CHE 160SEMESTER REVIEW ZUMDAHL CH 5-7

1. Which contains the largest number of molecules?a) flask Ab) flask Bc) flask Cd) all are the samee) none

2. You and a friend have gas samples in open manometers as shown:

You have Hg(l) in your manometer and your friend has water. The height h is the same in both manometers. Which of the following statements is true?

a) Your sample of gas has the higher pressure.b) Your friend’s sample of gas has the higher pressure.c) Both samples of gas have the same pressure.d) There is not enough information to answer the question.e) None of these is correct.

3. In which single flask do the molecules have the greatest mass, the greatest average velocity, and the highest kinetic energy?

a) flask Ab) flask Bc) flask Cd) alle) none

4. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 4.50 L at 27C and 800.0 torr. How many oxygen molecules does it contain?

a) 1.16 1023

b) 5.8 1022

c) 2.32 1024

d) 1.16 1022

e) none of these

5. The valve between a 5-L tank containing a gas at 9 atm and a 10-L tank containing a gas at 6 atm is opened. Calculate the final pressure in the tanks.

a) 3 atmb) 4 atmc) 7 atmd) 15 atme) none of these

6. Mercury vapor contains Hg atoms. What is the volume of 200. g of mercury vapor at 822 K and 0.500 atm?

a) 135 Lb) 82.2 Lc) 329 Ld) 67.2 Le) 16.9 L

7. What volume is occupied by 19.6 g of methane (CH4) at 27C and 1.59 atm?a) 1.71 Lb) 18.9 Lc) 27.7 Ld) 302 Le) not enough data to calculate

8. An automobile tire is filled with air at a pressure of 30.0 lb/in2 at 25C. A cold front moves through and the temperature drops to 5C. Assuming no change in volume, what is the new tire pressure?

a) 6.00 lb/in2

b) 28.0 lb/in2

c) 32.0 lb/in2

d) 20.0 lb/in2

e) 4.00 lb/in2

9. You are holding two balloons, an orange balloon and a blue balloon. The orange balloon is filled with neon (Ne) gas and the blue balloon is filled with argon (Ar) gas. The orange balloon has twice the volume of the blue balloon. Which of the following best represents the mass ratio of Ne:Ar in the balloons?

a) 1:1b) 1:2c) 2:1d) 1:3e) 3:1

10.Given reaction 2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g), you react 5.0 L of NH3 with 5.0 L of Cl2 measured at the same conditions in a closed container. Calculate the ratio of pressures in the container (Pfinal/Pinitial).

a) 0.75b) 1.00c) 1.33d) 1.50e) none of these

11. You have 26.4 g of O2 gas in a container with twice the volume as one with CO2 gas. The pressure and temperature of both containers are the same. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas you have in the container.

a) 36.3 gb) 26.4 gc) 18.2 gd) 13.2 ge) none of these

12–13. You have a 400-mL container containing 55.0% He and 45.0% Ar by mass at 25C and 1.5 atm total pressure. You heat the container to 100C.

12.Calculate the total pressure.a) 1.20 atmb) 1.50 atmc) 1.88 atmd) 2.01 atme) none of these

13.Calculate the ratio of PHe :PAr .a) 1/1.22b) 1.22/1c) 1/12.2d) 12.2/1e) none of these

14. Which of the following is the best qualitative graph of P versus molar mass of a 1-g sample of different gases at constant volume and temperature?

a)b)

c)d)

e) None of these

15. A 4.40-g piece of solid CO2 (dry ice) is allowed to sublime in a balloon. The final volume of the balloon is 1.00 L at 300. K. What is the pressure of the gas?a) 2.46 atmb) 246 atmc) 0.122 atmd) 122 atme) none of these

16. Given a cylinder of fixed volume filled with 1 mol of argon gas, which of the following is correct? (Assume all gases obey the ideal gas law.)

a) If the temperature of the cylinder is changed from 25C to 50C, the pressure inside the cylinder will double.

b) If a second mole of argon is added to the cylinder, the ratio T/P would remain constant.

c) A cylinder of identical volume filled with the same pressure of helium must contain more atoms of gas because He has a smaller atomic radius than argon.

d) Two of the above.e) None of the above.

17. Which gas sample has the greatest number of molecules?a) Heb) Cl2c) CH4d) NH3e) all gases the same

18. For which gas do the molecules have the smallest average kinetic energy?a) Heb) Cl2c) CH4d) NH3e) all gases the same

19–21. A plastic bag is weighed and then filled successively with two gases, X and Y. The following data are gathered:

Temperature: 0.0C (273 K)Pressure: 1.00 atmosphereMass of empty bag: 20.77 gMass of bag filled with gas X: 24.97 gMass of 1.12 liters of air at conditions given: 1.30 gVolume of bag: 1.12 literMolar volume at STP: 22.4 liters

19. The mass of 1.12 liters of gas Y is found to be 6.23 g. The density of gas Y isa) 10.6 g/Lb) 5.56 g/Lc) 15.6 g/Ld) 0.200 g/Le) 0.180 g/L

20. The molar mass of gas Y isa) 56.0 g/molb) 89.0 g/molc) 125 g/mold) 140. g/mole) 157 g/mol

21. The bag is emptied and refilled, successively, with gases X and Y, this time at 1 atm pressure and a temperature 30C higher. Assume that the volume of the bag is the same as before. Which one of the following statements is wrong?

a) The full bag contains fewer molecules of each gas than it did at 0.0C.b) The ratio of the density of gas Y to the density of gas X is the same as at 0.0C.c) The molar masses of the two gases are the same as they were at 0.0C.d) The mass of each gas filling the bag is now 303/273 times the mass held at 0.0C.e) The average velocity of the molecules of gas X at 30C is higher than it was

at 0.0C.

22. is found that 250. mL of gas at STP has a mass of 1.00 g. What is the molar mass?a) 89.6 g/molb) 28.0 g/molc) 14.0 g/mold) 22.4 g/mole) 11.2 g/mol

23. When 0.72 g of a liquid is vaporized at 110C and 0.967 atm, the gas occupies a volume of 0.559 L. The empirical formula of the gas is CH2. What is the molecular formula of the gas?

a) CH2b) C2H4c) C3H6d) C4H8e) none of these

24. A 4.37 gram sample of a certain diatomic gas occupies a volume of 3.00-L at 1.00 atm and a temperature of 45C. Identify this gas.

a) F2b) N2c) H2d) O2e) Cl2

25. Calculate the density of nitrogen at STP.a) 0.312 g/Lb) 0.625 g/Lc) 0.800 g/Ld) 1.25 g/Le) 1.60 g/L

26. What volume of H2O(g) measured at STP is produced by the combustion of 4.00 g of natural gas (CH4) according to the following equation?

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)a) 5.60 Lb) 11.2 Lc) 22.4 Ld) 33.6 Le) 44.8 L

27. Calcium hydride combines with water according to the equationCaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)

Beginning with 84.0 g of CaH2 and 36.0 g of H2O, what volume of H2 will be produced at 273 K and a pressure of 1520 torr?

a) 22.4 Lb) 44.8 Lc) 89.6 Ld) 179 Le) none of these

28. A mixture is prepared from 15.0 L of ammonia and 15.0 L chlorine measured at the same conditions, these compounds react according to the following equation:

2NH3(g) + 3 Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)When the reaction is completed, what is the volume of each gas (NH3, Cl2, N2, and HCl, respectively)? Assume the final volumes are measured under identical conditions.

a) 0.00 L, 5.00 L, 7.50 L, 45.0 Lb) 5.00 L, 0.00 L, 5.00 L, 30.0 Lc) 0.00 L, 0.00 L, 7.50 L, 45.0 Ld) 0.00 L, 0.00 L, 5.00 L, 30.0 Le) 0.00 L, 10.0 L, 15.0 L, 90.0 L

29. An excess of sodium hydroxide is treated with 1.1 L of dry hydrogen chloride gas measured at STP. What is the mass of sodium chloride formed?

a) 0.50 gb) 1.8 gc) 2.0 gd) 2.9 ge) 22 g

30. A mixture of KCl and KClO3 weighing 1.80 grams was heated; the dry O2 generated occupied 1.40 102 mL at STP. What percent of the original mixture was KClO3, which decomposes as follows:

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)a) 28.4%b) 37.2%c) 42.6%d) 63.8%e) 72.6%

31. Determine the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in this mixture.a) 562 torrb) 580 torrc) 598 torrd) 616 torre) 634 torr

32. A vessel with a volume of 10.0 L contains 2.80 g of nitrogen gas, 0.403 g of hydrogen gas, and 79.9 g of argon gas. At 25C, what is the pressure in the vessel?

a) 0.471 atmb) 6.43 atmc) 3.20 atmd) 5.62 atme) 2.38 atm

33. Oxygen gas, generated by the reaction 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g), is collected over water at 27C in a 2.00-L vessel at a total pressure of 760. torr. (The vapor pressure of H2O at 27C is 26.0 torr.) How many moles of KClO3 were consumed in the reaction?

a) 0.0790 molesb) 0.119 molesc) 0.0527 molesd) 0.0813 molese) none of these

34. At 200 K, the molecules or atoms of an unknown gas, X, have an average velocity equal to that of Ar atoms at 400 K. What is X? (Assume ideal behavior.)

a) Heb) COc) HFd) HBre) F2

35. A sample of N2 gas is contaminated with a gas (A) of unknown molar mass. The partial pressure of each gas is known to be 200. torr at 25C. The gases are allowed to effuse through a pinhole, and it is found that gas A escapes at three times the rate of N2. The molar mass of gas A is:

a) 3.11b) 252c) 84.0d) 9.33e) none of these

36. Which of the following effects will make PV/nRT less than 1 for a real gas?a) The gas molecules are large enough to occupy a substantial amount of space.b) A large number of molecules have speeds greater than the average speed.c) The gas molecules have a very low molar mass.d) The gas molecules attract one another.e) none of these

37. A room is 16 ft x 12 ft x 12 ft. Would air enter or leave the room if the temperature changed from 27C to –3C while the pressure remained constant? Determine the volume of the air that moved in or out of the room.

38. Consider a sample of helium gas in a container fitted with a piston as pictured below. The piston is frictionless, but has a mass of 10.0 kg. How many of the following processes will cause the piston to move away from the base and decrease the pressure of the gas? Assume ideal behavior.

10.0 kg

base

I. Heating the helium.II. Removing some of the helium from the container.III. Turning the container on its side.IV. Decreasing the pressure outside the container.a) 0b) 1c) 2d) 3e) 4

39. Two containers of Argon are shown below. The containers are at the same temperature.

Which of the following statements is false?

a) The rms velocity of Ar in both containers is the same.b) The average kinetic energy of Ar in both containers is the same.c) The force in which the Ar atoms collide with their container is the same in both containers.d) The frequency with which the Ar atoms collide with their container is the same in both containers.e) The pressure is not the same in both containers.

40. A gas absorbs 0.0 J of heat and then performs 15.2 J of work. The change in internal energy of the gas is

a) –24.8 Jb) 14.8 Jc) 55.2 Jd) –15.2 Je) none of these

41. Of energy, work, enthalpy, and heat, how many are state functions?a) 0b) 1c) 2d) 3e) 4

42. Which of the following statements correctly describes the signs of q and w for the following exothermic process at P = 1 atm and T = 370 K?

H2O(g) H2O(l)a) q and w are negative.b) q is positive, w is negative.c) q is negative, w is positive.d) q and w are both positive.e) q and w are both zero.

43.One mole of an ideal gas is expanded from a volume of 1.00 liter to a volume of 10.00 liters against a constant external pressure of 1.00 atm. How much work (in joules) is performed on the surroundings? (T = 300 K; 1 L atm = 101.3 J)

a) 456 Jb) 912 Jc) 2740 Jd) 2870 Je) none of these

44. Which of the following statements is correct?a) The internal energy of a system increases when more work is done by the system

than heat was flowing into the system.b) The internal energy of a system decreases when work is done on the system and

heat is flowing into the system.c) The system does work on the surroundings when an ideal gas expands against a

constant external pressure.d) All statements are true.e) All statements are false.

45. A 25.0 g piece of aluminum (which has a molar heat capacity of 24.03 J/Cmol) is heated to 82.4C and dropped into a calorimeter containing water (specific heat capacity of water is 4.18J/gC) initially at 22.3C. The final temperature of the water is 24.9C. Calculate the mass of water in the calorimeter.

a) 118 gb) 6.57 gc) 3180 gd) 2120 ge) none of these

46. A 40.2 g sample of a metal is heated to 99.3C and then placed in a calorimeter containing 120.0 g of water (c=4.18J/gC) at 21.8C. The final temperature of the water is 24.5C. Which metal was used?

a) Aluminum (c=0.89J/gC)b) Iron (c=0.45J/gC)c) Copper (c = 0.20J/gC)d) Lead (c=0.14J/gC)e) none of these

47. You take 200. g of a solid at 30.0C and let it melt in 400. g of water. The water temperature decreases from 85.1C to 30.0C. Calculate the heat of fusion of this solid.

a) 125 J/gb) 285 J/gc) 461 J/gd) 518 J/ge) cannot solve without the heat capacity of the solid

48. The enthalpy of fusion of ice is 6.020 kJ/mol. The heat capacity of liquid water is 75.4 J/molC. What is the smallest number of ice cubes at 0C, each containing one mole of water, necessary to cool 500. g of liquid water initially at 20C to 0C?

a) 1b) 7c) 14d) 15e) 126

49. 30.0 mL of pure water at 280. K is mixed with 50.0 mL of pure water at 330. K. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

a) 290. Kb) 311 Kc) 320. Kd) 326 Ke) 405 K

50. Calculate the work associated with the compression of a gas from 121 L to 80. L at a constant pressure of 11 atm.

a) –450 L atmb) 450 L atmc) 3.7 L atmd) –3.7 L atme) 120 L atm

51. 40.0-g sample of water at 25.0C is mixed with 100.0 g of a certain metal at 100.0C. After thermal equilibrium is established, the (final) temperature of the mixture is 29.6C. What is the heat capacity of the metal, assuming it is constant over the temperature range concerned?

a) 0.38 J/gCb) 0.76 J/gCc) 0.96 J/gCd) 0.031 J/gCe) none of these

52. Consider the reactionC2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l), H = –1.37 103 kJ

When a 15.1-g sample of ethyl alcohol (molar mass = 46.1 g/mol) is burned, how much energy is released as heat?

a) 0.449 kJb) 2.25 103 kJc) 4.49 102 kJd) 1.02 103 kJe) 196 kJ

53. The H value for the reaction (1/2)O2(g) + Hg(l) HgO(s) is –90.8 kJ. How much heat is released when 32.5 g Hg is reacted with oxygen?

a) 9.32 kJb) 90.8 kJc) 14.7 kJd) 40.0 kJe) none of these

54. The heat of formation of Fe2O3(s) is –826 kJ/mol. Calculate the heat of the reaction 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) when a 55.8-g sample of iron is reacted.

a) –206 kJb) –413 kJc) –826 kJd) –1650 kJe) –3.30 103 kJ

55. A 4.0-g sample of Colorado oil shale is burned in a bomb calorimeter, which causes the temperature of the calorimeter to increase by 5.0C. The calorimeter contains 1.00 kg of water (CH2O = 4.184 J/gC) and the heat capacity of the empty calorimeter is 0.10 kJ/C. How much heat is released per gram of oil shale when it is burned?

a) 21 kJ/gb) 42 kJ/gc) 0 kJ/gd) 5.4 kJ/ge) 5.2 kJ/g

56. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of a 6.21-g sample of iron (specific heat = 0.450 J/(gC) from 25.0C to 79.8C?

a) 70.0 Jb) 101 Jc) 386 Jd) 756 Je) 153 J

57. Consider the following processes:2A 1/2B + C H1 = 5 kJ/mol(3/2)B + 4C 2A + C + 3D H2 = –15 kJ/molE + 4A C H3 = 10 kJ/mol

Calculate H for: C E + 3Da) 0 kJ/molb) 10 kJ/molc) –10 kJ/mold) –20 kJ/mole) 20 kJ/mol

58. Given: Cu2O(s) + (1/2)O2(g) 2CuO(s) H = –144 kJCu2O(s) Cu(s) + CuO(s) H = +11 kJ

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CuO(s).a) –166 kJb) –299 kJc) +299 kJd) +155 kJe) –155 kJ

59.The heat combustion of acetylene, C2H2(g), at 25C, is –1299 kJ/mol. At this temperature, Hf°

values for CO2(g) and H2O(l) are –393 and –286 kJ/mol, respectively. Calculate Hf°

for acetylene.

a) 2376 kJ/molb) 625 kJ/molc) 227 kJ/mold) –625 kJ/mole) none of these

60. Using the following data, calculate the standard heat of formation of the compound ICl in kJ/mol:

H (kJ/mol)Cl2(g) 2Cl(g) 242.3I2 (g) 2I(g) 151.0ICl(g) I(g) + Cl(g) 211.3I2(s) I2(g) 62.8

a) –211 kJ/molb) –14.6 kJ/molc) 16.8 kJ/mold) 245 kJ/mole) 439 kJ/mol

61.Consider the following reaction:2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s);    H = –1390.81 kJ

a) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?b) Calculate the heat produced when 10.0 g AlCl3 forms.

c) How many grams of Al are required to produce 1.00 kJ of energy?

62.Consider the following data:H (kJ)

Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) CaC2(s) –62.8Ca(s) + 1/2O2(g) CaO(s) –635.5CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) –653.1C2H2(g) + (5/2)O2(g) 2CO2 + H2O(l)–1300C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) –393.51

Use Hess’s law to find the change in enthalpy at 25C for the following equation:CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + C2H2(g)

63.Acetylene (C2H2) and butane (C4H10) are gaseous fuels. Determine the ratio of energy available from the combustion of a given volume of acetylene to butane at the same temperature and pressure using the following data:The change in enthalpy of combustion for

C2H2(g) = –49.9 kJ/g.The change in enthalpy of combustion for

C4H10 = –49.5 kJ/g.79. The __________ of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in the system64. On a cold winter day, a steel metal fence post feels colder than a wooden fence post of

identical size becausea) The specific heat capacity of steel is higher than the specific heat capacity of wood.b) The specific heat capacity of steel is lower than the specific heat capacity of wood.c) Steel has the ability to resist a temperature change better than wood.d) The mass of steel is less than wood so it loses heat faster.e) Two of the above statements are true.

65.According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is constant. Does this mean that ΔE is always equal to zero?

a) Yes, ΔE = 0 at all times, which is why q = -w.b) No, ΔE does not always equal zero but this is only due to factors like friction and heat.c) No, ΔE does not always equal zero because it refers to the system’s internal energy which is

affected by heat and work.d) No, ΔE never equals zero because work is always being done on the system or by the system.e) No, ΔE never equals zero because energy is always flowing between the system and surroundings.

66. When ignited, a uranium compound burns with a green flame. The wavelength of the light given off by this flame is greater than that of

a) red light.b) infrared light.c) radio waves.d) ultraviolet light.e) none of these

67. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelengths?a) gamma raysb) microwavesc) radio wavesd) infrared radiatione) x-rays

68. Which of the following frequencies corresponds to light with the longest wavelength?a) 3.00 1013 s–1

b) 4.12 105 s–1

c) 8.50 1020 s–1

d) 9.12 1012 s–1

e) 3.20 109 s–1

69. Alpha particles 42 He2+ beamed at thin metal foil may

a) pass directly through without changing direction.b) be slightly diverted by attraction to electrons.c) be reflected by direct contact with nuclei.d) a and ce) a, b, and c

70. Light can have a wavelength of 5.50 102 nm. The energy of a photon of light isa) 3.64 10–38 Jb) 2.17 105 Jc) 3.61 10–19 Jd) 1.09 10–27 Je) 5.45 1012 J

71. In an investigation of the electronic absorption spectrum of a particular element, it is found that a photon having = 500 nm provides just enough energy to promote an electron from the second quantum level to the third. From this information, we can deduce

a) the energy of the n = 2 level.b) the energy of the n = 3 level.c) the sum of the energies of n = 2 and n = 3.d) the difference in energies between n = 2 and n = 3.

e) all of these72. What is the wavelength of a photon of red light (in nm) whose frequency is

4.60 1014 Hz?a) 652 nmb) 153 106 nmc) 153 nmd) 460. nme) none of these

73–75. Consider the following portion of the energy-level diagram for hydrogen:n = 4 –0.1361 10–18 Jn = 3 –0.2420 10–18 Jn = 2 –0.5445 10–18 Jn = 1 –2.178 10–18 J

73.For which of the following transitions does the light emitted have the longest wavelength?

a) n = 4 to n = 3b) n = 4 to n = 2c) n = 4 to n = 1d) n = 3 to n = 2e) n = 2 to n = 1

74. In the hydrogen spectrum, what is the wavelength of light associated with the n = 2 to n = 1 electron transition?

a) 1.097 nmb) 364.9 nmc) 0.1097 10–8 cmd) 9.122 10–8 me) 1.216 10–7 m

75. The wavelength of light associated with the n = 2 to n = 1 electron transition in the hydrogen spectrum is 1.216 10–7 m. By what coefficient should this wavelength be multiplied to obtain the wavelength associated with the same electron transition in the Li2+ ion?

a) 1/9b) 1/7c) 1/4d) 1/3e) 1

76. Which of the following is a reasonable criticism of the Bohr model of the atom?a) It makes no attempt to explain why the negative electron does not eventually fall

into the positive nucleus.b) It does not adequately predict the line spectrum of hydrogen.c) It does not adequately predict the ionization energy of the valence electron(s) for

elements other than hydrogen.d) It does not adequately predict the ionization energy of the 1st energy level electrons

for one-electron species for elements other than hydrogen.e) It shows the electrons to exist outside of the nucleus.

77. When an electron in a 2p orbital of a lithium atom makes a transition to the 2s orbital, a photon of wavelength 670.8 nm is emitted. The energy difference between these 2p and 2s orbitals is

a) 2.961 10–10 Jb) 2.961 10–19 Jc) 3.380 1018 Jd) 2.961 10–17 Je) none of these

78. Which of the following is not determined by the principal quantum number, n, of the electron in a hydrogen atom?

a) the energy of the electronb) the minimum wavelength of the light needed to remove the electron from the atom.c) the size of the corresponding atomic orbital(s)d) the shape of the corresponding atomic orbital(s)e) All of the above are determined by n.

79. Which of the following statements is true?a) The exact location of an electron can be determined if we know its energy.b) An electron in a 2s orbital can have the same n, l, and ml quantum numbers as an

electron in a 3s orbital.c) Ni has 2 unpaired electrons in its 3d orbitals.d) In the buildup of atoms, electrons occupy the 4f orbitals before the 6s orbitals.e) Only three quantum numbers are needed to uniquely describe an electron.

80. How many f orbitals have the value n = 3?a) 0b) 3c) 5d) 7e) 1

81. How many electrons can be described by the quantum numbers n = 3, l = 3, ml = 1?a) 0b) 2c) 6d) 10e) 14

82. Which of the following combinations of quantum numbers do not represent permissible solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the electron in the hydrogen atom (i.e., which combination of quantum numbers is not allowed)?

n l m s (or ms)a) 9 8 –4 1/2b) 8 2 2 1/2c) 6 –5 –1 1/2d) 6 5 –5 1/2e) All are allowed.

83. If l = 3, how many electrons can be contained in all the possible orbitals?a) 7b) 6c) 14d) 10e) 5

84. Which of the following combinations of quantum numbers is not allowed?n l m(l) m(s)

a) 1 1 0 1/2b) 3 0 0 –1/2c) 2 1 –1 1/2d) 4 3 –2 –1/2e) 4 2 0 1/2

85. The statement that "the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals" is known as

a) the aufbau principle.b) Hund’s rule.c) Heisenberg uncertainty principle.d) the Pauli exclusion principle.e) the quantum model.

86. Which of the following atoms would have the largest second ionization energy?a) Mgb) Clc) Sd) Cae) Na

87. The electron configuration of Cr3+ isa) [Ar]4s23d1

b) [Ar]4s13d2

c) [Ar]3d3

d) [Ar]4s23d4

e) none of these88. Fe has __________ that is (are) unpaired in its d orbitals.

a) 1 electronb) 2 electronsc) 3 electronsd) 4 electronse) none of these

89. Consider an atom traveling at 1% of the speed of light. The deBroglie wavelength is found to be 3.31 10–3 pm. Which element is this?

a) Heb) Cac) Fd) Bee) P

90. The first ionization energy of Mg is 735 kJ/mol. The second ionization energy isa) 735 kJ/molb) less than 735 kJ/molc) greater than 735 kJ/mold) More information is needed to answer this question.e) none of these

91. Which of the following exhibits the correct orders for both atomic radius and ionization energy, respectively?

a) S, O, F, and F, O, Sb) F, S, O, and O, S, Fc) S, F, O, and S, F, Od) F, O, S, and S, O, Fe) none of these

92. Choose the element with the highest IE.a) Nab) Mgc) Ald) Pe) S

93. Which of the following concerning second IE’s is true?a) That of Al is higher than that of Mg because Mg wants to lose the second electron,

so it is easier to take the second electron away.b) That of Al is higher than that of Mg because the electrons are taken from the same

energy level, but the Al atom has one more proton.c) That of Al is lower than that of Mg because Mg wants to lose the second electron,

thus the energy change is greater.d) That of Al is lower than that of Mg because the second electron taken from Al is in a

p orbital, thus it is easier to take.e) The second ionization energies are equal for Al and Mg.

94. Give the quantum numbers for the last electron in:a) goldb) magnesiumc) iodined) cadmium

95. Consider the following sets of quantum numbers. Which set(s) represent(s) impossible combinations?

n l ml msSet a 1 0 1 +1/2Set b 3 3 0 +1/2Set c 2 1 1 –1/2Set d 3 2 –2 –1/2Set e 3 1 –2 –1/2Set f 2 0 0 –1/2

96. The ionization energies in kcal for Mg and Ca areMg Ca

1st 176 1412nd 346 2473rd 1847

a) Indicate the reasons for the relatively high 3rd ionization energy for magnesium.b) Indicate the reasons for the differences in 1st ionization energies for Mg and Ca.c) Predict the 3rd ionization energy for calcium.

97.For the set of elements Be, B, C, and N, which element has the smallest ionization energy? Explain any deviation from the expected pattern.ANS: B has the smallest ionization energy. The electron is in a higher p sublevel.

98.Areas of zero probability of finding an electron are called _________.99. Which of the following statements is true?

a) The krypton 1s orbital is smaller than the helium 1s orbital because krypton’s nuclear charge draws the electrons closer.

b) The krypton 1s orbital is larger than the helium 1s orbital because krypton contains more electrons.c) The krypton 1s orbital is smaller than the helium 1s orbital because krypton’s p and d orbitals

crowd the s orbitals.d) The krypton 1s orbital and helium 1s orbital are the same size because both s orbitals can only

have two electrons.e) The krypton 1s orbital is larger than the helium 1s orbital because krypton’s ionization energy is

lower so it’s easier to remove electrons.100-101. Consider the graph below to answer the next two questions:

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

Element

Ioni

zatio

n En

ergy

(kJ/

mol

)

100. Explain why argon has the highest ionization energy.

101. Explain the ionization energy difference between sodium and potassium.102. Which of the following statements are false?

I. It takes less energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because nitrogen will be closer to achieving a noble gas configuration.

II. It takes more energy to add an electron to fluorine than to oxygen because the radius of fluorine is smaller and more repulsion would occur in the p-orbitals.

III. It takes more energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because of the extra repulsions that would result in the 2p orbitals.

IV. It takes less energy to add an electron to iodine than to chlorine because the radius of iodine is larger and the electron is added at a distance further from the nucleus.

a) II, IIIb) I, II, IVc) III onlyd) I, IIe) All of the above are false statements.