chapter11 - sense organs
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Chapter11 - Sense OrgansTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11
The Sense OrgansThe Sense Organs
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Sensory receptorsSensory receptors Some combine with muscle and
tissue to form sense organs. Most consist of specialized nerve
cells or nerve endings.
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Sensory receptors transmit information about:TypeType of stimulusLocationLocation of stimulusIntensityIntensity of stimulus
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Classification of receptorsClassification of receptors ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptors ThermoreceptorsThermoreceptors NociceptorsNociceptors PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors ProprioceptorsProprioceptors
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Nociceptors respond to:
A.various chemicals inside and outside the body.B.pressure, stretch or vibration.C.pain from tissue damage.D.changes in temperature.
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Correct answer: C
Rationale: Chemoreceptors react to chemicals; mechanoreceptors respond to factors that change the position of a receptor (such as pressure, stretch, or vibration); and thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature.
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General sensesGeneral senses Include pain, pressure, touch,
stretch, and temperature Involve receptors widely distributed
in skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and viscera
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PainPain Nociceptors consist of free nerve
endings that carry impulses to the brain. Receptors are abundant in skin and
mucous membranes; found in almost every organ.
Nociceptors use fast and slow pain fibers.
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Pain Pain pathwaypathway
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Referred painReferred pain
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The true source of pain can be difficult to identify because:
A.nociceptors can be stimulated by a variety of chemicals.B.deep body organs do not contain pain fibers.C.some pain signals travel to the thalamus, whereas others travel to the limbic system.D.sensory impulses from different areas often travel to the brain over the same pathway.
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Correct answer: D
Rationale: The different chemicals released by injured receptors have nothing to do with identifying the source of pain. Deep body organs contain slow pain fibers. Pain signals that travel to the thalamus proceed to the postcentral gyrus, making the individual aware of pain; signals that travel to the limbic system trigger emotional responses to pain.
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Special sensesSpecial senses Include taste, smell, hearing,
equilibrium, and vision Involve receptors grouped together
or clustered in specialized organs
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TasteTaste
Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Taste buds
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Taste budsTaste buds
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SmellSmell
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HearingHearing
Auricle
Auditory canal
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Middle earMiddle ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Tympanic membrane
Eustachian tube
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Inner earInner ear
Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Cochlear duct
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Inner ear Inner ear (cont’d)(cont’d)
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti
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Which inner ear structure contains the structures for hearing?
A.VestibuleB.Semicircular canalsC.CochleaD.Auricle
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Correct answer: C
Rationale:The vestibule contains organs necessary for the sense of balance. The semicircular canals are crucial for balance and equilibrium. The auricle (pinna) is the visible part of the external ear.
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How hearing occursHow hearing occurs
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BalanceBalanceSemicircular canals
AmpullaVestibule
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Inside the ampullaInside the ampulla
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Inside the vestibuleInside the vestibule
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Dynamic equilibriumDynamic equilibrium
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Static equilibriumStatic equilibrium
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The utricle and saccule reside inside the:
A.vestibule.B.ampulla.C.organ of Corti.D.cochlea.
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:The cupula resides in the ampulla. The cochlea contains the organ of Corti, the hearing sense organ.
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VisionVision
Eyelashes
Conjunctiva
Eyebrow
Eyelids
Palpebral fissure
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Lacrimal apparatusLacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal gland
Nasolacrimal duct
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Extrinsic eye musclesExtrinsic eye muscles
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Tissue layers of the eyeTissue layers of the eye
Sclera
Cornea
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
Retina
Optic nerve
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RetinaRetina
Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
Optic disc
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The outermost layer of the eye is the:
A.sclera.B.ciliary body.C.choroid.D.retina.
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:The ciliary body and choroid are parts of the middle vascular layer. The retina is part of the inner neural layer.
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Eye chambers and fluidsEye chambers and fluids
Anterior cavity
Lens
Posterior cavity
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Process of visionProcess of vision
1. Light focuses on retina and produces upside-down image.
2. Rods and cone convert image to nerve impulses.
3. Impulses are transmitted to brain.
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RefractionRefraction
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ConvergenceConvergence
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Constriction of the pupilConstriction of the pupil
Pupillary constrictor
Pupillary dilator
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Accommodation of the lensAccommodation of the lens
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Action of photoreceptorsAction of photoreceptors
RodsRods
Concentrated at the periphery of the retina
Active in dim light Responsible for night
vision Cannot distinguish
colors from each other
ConesCones
Concentrated in the center of the retina
Active in bright light Responsible for sharp
vision Responsible for color
vision
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Transmission of impulsesTransmission of impulses
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The bending of light rays so they focus precisely on the retina is called:
A.convergence.B.accommodation.C.constriction.D.refraction.
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:Convergence lines up the visual axis of each eye. Accommodation occurs when the lens changes its curvature. Constriction occurs when the pupil narrows to restrict light entering the eye.