750.4 704.7 3.4 23024.6 2176.9 9.45
Zn66(MR) 11961.7 255.4 2.14 10759.4 213.1 1.98
Ga69(MR) 1001.4 498.3 49.76 711.4 342.3 48.11
As75(MR) 3970.5 297.1 7.48 3805.6 85.9 2.26
Se77(MR) 1192.5 112 9.39 1027.6 97 9.44
Mo98(MR) 3699.7 284.3 7.68 3429.2 178.9 5.22
Rh103(MR) 507.6 31.6 6.22 1777.6 43.8 2.46
Pd105(MR) 127.7 8.8 6.9 279.6 21.4 7.64
In115(MR) 5365966.7 125983.5 2.35 5133312.7 108984.3 2.12
Table 34: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in May 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_water_sonic_1 Szena_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 338646.9 16152.3 4.77 371758.1 16510 4.44
Be9(LR) 4425.1 475.4 10.74 5351.3 1364.1 25.49
71
Rb85(LR) 1289563.3 42477.3 3.29 1407380.8 61458.4 4.37
Sr88(LR) 4345188.2 364681.9 8.39 5399427.1 215779.9 4
Sn120(LR) 272573.6 19779.2 7.26 302683.4 5407.9 1.79
Sb121(LR) 1044138.8 54474.4 5.22 1143409.1 40819.4 3.57
Te128(LR) 4383.9 206.9 4.72 5014.7 91.2 1.82
Au197(LR) 5101375.5 277057.7 5.43 5449282.8 137116.8 2.52
Tl205(LR) 198884.4 3240 1.63 208938 1485.4 0.71
Pb208(LR) 6789225.4 307556.3 4.53 7030398.7 474230 6.75
Bi209(LR) 72959.9 1484.8 2.04 91823.9 1873.1 2.04
U238(LR) 93047.3 3360.5 3.61 97181.3 1685.2 1.73
Ag109(LR) 20110.8 1643.2 8.17 37864.3 3367.6 8.89
Cd114(LR) 216747.5 7150.1 3.3 232209.7 5256 2.26
In115(LR) 72133604.3 3716596.3 5.15 78369426.2 434015.3 0.55
Pt195(LR) 8334.7 260.9 3.13 12653.6 134.6 1.06
V51(MR) 159969.3 6534 4.08 176315 6827.1 3.87
Cr52(MR) 198160.4 6090.3 3.07 238513.2 8768.8 3.68
Mn55(MR) 1646475.3 131387.2 7.98 1876073.6 55846.7 2.98
Fe57(MR) 251501.6 13241.5 5.26 255914.5 4321.2 1.69
Co59(MR) 24674.1 738.7 2.99 23393.2 926.2 3.96
Ni60(MR) 37511.9 780.6 2.08 56098.4 1049.7 1.87
Cu63(MR) 1092506.7 56281.5 5.15 1224457.2 18005.4 1.47
Zn66(MR) 391056 14516.5 3.71 439798.8 6793.6 1.54
Ga69(MR) 1875.5 165.4 8.82 1742.1 73.7 4.23
As75(MR) 40141.3 1274.9 3.18 41471.3 1711.1 4.13
Se77(MR) 1942.5 20.2 1.04 1968.6 75.7 3.85
Mo98(MR) 26779.3 1859 6.94 28464.7 1153.5 4.05
Rh103(MR) 2363.1 110.4 4.67 3353.9 102.3 3.05
Pd105(MR) 801.9 36.9 4.6 970.1 36.9 3.81
In115(MR) 5123105 126369.5 2.47 5662340.2 283323.9 5
72
Table 35: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in May 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_water_sonic_1 Gilice_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 122924.8 5627.4 4.58 106088.8 1464.6 1.38
Be9(LR) 2779.1 144.4 5.19 2540.6 53.6 2.11
Rb85(LR) 1785782 12508.8 0.7 1469634.4 57564.9 3.92
Sr88(LR) 5347545.7 84558 1.58 4591257 205225.2 4.47
Sn120(LR) 418353.8 15426.1 3.69 383046.3 9526.9 2.49
Sb121(LR) 1175366 18884.7 1.61 955569.5 7747.2 0.81
Te128(LR) 5653.6 127.1 2.25 4661.7 266.8 5.72
Au197(LR) 5764869.4 69269.6 1.2 5771269.6 89003 1.54
Tl205(LR) 256372.2 5906.7 2.3 212684 2065 0.97
Pb208(LR) 14270439.2 340234.3 2.38 13140900.3 378598.7 2.88
Bi209(LR) 135417.1 2198.1 1.62 118080 958.6 0.81
U238(LR) 89185.2 2886.9 3.24 86354.3 4322.6 5.01
Ag109(LR) 28758.6 482.6 1.68 27422 179.9 0.66
Cd114(LR) 342973.4 5813.1 1.69 279884.2 6928.8 2.48
In115(LR) 78434457.4 788058.7 1 78129819.9 2845341.7 3.64
Pt195(LR) 1903.8 40.7 2.14 1781.8 22.8 1.28
V51(MR) 239573.5 8091.1 3.38 191556 10730 5.6
Cr52(MR) 202305.3 13345.2 6.6 187857.2 4071.1 2.17
Mn55(MR) 1919096.9 58372.2 3.04 1480645.1 36017.9 2.43
Fe57(MR) 227012.1 9375.4 4.13 178684.4 5074.1 2.84
Co59(MR) 26207.2 445.2 1.7 42969.2 1565.6 3.64
Ni60(MR) 46141 1295 2.81 36538.2 1802.9 4.93
73
Cu63(MR) 862952.6 22518.5 2.61 748158.4 8312.7 1.11
Zn66(MR) 553765 38741.3 7 472058.7 9360.2 1.98
Ga69(MR) 3351.4 184.6 5.51 3367.6 187.4 5.56
As75(MR) 54733.3 709.3 1.3 41457.1 1189 2.87
Se77(MR) 2430.6 52.6 2.16 2081.5 111.7 5.37
Mo98(MR) 36576.6 480 1.31 27431.8 1522.5 5.55
Rh103(MR) 764.9 31 4.05 693 18 2.59
Pd105(MR) 815.1 54 6.63 765.5 21.3 2.78
In115(MR) 5740719.6 51803.7 0.9 5718733.8 47398.3 0.83
Table 36: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in May 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG =
average; STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR =
medium resolution)
Kapmegyer_water_sonic_1 Kapmegyer_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 135966 6562.7 4.83 109995 5265.5 4.79
Be9(LR) 3989 80 2.01 2865.9 201.3 7.02
Rb85(LR) 2401969.3 92151.7 3.84 1850928.9 64112.6 3.46
Sr88(LR) 11657683.4 359148.2 3.08 10179321.8 433734.4 4.26
Sn120(LR) 413598.1 14444.2 3.49 369457.1 10847.1 2.94
Sb121(LR) 1162792.4 17321.6 1.49 1083704.5 15226.7 1.41
Te128(LR) 4874.2 167.8 3.44 4487.9 91.6 2.04
Au197(LR) 5645329.7 208168.7 3.69 5645073.3 93236.4 1.65
Tl205(LR) 208349.5 1668.5 0.8 198462.2 1558.6 0.79
Pb208(LR) 3099259.4 69550.1 2.24 2502374.9 82500.7 3.3
Bi209(LR) 81057 1537.7 1.9 66802.6 1440.1 2.16
74
U238(LR) 87662.5 1859.5 2.12 84391.1 1252.7 1.48
Ag109(LR) 34959.6 742.8 2.12 22178.7 573.8 2.59
Cd114(LR) 100183.3 3848.7 3.84 92683.2 2196.4 2.37
In115(LR) 79369099.1 580597 0.73 75581768.5 2142113.4 2.83
Pt195(LR) 9543.5 80.9 0.85 5285.6 186.5 3.53
V51(MR) 232980.5 7734.8 3.32 206791.9 2518 1.22
Cr52(MR) 158816.5 3458.3 2.18 139640.5 5967.9 4.27
Mn55(MR) 4645661.2 270602.1 5.82 4240414.5 126995.5 2.99
Fe57(MR) 101616.7 4184 4.12 65142.9 976.7 1.5
Co59(MR) 33453 1336.5 4 31605.4 918.1 2.91
Ni60(MR) 34323 1174.6 3.42 31271.7 676 2.16
Cu63(MR) 776698 26433.2 3.4 751626.1 44584.8 5.93
Zn66(MR) 215304.7 3173.1 1.47 221136.8 5967.7 2.7
Ga69(MR) 1871.1 91.3 4.88 1211.4 90.7 7.49
As75(MR) 44531.7 905 2.03 39479.9 2442 6.19
Se77(MR) 2359.4 75 3.18 2170.4 71.4 3.29
Mo98(MR) 25458.8 932.9 3.66 22820.4 1103.8 4.84
Rh103(MR) 2603.6 47.6 1.83 1504.9 37.4 2.49
Pd105(MR) 1319.6 52.9 4.01 1002.5 38.2 3.81
In115(MR) 5537440.2 116028.9 2.1 5160835.2 198088.7 3.84
Table 37: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to sonication assisted
water extraction for the sampling period of June 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
filter_blank_1 filter_blank_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 30748.9 2053.7 6.68 34178 1447.2 4.23
Be9(LR) 7411.6 2421.8 32.68 3578.5 686.3 19.18
75
Rb85(LR) 45075.5 6538.5 14.51 32049.7 1352.1 4.22
Sr88(LR) 990467.7 15365.2 1.55 783396.6 11680.2 1.49
Sn120(LR) 169383 3179.8 1.88 116181.3 6096.8 5.25
Sb121(LR) 51128.6 5253 10.27 51879.6 2076.3 4
Te128(LR) 1556.6 315.1 20.25 1961 839 42.79
Au197(LR) 6654260.6 145101.6 2.18 6474285.7 425003 6.56
Tl205(LR) 51516.3 4232 8.21 38888.2 5470.2 14.07
Pb208(LR) 570699.5 7252.9 1.27 420843.5 3447.1 0.82
Bi209(LR) 59803.5 12082.7 20.2 25634.2 4359 17
U238(LR) 93272.7 3101 3.32 87153.1 12365.7 14.19
Ag109(LR) 17247.1 241.1 1.4 87099.7 2586.1 2.97
Cd114(LR) 17450.8 811 4.65 24789.8 1040.9 4.2
In115(LR) 63488169.2 1718483.6 2.71 68151219.4 1970632.5 2.89
Pt195(LR) 1476.4 20.3 1.38 1343.3 22.6 1.68
V51(MR) 2640.9 379.1 14.35 2126.1 157.7 7.42
Cr52(MR) 97150.4 6600.8 6.79 113348 7220.6 6.37
Mn55(MR) 16755.5 516.2 3.08 21143.7 530.1 2.51
Fe57(MR) 4857.6 303.1 6.24 10333.4 308.9 2.99
Co59(MR) 13356.1 289.7 2.17 10693.6 677.1 6.33
Ni60(MR) 59485.2 1376 2.31 50114.4 3981.5 7.94
Cu63(MR) 52255.4 1144.1 2.19 37038.8 1582.2 4.27
Zn66(MR) 54947.2 1549.3 2.82 27798.6 1050.3 3.78
Ga69(MR) 659.9 237.1 35.93 369 104.6 28.33
As75(MR) 3763.4 181.7 4.83 3400.7 57.5 1.69
Se77(MR) 1005.5 57.4 5.71 821.7 66.1 8.04
Mo98(MR) 3875.6 143.2 3.69 3473.7 213.9 6.16
Rh103(MR) 568 37.8 6.66 499.6 13.2 2.65
Pd105(MR) 202.4 12.5 6.19 258.2 18.7 7.24
In115(MR) 4754810.5 93378.6 1.96 4756358.2 248135.6 5.22
76
Table 38: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in June 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_water_sonic_1 Szena_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 124967.6 5590.8 4.47 117472.5 5204.9 4.43
Be9(LR) 3318.1 889.3 26.8 2311.1 130.2 5.64
Rb85(LR) 1219155.3 41569.6 3.41 1110155.8 15860 1.43
Sr88(LR) 4970805 230609.3 4.64 4750953.1 56591 1.19
Sn120(LR) 263085.4 3834.8 1.46 251785.9 6251.4 2.48
Sb121(LR) 998364.8 103799.2 10.4 982665.9 8767.2 0.89
Te128(LR) 4361.5 222.4 5.1 4086.9 241.3 5.9
Au197(LR) 5796720.1 96914.5 1.67 5634078.9 133214.5 2.36
Tl205(LR) 209178.3 9197.4 4.4 193140 7097 3.67
Pb208(LR) 18443715.5 591207.7 3.21 16077666.1 212872.5 1.32
Bi209(LR) 119427.7 1594.2 1.33 100987.5 4422 4.38
U238(LR) 89525.4 2711.9 3.03 78517.4 4967.4 6.33
Ag109(LR) 12316.1 469.9 3.82 57325.1 1324.4 2.31
Cd114(LR) 268167.7 10146.2 3.78 242754.8 7863.8 3.24
In115(LR) 71705751 240124.7 0.33 72104707.2 632935.3 0.88
Pt195(LR) 1795.7 22.4 1.25 1592 75.5 4.74
V51(MR) 196424.5 4089.1 2.08 171550.8 8140 4.74
Cr52(MR) 257624.7 4604.2 1.79 230813.1 2781.7 1.21
Mn55(MR) 1774166.9 35887.1 2.02 1582567 14751.2 0.93
Fe57(MR) 509777.2 16106.9 3.16 425448.5 7937.6 1.87
Co59(MR) 31479 1266.4 4.02 15834.7 127.5 0.8
Ni60(MR) 103229.8 3235.9 3.13 77869 2451.6 3.15
Cu63(MR) 1672419.9 33513.1 2 1447934.6 20699.5 1.43
77
Zn66(MR) 522292.8 22068.6 4.23 459289.6 3769 0.82
Ga69(MR) 2137.3 93.4 4.37 1569.5 65.1 4.15
As75(MR) 44710.2 1042.2 2.33 40924.6 821.5 2.01
Se77(MR) 1845.1 86.3 4.68 1810.9 50.8 2.8
Mo98(MR) 26554 1437.4 5.41 24684.5 1091 4.42
Rh103(MR) 794.7 51.3 6.45 666.1 44.9 6.73
Pd105(MR) 840.3 38.6 4.59 740.5 37.9 5.12
In115(MR) 4700891 99735.1 2.12 4733775.9 139528.1 2.95
Table 39: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in June 2009
and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation;
RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_water_sonic_1 Gilice_ter_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 79155.9 3978.1 5.03 90888.4 8731 9.61
Be9(LR) 2296.8 118 5.14 2329.1 172 7.38
Rb85(LR) 1331181 17099.4 1.28 1563242 16207.7 1.04
Sr88(LR) 4075031.2 145825.4 3.58 4954159.6 119952.5 2.42
Sn120(LR) 284785.2 4243.1 1.49 331943.4 1644.3 0.5
Sb121(LR) 1188635.1 32022.5 2.69 1359859.4 34419.5 2.53
Te128(LR) 4472.5 205 4.58 5143 269.4 5.24
Au197(LR) 5214332.8 83548.6 1.6 5419738.1 172163.8 3.18
Tl205(LR) 272453.9 3480.8 1.28 304306.5 3753.9 1.23
Pb208(LR) 20752265.1 247834.2 1.19 23402257.6 502415.6 2.15
Bi209(LR) 100545.9 3254.9 3.24 124163.5 1226.3 0.99
U238(LR) 83602 2441.2 2.92 88482.4 3718 4.2
Ag109(LR) 21853.2 871.6 3.99 18372.9 459.7 2.5
Cd114(LR) 305703.4 11924.1 3.9 354648.4 4640.7 1.31
78
In115(LR) 73385266 846388.4 1.15 73379312.2 227524.2 0.31
Pt195(LR) 1697.4 35.9 2.12 1653.5 35.1 2.12
V51(MR) 196379.8 5228.3 2.66 210998.5 14539.8 6.89
Cr52(MR) 181426.9 2831.4 1.56 195602.2 12868.5 6.58
Mn55(MR) 1235481.2 26092.1 2.11 1492864.1 61513 4.12
Fe57(MR) 256387.9 4601.9 1.79 303849.3 7432.9 2.45
Co59(MR) 13227.8 367.2 2.78 17293 369.5 2.14
Ni60(MR) 58542.6 2545.7 4.35 76834.7 2073.4 2.7
Cu63(MR) 675721.9 13133.7 1.94 845665.2 17117.3 2.02
Zn66(MR) 427746.5 13248.3 3.1 523338.8 7224 1.38
Ga69(MR) 2863.7 159.6 5.57 3716.2 124.7 3.36
As75(MR) 47684.3 1828.3 3.83 53771.2 2213.3 4.12
Se77(MR) 2230.4 70.3 3.15 2388.2 116.3 4.87
Mo98(MR) 23384.6 163.6 0.7 25560.9 752.8 2.95
Rh103(MR) 653 30.6 4.68 669.9 22.8 3.4
Pd105(MR) 603.3 33.9 5.62 693.7 33 4.76
In115(MR) 4584106.1 108372.3 2.36 4226944.1 85109.2 2.01
Table 40: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in June 2009 and subjected to sonication assisted water extraction. (AVG =
average; STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR =
medium resolution)
Kapmegyer_water_sonic_1 Kapmegyer_water_sonic_2
Isotope Intensity AVG Intensity
STD
Intensit
y RSD
Intensity AVG Intensity
STD
Intensit
y RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 95346.4 2555.3 2.68 63810.8 4471.8 7.01
Be9(LR) 3836.6 3368.2 87.79 2206.3 423.9 19.21
Rb85(LR) 1506194.9 29368.4 1.95 1008847 44571.3 4.42
79
Sr88(LR) 4991035.5 283314.8 5.68 3143278.9 141111.5 4.49
Sn120(LR) 365061.9 4831 1.32 287347.4 8351.3 2.91
Sb121(LR) 1473980.7 17991.2 1.22 1111409.7 45268.3 4.07
Te128(LR) 5467.8 317.8 5.81 3852.6 170.6 4.43
Au197(LR) 5034249.4 167792.2 3.33 4643229.1 180792.8 3.89
Tl205(LR) 266225.2 8014.3 3.01 203961.3 4443.5 2.18
Pb208(LR) 17849838.4 904722.7 5.07 14137744.9 677365 4.79
Bi209(LR) 129568.2 8230.8 6.35 104595.3 2361.6 2.26
U238(LR) 87672.9 2800.3 3.19 82194.2 2697.4 3.28
Ag109(LR) 20734.3 196.2 0.95 12535.7 346.1 2.76
Cd114(LR) 335065 8607.3 2.57 240174.1 8819.8 3.67
In115(LR) 72471582.7 1220373.
1
1.68 60184870 2627860.
5
4.37
Pt195(LR) 1666.2 65.1 3.91 1389.3 36 2.59
V51(MR) 239935.5 15901.1 6.63 162110.3 3787.7 2.34
Cr52(MR) 203491.1 5485.2 2.7 146090.4 4591.1 3.14
Mn55(MR) 1767340.8 41721.8 2.36 996345.8 38246.2 3.84
Fe57(MR) 351663.5 4694.8 1.34 254927.9 9899.6 3.88
Co59(MR) 19009 911.1 4.79 16055.2 1074.6 6.69
Ni60(MR) 79082.7 1675.5 2.12 60597.5 3683.5 6.08
Cu63(MR) 1174828.1 39174.9 3.33 776378.3 12876.1 1.66
Zn66(MR) 492941.3 15410.5 3.13 346447.3 8358.9 2.41
Ga69(MR) 3395.1 175.9 5.18 2347.4 74.6 3.18
As75(MR) 59967.1 450.1 0.75 40402.8 1117.7 2.77
Se77(MR) 2347.3 118.6 5.05 2096.9 88.1 4.2
Mo98(MR) 32685.5 863.4 2.64 25559.5 2239.9 8.76
Rh103(MR
)
656 47 7.16 680.4 101.9 14.97
Pd105(MR
)
792.2 35.3 4.45 576.5 31.6 5.47
80
In115(MR) 4217218.5 58421.9 1.39 4142220 281892.6 6.81
Table 41: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to microwave assisted
digestion for the sampling period of April 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Filter_blank_1 Filter_blank_2 Filter_blank_3
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensit
y AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensi
ty RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 82559.2 9553.1 11.57 102550.
3
1637.2 1.6 121593.8 9419.7 7.75
Be9(LR) 6228.7 384.1 6.17 5901.8 290 4.91 6107.4 466.6 7.64
Rb85(LR) 29253.6 8508.9 29.09 34682.4 5013.3 14.45 24945.5 5980.3 23.97
Sr88(LR) 236488.2 61197.
1
25.88 232418.
3
12169.
5
5.24 214220.9 57642.5 26.91
Sn120(LR
)
62551.4 9315.7 14.89 51096.7 3964.3 7.76 43118 14829.1 34.39
Sb121(LR
)
40681.3 5455.1 13.41 33334 1499.7 4.5 26986.1 6541.2 24.24
Te128(LR
)
1387.9 147.7 10.64 1137.6 67.9 5.97 1013.7 83.4 8.22
Au197(L
R)
5753581.
9
107300
3
18.65 535768
9
280308
.8
5.23 4981447.
5
560067.
9
11.24
Tl205(LR) 12820.5 2552.8 19.91 10883.4 1888.5 17.35 7281.6 1048.2 14.4
Pb208(L
R)
132214.8 4702.7 3.56 122526.
3
10184.
6
8.31 117069.4 16529.6 14.12
Bi209(LR
)
10304.3 1246.7 12.1 8606.4 235.6 2.74 12111.4 2176.9 17.97
U238(LR) 45029.1 5307.4 11.79 44166.2 2458 5.57 38606.4 8167.2 21.16
Ag109(L 143328.1 37150. 25.92* 34551.6 3233.9 9.36 21018 5494.1 26.14
81
R) * 4*
Cd114(L
R)
8115.7 945.9 11.66 6791.9 306.9 4.52 6435.4 1187.3 18.45
In115(LR
)
2702428
6.8
463900
1
17.17 227584
23
174184
4
7.65 1910078
4.3
6035537
.3
31.6
Pt195(LR
)
1635.8 209.1 12.78 2828.7 384.8 13.6 2787.3 473.1 16.97
V51(MR) 1524.7 196.4 12.88 1135.2 142 12.5 1122.5 186.3 16.59
Cr52(MR
)
15745.8 2497.4 15.86 12419.9 1409.3 11.35 11632.6 2114.8 18.18
Mn55(M
R)
8896.5 1015.4 11.41 7059.1 825.2 11.69 6692.8 775.5 11.59
Fe57(MR
)
4707.3 603 12.81 5109.1 784.2 15.35 3196.2 520.3 16.28
Co59(MR
)
622.2 69.4 11.16 512.7 77.6 15.14 543.1 64.5 11.88
Ni60(MR
)
8143.5 461.1 5.66 4184.5 430.9 10.3 5003 768.9 15.37
Cu63(MR
)
18054.6 1763.9 9.77 9547.9 842.4 8.82 16046.7 3095.3 19.29
Zn66(MR
)
56818.4 7772.4 13.68 19638.7 2487 12.66 28773.3 3804.7 13.22
Ga69(M
R)
439.1 39 8.88 496.4 65.7 13.23 457.1 113.3 24.79
As75(MR
)
174634.7 11697 6.7 151129.
9
11931.
2
7.89 121541 7759.2 6.38
Se77(MR
)
63104.6 7141 11.32 61446.1 3931.9 6.4 53473.7 1804.9 3.38
Mo98(M
R)
540.1 96.8 17.92 516.8 91 17.61 395.1 68.7 17.38
82
Rh103(M
R)
722.2 115.6 16.01 908.6 109.1 12 1071.3 162.7 15.19
Pd105(M
R)
130.2 15.3 11.75 136.7 17.5 12.78 165 22.7 13.74
* Not used due to high discrepancy compared to the Ag value on the other filter blanks.
Table 42: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in April 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_acid_1 Szena_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 139298.6 19536.1 14.02 167927.5 4336.9 2.58
Be9(LR) 5446.9 1264.7 23.22 5866.5 153.7 2.62
Rb85(LR) 168057.3 103066 61.33 187738.8 40137 21.38
Sr88(LR) 355636.6 206880.4 58.17 411280.9 64035.3 15.57
Sn120(LR) 350983.9 228907 65.22 333822.3 54403.1 16.3
Sb121(LR) 247292.9 163337.4 66.05 241029.1 28004.2 11.62
Te128(LR) 1357.2 276.3 20.36 1222.4 122.7 10.04
Au197(LR) 3362463 1675384 49.83 2644396.5 379410.8 14.35
Tl205(LR) 11308.6 2348.3 20.77 16793 2588.9 15.42
Pb208(LR) 4697923 2695462 57.38 4497723.9 858415.7 19.09
Bi209(LR) 71418.7 45474.9 63.67 57823.7 12925.8 22.35
U238(LR) 33172.6 19937.9 60.1 29328.5 5637.8 19.22
Ag109(LR) 34674.8 20983 60.51 27957.7 5935.4 21.23
Cd114(LR) 69331.8 44578.9 64.3 70434.8 9608.9 13.64
In115(LR) 12392782 8781988 70.86 10269266.6 1745410.6 17
Pt195(LR) 1614.7 995.1 61.63 3155.2 780.1 24.72
V51(MR) 21031.3 5486.3 26.09 19455.1 2425.6 12.47
Cr52(MR) 44724.7 13752.8 30.75 41505 10473.1 25.23
83
Mn55(MR) 348562.4 55753 16 293546.4 46456.9 15.83
Fe57(MR) 213405 32710.6 15.33 178563.1 61029.2 34.18
Co59(MR) 3231.2 646.6 20.01 2167.9 315.3 14.54
Ni60(MR) 11093.6 1905 17.17 8217.9 2183.6 26.57
Cu63(MR) 250612.5 21415.7 8.55 163831 15612.1 9.53
Zn66(MR) 145181.8 27518.1 18.95 134861.2 41897.2 31.07
Ga69(MR) 2854.4 620 21.72 1552.4 340.1 21.91
As75(MR) 129584.4 14920.1 11.51 62951.2 12665 20.12
Se77(MR) 58627 6010.8 10.25 32339.8 6181.2 19.11
Mo98(MR) 7835 1278.7 16.32 4735.8 1262.4 26.66
Rh103(MR) 618.8 198 31.99 888.7 210.2 23.65
Pd105(MR) 210.5 40.9 19.41 157.9 23.9 15.13
Table 43: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in April 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average;
STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium
resolution)
Kapmegyer_acid
Isotope Intensity AVG Intensity STD Intensity RSD
[cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 157176.6 11788.6 7.5
Be9(LR) 5098.7 657.7 12.9
Rb85(LR) 228061.2 140488.1 61.6
Sr88(LR) 530283.1 323475 61
Sn120(LR) 328423.9 198602.9 60.47
Sb121(LR) 354326.9 194463.1 54.88
Te128(LR) 1434.9 369.8 25.77
Au197(LR) 3114066.7 1593236.8 51.16
Tl205(LR) 10417.7 2741.8 26.32
84
Pb208(LR) 4256111.8 2009133.3 47.21
Bi209(LR) 50209.1 28916.1 57.59
U238(LR) 29989.6 17876 59.61
Ag109(LR) 21104.5 11668 55.29
Cd114(LR) 79742.2 54678.2 68.57
In115(LR) 11026189.3 7039474.5 63.84
Pt195(LR) 2095.6 1136.3 54.22
V51(MR) 19843.9 8191.5 41.28
Cr52(MR) 27348.8 8894.9 32.52
Mn55(MR) 231543.7 79411.5 34.3
Fe57(MR) 143005.1 28842.3 20.17
Co59(MR) 2537.8 637.7 25.13
Ni60(MR) 6453.3 1611.5 24.97
Cu63(MR) 128161.6 36753.8 28.68
Zn66(MR) 124677.6 26558.3 21.3
Ga69(MR) 1948.3 658.9 33.82
As75(MR) 41089 8567.3 20.85
Se77(MR) 22761.5 3355 14.74
Mo98(MR) 3276.5 742.4 22.66
Rh103(MR) 510.5 97.6 19.12
Pd105(MR) 177 21.3 12.05
Table 44: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to microwave assisted
digestion for the sampling period of April 2009 and used together with data from Gilice tér, April
2009 only. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low
resolution; MR = medium resolution)
filter_blank_acid_1 filter_blank_acid_2 filter_blank_acid_3
Isotope Intensit
y AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensit
y AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensit
y AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
85
Li7(LR) 52506.7 2083.9 3.97 56779 2010.5 3.54 53703.2 3059.3 5.7
Be9(LR) 4303.2 127 2.95 4237 87.6 2.07 3178 133.9 4.21
Rb85(LR) 71529.4 1120 1.57 73199.2 208.4 0.28 75442.5 1031.9 1.37
Sr88(LR) 115720
1
7070.5 0.61 734775.
9
3733.7 0.51 662950.
1
4665.6 0.7
Sn120(LR
)
145860.
4
1482.5 1.02 143243.
5
1845.6 1.29 141229.
7
683.7 0.48
Sb121(LR
)
69597.2 416.4 0.6 70128.2 794.2 1.13 67389 2149.7 3.19
Te128(LR
)
1539.8 61.4 3.98 1525.8 54.7 3.59 1326.2 52.8 3.98
Au197(LR
)
992623
3
351721.
7
3.54 101071
27
342509.
4
3.39 100781
51
381116.
4
3.78
Tl205(LR) 31330.3 1175.2 3.75 29000.1 1127.4 3.89 27462.3 1001.2 3.65
Pb208(LR
)
448948.
1
6208.9 1.38 376484.
1
4871 1.29 356572.
9
8107.7 2.27
Bi209(LR) 62587.1 657.3 1.05 58852.5 2381.5 4.05 66049.8 1625.7 2.46
U238(LR) 77561.9 642.8 0.83 75916.9 1002.9 1.32 72908.5 854 1.17
Ag109(LR
)
18562.6 798.8 4.3 14410.5 347.8 2.41 33462.6 1274.3 3.81
Cd114(LR
)
18836.5 589.1 3.13 17474.3 393.4 2.25 15262.5 490.7 3.21
In115(LR) 639751
97
444250.
2
0.69 643967
92
996548.
6
1.55 646590
79
906224.
9
1.4
Pt195(LR) 8082 92.9 1.15 7185.1 117.2 1.63 3174.8 94.1 2.96
V51(MR) 3056.1 162.5 5.32 3251.2 126.2 3.88 2579.3 105.5 4.09
Cr52(MR) 33923.3 1000.3 2.95 36115 1301.2 3.6 30987.3 1209.2 3.9
Mn55(M
R)
18330.5 835.5 4.56 18227.4 457.3 2.51 18052.9 210.7 1.17
Fe57(MR) 12907.2 193.7 1.5 12357.4 163.5 1.32 11062 219.7 1.99
86
Co59(MR
)
140363.
8
4002 2.85 14485.5 238.7 1.65 4861.3 115.1 2.37
Ni60(MR) 17747.3 198.1 1.12 11612.8 407.2 3.51 13186.2 444.3 3.37
Cu63(MR
)
37944.7 240.9 0.63 32144.4 585.1 1.82 32006.9 742.1 2.32
Zn66(MR
)
106241.
7
2485.9 2.34 214574 4185.8 1.95 84659.6 3517.1 4.15
Ga69(MR
)
1061.4 94.5 8.91 1122.1 84.7 7.55 1083.5 78.6 7.25
As75(MR) 144401.
1
6592.9 4.57 144795.
8
4689.4 3.24 111461.
8
2876 2.58
Se77(MR) 73315.9 3148.2 4.29 73762.6 2704.5 3.67 60435.7 2352.2 3.89
Mo98(M
R)
992.4 111.4 11.22 1411.3 103.9 7.36 1642.2 73 4.45
Rh103(M
R)
1543.1 33.3 2.16 1340.6 22.4 1.67 729.3 30.2 4.14
Pd105(M
R)
480.7 34.6 7.2 429.2 14.5 3.37 367.9 21.9 5.94
In115(MR
)
495511
0
47774.2 0.96 496219
3
51310.7 1.03 482680
1
71956.8 1.49
Table 45: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in April 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_acid_1 Gilice_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 135960.3 2836.1 2.09 111068.3 3037.5 2.73
Be9(LR) 4172.5 188.8 4.52 3878.8 166.8 4.3
87
Rb85(LR) 1361560.7 77021.9 5.66 1098791.1 28540.4 2.6
Sr88(LR) 2690693.6 35353.2 1.31 2194648.3 20336.7 0.93
Sn120(LR) 1265082.5 10735.4 0.85 1024362.7 19484.9 1.9
Sb121(LR) 1405600.8 15990.3 1.14 1133589.1 21233.2 1.87
Te128(LR) 5458.9 190.7 3.49 4642.4 99 2.13
Au197(LR) 10699027.3 82496.6 0.77 10388615.8 268444 2.58
Tl205(LR) 121155.3 936.5 0.77 101961.6 1408.6 1.38
Pb208(LR) 33967373.4 621062.8 1.83 27887691.1 145518.1 0.52
Bi209(LR) 209919.1 3174.1 1.51 173426.7 1473.1 0.85
U238(LR) 109647.9 1249.9 1.14 97139.1 7381.5 7.6
Ag109(LR) 66993.1 2261.1 3.38 73827.6 1018.7 1.38
Cd114(LR) 452696.2 3559.9 0.79 385927.6 4034.9 1.05
In115(LR) 62147161.7 590882.7 0.95 61874936.4 503889.1 0.81
Pt195(LR) 3592.1 43.8 1.22 3371.3 46.5 1.38
V51(MR) 104612.3 1215.4 1.16 81642.5 3317.7 4.06
Cr52(MR) 131400 1664.5 1.27 110238.5 1381.5 1.25
Mn55(MR) 850129.8 13139.9 1.55 677029.2 11629.8 1.72
Fe57(MR) 685744.1 24045.5 3.51 547200.4 15822.3 2.89
Co59(MR) 14576.9 479.7 3.29 11662.3 185.1 1.59
Ni60(MR) 31919.5 391.1 1.23 26902.8 391.6 1.46
Cu63(MR) 745998.9 9486.3 1.27 605696.7 33796.4 5.58
Zn66(MR) 573394.5 23398.5 4.08 507681.9 18939.4 3.73
Ga69(MR) 11148.2 291.1 2.61 9099.2 312.8 3.44
As75(MR) 49570.9 1474.9 2.98 52803.7 1377 2.61
Se77(MR) 26243.3 957.5 3.65 25590.3 1276.1 4.99
Mo98(MR) 10782.9 357.4 3.31 8470.8 291.6 3.44
Rh103(MR) 730.2 36.6 5.01 691.3 21.7 3.14
Pd105(MR) 1780.8 55.4 3.11 1507.5 85.8 5.69
In115(MR) 3800357 159287.6 4.19 3759125.5 210760.9 5.61
88
Table 46: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to microwave assisted
digestion for the sampling period of May 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
filter_blank_acid_1 filter_blank_acid_2 filter_blank_acid_3
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensit
y STD
Intensi
ty RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 52506.7 2083.9 3.97 56779 2010.5 3.54 53703.2 3059.3 5.7
Be9(LR) 4303.2 127 2.95 4237 87.6 2.07 3178 133.9 4.21
Rb85(LR) 71529.4 1120 1.57 73199.2 208.4 0.28 75442.5 1031.9 1.37
Sr88(LR) 1157201.
3
7070.5 0.61 734775.9 3733.7 0.51 662950.1 4665.6 0.7
Sn120(LR
)
145860.4 1482.5 1.02 143243.5 1845.6 1.29 141229.7 683.7 0.48
Sb121(LR
)
69597.2 416.4 0.6 70128.2 794.2 1.13 67389 2149.7 3.19
Te128(LR
)
1539.8 61.4 3.98 1525.8 54.7 3.59 1326.2 52.8 3.98
Au197(L
R)
9926232.
6
351721
.7
3.54 1010712
6.5
342509
.4
3.39 1007815
1.4
381116
.4
3.78
Tl205(LR
)
31330.3 1175.2 3.75 29000.1 1127.4 3.89 27462.3 1001.2 3.65
Pb208(L
R)
448948.1 6208.9 1.38 376484.1 4871 1.29 356572.9 8107.7 2.27
Bi209(LR
)
62587.1 657.3 1.05 58852.5 2381.5 4.05 66049.8 1625.7 2.46
U238(LR) 77561.9 642.8 0.83 75916.9 1002.9 1.32 72908.5 854 1.17
Ag109(L
R)
18562.6 798.8 4.3 14410.5 347.8 2.41 33462.6 1274.3 3.81
Cd114(L 18836.5 589.1 3.13 17474.3 393.4 2.25 15262.5 490.7 3.21
89
R)
In115(LR
)
6397519
6.7
444250
.2
0.69 6439679
1.5
996548
.6
1.55 6465907
8.6
906224
.9
1.4
Pt195(LR
)
8082 92.9 1.15 7185.1 117.2 1.63 3174.8 94.1 2.96
V51(MR) 3056.1 162.5 5.32 3251.2 126.2 3.88 2579.3 105.5 4.09
Cr52(MR
)
33923.3 1000.3 2.95 36115 1301.2 3.6 30987.3 1209.2 3.9
Mn55(M
R)
18330.5 835.5 4.56 18227.4 457.3 2.51 18052.9 210.7 1.17
Fe57(MR
)
12907.2 193.7 1.5 12357.4 163.5 1.32 11062 219.7 1.99
Co59(MR
)
140363.8 4002 2.85 14485.5 238.7 1.65 4861.3 115.1 2.37
Ni60(MR
)
17747.3 198.1 1.12 11612.8 407.2 3.51 13186.2 444.3 3.37
Cu63(MR
)
37944.7 240.9 0.63 32144.4 585.1 1.82 32006.9 742.1 2.32
Zn66(MR
)
106241.7 2485.9 2.34 214574 4185.8 1.95 84659.6 3517.1 4.15
Ga69(M
R)
1061.4 94.5 8.91 1122.1 84.7 7.55 1083.5 78.6 7.25
As75(MR
)
144401.1 6592.9 4.57 144795.8 4689.4 3.24 111461.8 2876 2.58
Se77(MR
)
73315.9 3148.2 4.29 73762.6 2704.5 3.67 60435.7 2352.2 3.89
Mo98(M
R)
992.4 111.4 11.22 1411.3 103.9 7.36 1642.2 73 4.45
Rh103(M
R)
1543.1 33.3 2.16 1340.6 22.4 1.67 729.3 30.2 4.14
90
Pd105(M
R)
480.7 34.6 7.2 429.2 14.5 3.37 367.9 21.9 5.94
In115(M
R)
4955110.
1
47774.
2
0.96 4962193.
1
51310.
7
1.03 4826800.
8
71956.
8
1.49
Table 47: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in May 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_acid_1 Szena_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 113548.8 3055.6 2.69 115745.3 2160.1 1.87
Be9(LR) 5854.6 153.5 2.62 3284.2 189.3 5.76
Rb85(LR) 378010.5 24679.9 6.53 420497 1587.5 0.38
Sr88(LR) 1630521.2 18577.6 1.14 1500356.5 37241.1 2.48
Sn120(LR) 688231.9 11030.1 1.6 751088 7958.2 1.06
Sb121(LR) 355656.9 5995 1.69 378306.1 9313.2 2.46
Te128(LR) 2558.3 114.9 4.49 2513.5 44.2 1.76
Au197(LR) 9587048.2 39143.2 0.41 8957513.1 100851.8 1.13
Tl205(LR) 49644.3 1254.7 2.53 47665.2 1252.4 2.63
Pb208(LR) 3886578.8 61584.2 1.58 4274291.4 43636.3 1.02
Bi209(LR) 149999.1 3807 2.54 219767.4 8817.6 4.01
U238(LR) 86173.9 8295.4 9.63 81776.8 1331.7 1.63
Ag109(LR) 52477.9 1302.9 2.48 43069.9 392.1 0.91
Cd114(LR) 78672.7 1805.1 2.29 74504.6 843.8 1.13
In115(LR) 65370749.8 602463.2 0.92 63998573 1038905.1 1.62
Pt195(LR) 15641.9 226.3 1.45 3522.7 89 2.53
V51(MR) 34119.6 1399.5 4.1 36319 2340.7 6.44
Cr52(MR) 121867.3 5366.6 4.4 109361.7 1469.1 1.34
91
Mn55(MR) 573867.8 17775.7 3.1 620832.5 8837.8 1.42
Fe57(MR) 488006.2 13487.3 2.76 576369.8 4653.2 0.81
Co59(MR) 335118.8 6247.1 1.86 57761.4 2712.6 4.7
Ni60(MR) 22234 660.7 2.97 22038 731 3.32
Cu63(MR) 319789.4 11746.8 3.67 379692.6 4508.1 1.19
Zn66(MR) 151175.2 2659.5 1.76 371110.8 1354.1 0.36
Ga69(MR) 4214.6 205.1 4.87 4064 74 1.82
As75(MR) 87437.8 5744.2 6.57 72120.3 6010 8.33
Se77(MR) 43420.3 2447.4 5.64 38357.3 565.1 1.47
Mo98(MR) 8931.1 673.2 7.54 9989.7 112.7 1.13
Rh103(MR) 2575.1 100.4 3.9 745 39.8 5.35
Pd105(MR) 1086.9 37.8 3.48 875.4 37.2 4.25
In115(MR) 4330265.9 146124.5 3.37 4271669.3 82290.7 1.93
Table 48: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in May 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_acid_1 Gilice_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 74556.1 2948 3.95 75735.6 5548.9 7.33
Be9(LR) 3221.3 91.5 2.84 3337.6 132.8 3.98
Rb85(LR) 364430.4 3281.1 0.9 607352.4 4538.3 0.75
Sr88(LR) 1217379.9 8338.6 0.68 1478804.3 8109.3 0.55
Sn120(LR) 465914.6 2912.8 0.63 531944.7 1659 0.31
Sb121(LR) 243135.6 752.4 0.31 276456.2 3845.4 1.39
Te128(LR) 2459.6 68.3 2.78 2592.8 91.5 3.53
Au197(LR) 9122457.2 94447.4 1.04 9062060.3 104386.3 1.15
92
Tl205(LR) 47126.7 1225.6 2.6 50315.8 150.5 0.3
Pb208(LR) 4927928.8 91502.8 1.86 5972035.1 118820.9 1.99
Bi209(LR) 126861.3 6045 4.77 309806.4 5001.9 1.61
U238(LR) 78717 3078.1 3.91 82431.7 1193.7 1.45
Ag109(LR) 112367 4637.9 4.13 65756.1 3095.9 4.71
Cd114(LR) 71829.7 3648.9 5.08 87450.1 1075.5 1.23
In115(LR) 63931211.4 281444.6 0.44 63630304.2 581841.2 0.91
Pt195(LR) 3257.4 51.8 1.59 3046.6 45.2 1.48
V51(MR) 33766.4 1103.3 3.27 42801.9 935.8 2.19
Cr52(MR) 56880.2 1207.7 2.12 76182.7 529.6 0.7
Mn55(MR) 307027.6 8655.6 2.82 383552.6 7895.2 2.06
Fe57(MR) 219968.1 2086.9 0.95 260203.8 2359.1 0.91
Co59(MR) 7799.3 392 5.03 9744.4 144.9 1.49
Ni60(MR) 17039.5 511.3 3 32169 693.1 2.15
Cu63(MR) 174763.8 1931.8 1.11 258205.8 2228.5 0.86
Zn66(MR) 240199.9 8662.1 3.61 242634.3 14194.7 5.85
Ga69(MR) 3763.5 173.5 4.61 4690.6 328.4 7
As75(MR) 73666.3 2250.2 3.05 55489.3 3701.1 6.67
Se77(MR) 36756.2 1301.8 3.54 28708.6 712.7 2.48
Mo98(MR) 8485.8 260.1 3.07 5866.3 186.1 3.17
Rh103(MR) 758.4 38.8 5.12 726.6 32.8 4.51
Pd105(MR) 759.1 30.6 4.03 1002.8 46.6 4.64
In115(MR) 4261510.4 82583.3 1.94 3919297 272489.6 6.95
Table 49: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in May 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average;
STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium
resolution)
Kapmegyer_acid_1 Kapmegyer_acid_2
Isotope Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity
93
AVG STD RSD AVG STD RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 145205.5 4249 2.93 143404.2 2352.3 1.64
Be9(LR) 4469.6 67.9 1.52 4155.8 70.9 1.71
Rb85(LR) 1167639.9 10454.2 0.9 1167027.7 23700.3 2.03
Sr88(LR) 2613154.9 36750.5 1.41 2486656.8 109756 4.41
Sn120(LR) 520060.2 5079.4 0.98 575917.8 4988.2 0.87
Sb121(LR) 304044 2637.3 0.87 341623.9 3229.4 0.95
Te128(LR) 2519.1 101.1 4.01 2373.3 54.3 2.29
Au197(LR) 9843479.2 31045 0.32 8771486.3 311943.3 3.56
Tl205(LR) 50371.3 736.7 1.46 53187.5 1032.9 1.94
Pb208(LR) 5987700.8 133675.1 2.23 7316588.8 82109.7 1.12
Bi209(LR) 125504.6 1075.6 0.86 173127 2449.2 1.41
U238(LR) 99523.9 2518.8 2.53 97598.8 1294.6 1.33
Ag109(LR) 42528.1 570.1 1.34 107812.3 5394 5
Cd114(LR) 73827.5 725.8 0.98 81024.8 1379.6 1.7
In115(LR) 62369020.6 537691.1 0.86 62044888 625573.1 1.01
Pt195(LR) 3265.9 64.4 1.97 3144.9 42.3 1.34
V51(MR) 77527.8 3957.7 5.1 85670.9 2876 3.36
Cr52(MR) 108376.5 579.3 0.53 114842.6 3469.1 3.02
Mn55(MR) 852549.2 30097.8 3.53 969019.6 6502.4 0.67
Fe57(MR) 712742.6 10307 1.45 795306.3 7102.9 0.89
Co59(MR) 15169.1 389.6 2.57 16280 368.4 2.26
Ni60(MR) 21595.1 577 2.67 32654.7 1284.4 3.93
Cu63(MR) 295998.5 9304.4 3.14 333862.8 8048.8 2.41
Zn66(MR) 161565.5 6465.7 4 163074.2 3372 2.07
Ga69(MR) 9738.5 213.5 2.19 9699.3 449.8 4.64
As75(MR) 50575.2 1460.4 2.89 50962.5 2862.9 5.62
Se77(MR) 25430.6 644.8 2.54 25913.3 1105.6 4.27
Mo98(MR) 5647.8 167.4 2.96 6834.4 136.3 1.99
94
Rh103(MR) 729.7 39.4 5.4 757.3 24.5 3.24
Pd105(MR) 2962.5 80.9 2.73 3141.1 33.3 1.06
In115(MR) 3821830.7 121478.6 3.18 3901894.6 249027.4 6.38
Table 50: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter blanks, subjected to microwave assisted
digestion for the sampling period of June 2009. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
filter_blank_acid_1 filter_blank_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 51206.3 1910.4 3.73 49364.3 3399.6 6.89
Be9(LR) 2936 139.3 4.74 2744.7 231.6 8.44
Rb85(LR) 50577.5 550.6 1.09 57902.3 1626.6 2.81
Sr88(LR) 432590.9 3620.1 0.84 479058.2 6396.7 1.34
Sn120(LR) 127785.5 176.9 0.14 129103.4 471.9 0.37
Sb121(LR) 61097.5 392.1 0.64 60611.1 1091.1 1.8
Te128(LR) 1225.2 58.7 4.79 1176.6 50.4 4.28
Au197(LR) 9787283.3 43117 0.44 9880273 214644.7 2.17
Tl205(LR) 24676.3 502.4 2.04 26256.5 258.5 0.98
Pb208(LR) 250287.2 3116.5 1.25 260921.8 3373.3 1.29
Bi209(LR) 33495.4 1519.4 4.54 33483.1 1187.4 3.55
U238(LR) 69415.8 3293.3 4.74 70332.3 2718.9 3.87
Ag109(LR) 10561.9 475.3 4.5 9407.5 162.7 1.73
Cd114(LR) 12288.9 261.8 2.13 11323.5 509.7 4.5
In115(LR) 63311087 496277 0.78 61028249 635506.9 1.04
Pt195(LR) 1677.8 54.5 3.25 1714.5 33.5 1.95
V51(MR) 1693.1 74.7 4.41 1699.5 63.1 3.72
Cr52(MR) 22840.3 743.4 3.25 20224.2 800.6 3.96
Mn55(MR) 10955 455.8 4.16 12132.2 144.7 1.19
95
Fe57(MR) 9177.6 102.5 1.12 8153.9 277.7 3.41
Co59(MR) 1505.2 50.8 3.38 2048.2 69 3.37
Ni60(MR) 15791.6 812.9 5.15 13950.5 463.4 3.32
Cu63(MR) 34510.2 1425.6 4.13 29331 581.3 1.98
Zn66(MR) 27516.7 134.6 0.49 32774.2 811.5 2.48
Ga69(MR) 789.2 51.4 6.51 936 51.6 5.51
As75(MR) 376858 12180.2 3.23 330261.3 11191.3 3.39
Se77(MR) 122215.5 3268.8 2.67 105453.9 3021.4 2.87
Mo98(MR) 653.8 60.8 9.29 783.9 82.1 10.48
Rh103(MR) 534.5 22.1 4.13 519 11.8 2.27
Pd105(MR) 231.3 15.3 6.6 297.5 15.4 5.19
In115(MR) 4124117 40704.3 0.99 4064877 195914.8 4.82
Table 51: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Széna tér in June 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Szena_ter_acid_1 Szena_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 64148.7 4172 6.5 70877.5 4051 5.72
Be9(LR) 2894.9 141.4 4.88 2825.4 207.6 7.35
Rb85(LR) 269525.9 13464.9 5 320236.5 4846.9 1.51
Sr88(LR) 1086279.6 19122.6 1.76 1188252.9 63035.3 5.3
Sn120(LR) 602595.2 13432.4 2.23 709505.7 5152.1 0.73
Sb121(LR) 283806.7 4939.6 1.74 333151 2241.8 0.67
Te128(LR) 1915.9 24.6 1.29 2024.4 86.2 4.26
Au197(LR) 9587067.7 88379.3 0.92 9269755.8 122946.8 1.33
Tl205(LR) 40631.9 243.4 0.6 44090.2 759.3 1.72
96
Pb208(LR) 3987068.3 90852.8 2.28 4787417.8 64236.4 1.34
Bi209(LR) 137219.5 2810.5 2.05 169150.3 920.8 0.54
U238(LR) 76764.5 4594 5.98 76662 1115.4 1.45
Ag109(LR) 29734.6 1017.8 3.42 96360 2969.3 3.08
Cd114(LR) 58914.3 1906.2 3.24 66752.2 1331 1.99
In115(LR) 58569520.2 2246609 3.84 59620268.2 255616.1 0.43
Pt195(LR) 2099.2 55.5 2.64 2064.8 44.4 2.15
V51(MR) 28452.5 1404.5 4.94 35088.1 579.5 1.65
Cr52(MR) 78224 5379.1 6.88 99406.7 1350.4 1.36
Mn55(MR) 308783.7 9030 2.92 398269.2 3009.7 0.76
Fe57(MR) 340778.1 3071 0.9 424530.1 4427.9 1.04
Co59(MR) 4498 292.1 6.49 6896.6 130.5 1.89
Ni60(MR) 18547.9 545.5 2.94 21033.3 541.7 2.58
Cu63(MR) 279949.6 7695.8 2.75 345353.4 1424.7 0.41
Zn66(MR) 107523.9 993.2 0.92 128442.9 943.3 0.73
Ga69(MR) 2732.8 172.3 6.3 3121.4 161.1 5.16
As75(MR) 286420 6581.9 2.3 289473 6306.7 2.18
Se77(MR) 89855.1 3927.3 4.37 90086.7 3878.7 4.31
Mo98(MR) 7059.3 298.7 4.23 8579 551.5 6.43
Rh103(MR) 551.8 14.9 2.7 545.7 11.3 2.08
Pd105(MR) 555.4 29.2 5.26 612.3 6.1 0.99
In115(MR) 3947093.7 185335.2 4.7 4050175.8 79978.5 1.97
Table 52: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at Gilice tér in June 2009
and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average; STD = standard deviation; RSD =
relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium resolution)
Gilice_ter_acid_1 Gilice_ter_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
97
Li7(LR) 53979.6 1542.3 2.86 56033.5 1293.5 2.31
Be9(LR) 2653.3 137.4 5.18 2763.9 186.6 6.75
Rb85(LR) 238066.7 2300.4 0.97 255333.1 4625.6 1.81
Sr88(LR) 793205.5 4665.5 0.59 821890 12908.5 1.57
Sn120(LR) 369248.6 11246.2 3.05 388550.7 2196.1 0.57
Sb121(LR) 201576.5 2050.5 1.02 228506.1 5011.4 2.19
Te128(LR) 2062.5 102.5 4.97 2161.5 75.7 3.5
Au197(LR) 9089571.3 319520.7 3.52 9090486 254756.6 2.8
Tl205(LR) 47688 719 1.51 54532.2 771.5 1.41
Pb208(LR) 3830945.6 87743.2 2.29 4311910.1 50342.6 1.17
Bi209(LR) 77617.3 970.7 1.25 82945.6 1516.6 1.83
U238(LR) 71227.9 6088.7 8.55 73359.1 1431.4 1.95
Ag109(LR) 24593.8 535.9 2.18 30886.2 620.2 2.01
Cd114(LR) 59100.5 1334.8 2.26 63652.3 284.8 0.45
In115(LR) 59639505.2 474089.3 0.79 59634499.5 244602.1 0.41
Pt195(LR) 1715.4 54.1 3.16 1708 67.6 3.96
V51(MR) 26584.2 355.9 1.34 29606.9 1293.4 4.37
Cr52(MR) 56584 1127.7 1.99 51853.5 1772 3.42
Mn55(MR) 207219.5 3257.1 1.57 231010.2 6263.3 2.71
Fe57(MR) 140823.2 1368.8 0.97 165188.3 1110.9 0.67
Co59(MR) 6604.3 258.8 3.92 6058.4 74 1.22
Ni60(MR) 20212.8 292.1 1.45 23583 656.1 2.78
Cu63(MR) 139049.3 3269.3 2.35 150179.2 4673 3.11
Zn66(MR) 101229.9 1598.2 1.58 112498.1 493.9 0.44
Ga69(MR) 1979.3 147.6 7.46 2308.6 116.7 5.06
As75(MR) 294128.3 11848.4 4.03 328663.7 6903.1 2.1
Se77(MR) 93016.9 3476.7 3.74 105517.5 1647 1.56
Mo98(MR) 3800 170.2 4.48 3935.6 282.7 7.18
Rh103(MR) 491.5 21.2 4.32 508.4 32.1 6.32
98
Pd105(MR) 377.1 15.4 4.09 437.2 31.6 7.22
In115(MR) 4025626.6 159903.9 3.97 4171355.2 68072.2 1.63
Table 53: Raw intensity (counts per sec) data for filter samples collected at the incinerator located
in Káposztásmegyer in June 2009 and subjected to microwave assisted digestion. (AVG = average;
STD = standard deviation; RSD = relative standard deviation; LR = low resolution; MR = medium
resolution)
Kaposztasmegyer_acid_1 Kaposztasmegyer_acid_2
Isotope Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
Intensity
AVG
Intensity
STD
Intensity
RSD
[cps] [cps] [%] [cps] [cps] [%]
Li7(LR) 59226.6 2109.8 3.56 65725.5 1206.3 1.84
Be9(LR) 2735.7 218.2 7.98 2910.8 155.5 5.34
Rb85(LR) 266643.3 2582.7 0.97 298101.8 7630.6 2.56
Sr88(LR) 828269.9 4735.9 0.57 863475.2 4939.2 0.57
Sn120(LR) 388008.7 3450.3 0.89 403744.7 9027.4 2.24
Sb121(LR) 234724.8 1457.7 0.62 233889 774.1 0.33
Te128(LR) 2142.5 102 4.76 2109.5 52.6 2.49
Au197(LR) 9375053 61147.5 0.65 9232720.1 69245.9 0.75
Tl205(LR) 48024 447.4 0.93 47708.4 945.5 1.98
Pb208(LR) 4313147.5 32731.7 0.76 4377982.5 38589.8 0.88
Bi209(LR) 90576 893.4 0.99 87187.4 1591.6 1.83
U238(LR) 74333.2 5156 6.94 75219.2 1235.7 1.64
Ag109(LR) 28091.4 259.2 0.92 34796.5 314.7 0.9
Cd114(LR) 62028.2 2582.9 4.16 63755.9 1251.5 1.96
In115(LR) 59436325.2 1180398 1.99 59111494 262903.1 0.44
Pt195(LR) 1741.5 38.9 2.23 1750.9 37.7 2.15
V51(MR) 31970.1 886 2.77 34551 692.7 2
Cr52(MR) 70955.4 1369.2 1.93 55961.8 609.1 1.09
Mn55(MR) 230526.2 9698.6 4.21 261330.2 6588.1 2.52
99
Fe57(MR) 183336.9 1313.3 0.72 202469.2 812 0.4
Co59(MR) 5980.3 319.8 5.35 6639.2 310.2 4.67
Ni60(MR) 29708.9 497.7 1.68 23059 592.2 2.57
Cu63(MR) 199768.7 1651.8 0.83 191292.9 2535.1 1.33
Zn66(MR) 119588.8 2633.2 2.2 110581.7 3993.1 3.61
Ga69(MR) 2121.7 151.3 7.13 2402.6 44.1 1.83
As75(MR) 309954.5 5076.4 1.64 324027.4 12365 3.82
Se77(MR) 98420.5 2284.8 2.32 107360.9 834 0.78
Mo98(MR) 4884 172.2 3.53 5276.7 134.7 2.55
Rh103(MR) 506.2 21.1 4.17 489.1 29.1 5.96
Pd105(MR) 455.7 40.1 8.79 568.3 52.9 9.3
In115(MR) 4078047.2 133110.5 3.26 4076401.4 91195 2.24
100