Presented by

Timothy Laycock 24163031Lau Grissel Leija Torres 26174995Leong Kai Lun 24285855Arthur Parreira Sila Medeiros 26209926Cameron Ekins 24234648Cristhiana Perdigo Martins Ferreira 25363824Carlos Eduardo de Araujo Silva 26212528

CHE3175: Assignment 1

Life Cycle Assessment Implications of Non-renewable v. Renewable Resources Products1IntroductionMethodLCA TypeCase Study: PLA from sugar-cane bagasse substituting for PP used in packaging in AustraliaObjectives, functional unit, limits and considerationsBrief explanation of processes and overall block diagramResults and discussionConclusionMarket for PLA in AustraliaCase Study: Biodiesel from palm oil in Malaysia used as a 50% blend in diesel in MalaysiaObjective, functional unit, limits and considerationsBrief explanation of processes and overall block diagramResults and discussionAppendices

Table of Contents2How presentation will benefit audience: Adult learners are more interested in a subject if they know how or why it is important to them.Presenters level of expertise in the subject: Briefly state your credentials in this area, or explain why participants should listen to you.2Comparative Cradle to Grave LCAImplications of choosing one product over the otherTransit through current state of industry sectorsMidpoints and EndpointsRenewable scenario characterized by lower indicatorsIntroduction3

PP v. PLADiesel v. Blended BiodieselLesson descriptions should be brief.

3LCA methodology ISO 14040:2006 InventoryTRACI 2.1Method4

LCA TypeCradle to GraveExcepting recyclingExample objectivesAt the end of this lesson, you will be able to:Save files to the team Web server.Move files to different locations on the team Web server.Share files on the team Web server.

4Case Study: PLA from sugar-cane bagasse substituting for PP used in packaging in Australia5

SugarcaneSecond largest export crop: 30 million tonnes/yearBagasse: wasteLignocelluosticThrough hydrolysis, fermentation > Lactic acid > Polylactic acid = Biodegradable6Functional Unit: Fruit containerSingle useAustralian marketAlternative neededRecycled, reused or quickly degradedPLA is labelled as eco-friendlyLimits and considerations:Products associated with functional unitRepresentative averageStandardize inventoryTransport efficiency [Km/L]Data unavailabilityClosest to Australian industryOverall Block DiagramProduction of PLA Tray7

7Overall Block DiagramProduction of PP Tray8

8Analysis of categorized charts and classified inventoryInputs and OutputsUnit equivalencesCritical stagesResults and discussion9MIDPOINTSEndPointsAcidificationEcotoxicityEutrophicationHuman Health CriteriaFossil Fuel Global Warming Potential Land UsePhotochemical SmogWater UseTRACI chartsSpecific resourcesReasonable? Midpoint or Endpoint?ConsequencesImpact CategoriesUnit Equivalence Acidification Moles of H+ Equivalent EcotoxicityLbs of 2,4 D EquivalentEutrophicationKg of NFossil Fuel MJGlobal Warming Potential Kg CO2 EquivalentHuman Health CriteriaTotal DALYsLand Uset&e Species Photochemical Smogg of NOx EquivalentWater UsegallonsOverall Comparison of Products10

Midpoints11Acidification

Eutrophication

12Fossil FuelGlobal Warming Potential

13Land UsePhotochemical Smog

Water Use

Endpoints14EcotoxicityHuman Health Criteria

Sensitization Analysis / Critical Processess15(*) >95% of total impactImpact CategoriesPPPLAAcidificationRaw Material Acquisition*Material Manufacturing*EcotoxicityRaw Material Acquisition*Material Manufacturing*EutrophicationRaw Material AcquisitionMaterial Manufacturing*Fossil FuelRaw Material Acquisition*N/AGlobal Warming PotentialN/ARaw Material Acquisition*Human Health CriteriaN/AMaterial ManufacturingLand UseN/ARaw Material Acquisition*Photochemical SmogRaw Material Acquisition*N/AWater UseMaterial Manufacturing*Raw Material AcquisitionPLA better in 5 out of 9Major land and water requirementsAustraliaLarge farmland = no significant problemCompetition with food industryBagasse usually combusted to produce energyGWPIdeal situation: allocation for bothBest scenario: RenewablePLAConclusion16

17

Plastic consumption and typical recovery life cycle (PCIA 2011-12) Plastic overall consumption1,476,690 tons in 2011/12 (PCIA)Market Analysis for PLA in Australia

18

Overall consumption of PP in 2011/12216,347 tons 19Market for PLA in AustraliaHypothetical situation30% of the total PP production would be replaced by PLA from sugar cane bagasse

49%147,000 tonnesTherefore, 44 100 tonnes (30% of 147,000 tonnes) would be replaced by PLA

20The yield of PLA from solid bagasse is 80% (Groot & Born, 2010)55125 tonnes of bagasse would be necessary;

Approximately 34000 tonnes of bagasse is produced per hectare of sugarcane growth: 1.6 hectares of sugarcane farmland would be necessary for the required PLA production

Assumptions

21

Nature Works LLC in Nebraska, USA Annual capacity of 140,000 tons

Area of Sugar Cane Production and Clyde Plant location (Google Maps 2013)

22Case Study: Biodiesel from palm oil in Malaysia used as a 50% blend in diesel in Malaysia

BiodieselFossil Fuels cannot supply the demandIncreasing demand of energy23Case Study: Biodiesel from palm oil in Malaysia used as a 50% blend in diesel in Malaysia

BiodieselMalaysian case study: biodiesel from palm oilPalm: most productive crop for oil extractionThe country is one of the largest producers of palm oilBiodiesel can be blended with petroleum dieselMPOB: policies to enhance the production of biodiesel

24Case Study: Biodiesel from palm oil in Malaysia used as a 50% blend in diesel in Malaysia Functional Unit: 1 MJ of fuel used in engine vehiclesLimitations:Diesel: American InventoryBiodiesel: Blending process neglectedTransport to centres of consumption: neglectedProduction of Petroleum-Diesel

Overall Block Diagram26

Production of Biodiesel BlendOverall Block DiagramAnalysis of categorized charts and classified inventoryInputs and OutputsUnit equivalencesCritical stagesResults and discussion27MIDPOINTSEndPointsAcidificationEcotoxicityEutrophicationHuman Health CancerFossil Fuel Global Warming Potential Photochemical SmogWater UseTRACI chartsSpecific resourcesReasonable? Midpoint or Endpoint?ConsequencesImpact CategoriesUnit Equivalence Acidification Moles of H+ Equivalent EcotoxicityLbs of 2,4 D EquivalentEutrophicationKg of NFossil Fuel MJGlobal Warming Potential Kg CO2 EquivalentHuman Health Cancerlbs C6H6 eq.Photochemical Smogg of NOx EquivalentWater UsegallonsOverall Comparison of Products28Midpoints29AcidificationEutrophication

30Fossil FuelGlobal Warming Potential

31Photochemical SmogWater Use

Endpoints32EcotoxicityHuman Health Cancer

Sensitization Analysis / Critical Processes33(*) >95% of total impactImpact CategoriesDieselPLAAcidificationMaterials Manufacturing*Product Fabrication*EcotoxicityRaw Materials AcquisitionProduct Fabrication*EutrophicationMaterials ManufacturingRaw Materials AcquisitionFossil FuelMaterials ManufacturingProduct Fabrication*Global Warming PotentialMaterials Manufacturing*Raw Material AcquisitionHuman Health CancerRaw Materials AcquisitionProduct Fabrication*Photochemical SmogRaw Material AcquisitionMaterials Manufacturing*Water UseRaw Material AcquisitionMaterials Manufacturing*Biodiesel is better in 6 out of 8Based on impact assessmentHowever, requires large area of landThere is plenty of land in MalaysiaEstablished organization and companyMPOB, Sime DarbyIs palm biodiesel viable in the long run?

Conclusion34