chapter-viii dielectric study of some medicinal oils...

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Chapter-VIII

Dielectric Study of Some Medicinal Oils, Aromatic Oils and

Their Binary Mixtures 8.1 Introduction

Food is fuel for body and keeps our mind fit and working. Adulterated food products are

responsible for an abundant loss both physically and mentally. With the development in

the methods of identifying the adulteration, it becomes imperative that food we consume

must be pure. For example, the mustard oil is used as the major cooking oil in India and it

is highly recommended in food because it contains two essential fatty acids namely

linolenic acid and - linolenic acid which our body can not make itself

.

Edible oils extracted from plant sources are important in foods and in various other

industries (e. g. cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, lubricants). They are key components of the

diet and also provide characteristic flavors and textures to foods. During extraction,

purification and usage, oils undergo a variety of processing operations, including heating,

distillation and chemical modification which may change their several properties. Several

semi-empirical equations have been developed that relate the property of interest (e. g.

time for fat to drain from a fried potato chip) to independently measurable bulk properties

(e.g., density, viscosity, surface tension, etc.). With these equations, it is possible to

predict how changes in the properties of oil alter the efficacy of a process without

resorting to time-consuming trial-and-error experiments. The chemical and physical

properties of oils depend on composition, frequency and temperature. In this work, we

have reported some bulk parameters for different medicinal oils and their binary mixtures

with special focus on dielectric properties of oils because of the lack of corresponding

data. Previously the dielectric properties of eleven fats and cooking oils at 300 MHz and

at different temperature have been reported by Pace et al., (1). The Dielectric behaviour

of edible unsaturated oils and their binary mixtures was reported by Shilpi Agarwal et al.,

(2). The dielectric study of many edibles oils and fatty acids were measured over the

frequency range 100 Hz-1MHz (3).The dielectric properties of engine oil and bone fatty

oil were reported by Ramana ,Ch. V. V. et al., (4).

8.2 Material and Methods

For dielectric studies majority of oils and their binary mixtures have been studied. The

oils studies are as follows-

8.2.1 Orange Oil

Orange oil is an essential oil extracted from glands inside the kind of an organic fruit

(Orange)of family rutaceae. It’s major constituents are (<90%) d-limonene, so it is used

in place of pure d-limonene (5). Limonene gives the familiar aroma of citrus fruits and is

also used in perfume and household cleaners. The composition of orange oil varies for

several reasons but limonene is always a major constituent.

d-limonene Fig.8.1: Chemical structure of major constituent of orange oil (d-limonene)(5).

8.2.2 Lemongrass Oil

Its common name is cymbopogon citratus, which is sweat grass; it is a commercially

important aromatic grass of family poacea. Its leaves have high citral content in the

essential oils with a lemon – like aroma (6). Lemon grass is also an important medicinal

herb, as it is considered carminative, insect repellent, herbal tea and anti cancerous (7).

This oil is also used for spasmolytic, analgesic, anti-inflamatory, antipyretic, diuretic and

tranquilizing properties in treating various digestive disorders, inflammation diabetes

nerves disorders, and fever as well as other problems (6, 8). Lemon grass oil is a tonic for

the body and it boosts the parasympathetic nervous system, it helps in toning the muscles

and tissues, relieves muscle pains by making the muscle more supple. It also has anti

fungal properties (9). The composition of volatile constituents of lemon grass oil has

already been reported (10, 11). The lemon grass oil is characterised by its high content of

citral (12, 13). Citral is a mixture of two stereo-isomeric monoterpene aldyhides geranial

(trans citral called citral a) and neral (cis citral called citral b). Chemical composition of

citral is (C10H16O). India is a major producer of this oil. It has high demand in perfumery,

flowers and pharmaceutical industry.Structure of citral is given bellow-

geranial (citral a) neral (citral b)

Fig.8.2:Structure of citral (13)

8.2.3 Clove Oil

Clove oil is an important aromatic spice, which belongs to the family myrtaceae.Clove is

cultivated in India, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Malaysia (14, 15). Allmost all part of the

clove plant (leaves and buds) are used in food processing, pharmaceuitical industries,

perfumery and cosmetics (16). It is also used for treatment of several deseases such as

disorder of digestive systems (17). It also has many biological actiovities such as anti-

bacterial, anti-fungal, insecticidal and anti-oxidant properties besides it has anti-

phlogistic and anti-vomitting (18-21). Its analgesic effect has been reported by many

researchers (15, 22, and 23). It also has cytotoxic and anti cancerogenic effects (24, 25).

From Phytochemical analysis it has been reported that eugenol is the main component of

clove oil (26, 27).

The chemical structure of main component, Eugenol is given as-

Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol)

Fig.8.3:Chemical structure of Eugenol (29)

8.2.1.4 Cinnamon Oil

Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree; it belongs to the lauraceae family.It grows in

southern part of India, China, Burma and Indonesia (28-31). Cinnamon oil is extracted

from different parts of the plant such as bark, leafs, roots and fruit separately. The colour

of cinnamon oil is pale yellow with pleasant, spicy odor (32). The bark and leaf oils are

more important than the oil from other parts of cinnamon, it is used as flavour ingredient,

cosmetics and pharmaceuitical preparations (30, 31). In medicine it used to cure colds,

diarrhea, fight bad breath, digestyive system and toothache (29, 32). It also has good anti-

oxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-micribial, anti-diabetic and anti-inflamatory properties (29). The

main chemical constituents of cinnamon oil are cinnamaldehyde and eugenol (2) .The

chemical structure of the constituents of cinnamon oil is given bellow

Fig.8.4:constituents of Cinnamon Oil (29).

8.2.1.5 Eucalyptus Oil

Eucalyptus oil is obtained by steam distillation from different part of eucalyptus species

which belong to myrtaceae family (33). The eucalyptus oil of many species is specially

used for respiratory aliments such as bronchitis and croup (34-37). In a study it is

reported that the insecticidal effect of eucalyptus oil on lutzomyia longipalpis (38). Some

speciesare also usedto cure feverish codition like malaria,typhoid, cholera and also in

skin problem such as burns, ulcers and tuberculosis(33,39).The major constituents of

eucalyptus oil are -pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene (33).

8.2.1.6 Mogra Oil

Mogra Oil derived from Jasminum grandiflorum variety and its botanical name is

Jasmine officinale. Mogra Oil is used in high class perfumes for cosmetics and

handkerchief perfumes.

8.2.1.7 Jasmine Oil

Jasmine is a plant of family oleaceae.Jasmine oil is extracted from the several parts of the

plant such as flower, leaves, stems, roots by different methods (40, 41). Jasmine oil is

used for the treatment severe depression and soothes the nerves, producing a fealing of

confidence, while revitalizing, restoring energy and improving memory (42). Recently it

is reported that the effect of jasmine oil inhalation on brain activies and emotion

(43).Jasmine flowers oil contain sixty-four components of essential oil, representing

91.9% of the total oil for the flowers (44). The main chemical components of jasmine

oilis is Benzyleacetate, β-linalool, Benzyl Propionate (45).

8.2.1.8 Coriander Oil

Coriander oil is an herbaceous plant, which belongs to the family apiaceae.It grown in

India (major parts of Asia), Bangladesh, Russia(46).Coriander oil have been widely used

in food industry to prepare liqueur,sweets and condiment as well as it also used in

perfume and cosmetics (47).In pharmaceuitical industries it used as analgesic, anti-

spasmodic and diuretic agent(48).in an recent study it is reported that the chemical

composition and insecticidal activity essential oil from coriandrum sativum seed against

tribolium confusum and callosobruchus maculates (49). The major constituent of

coriander oil is Linalool (50).

8.2.1.9 Castor Oil

Castor oil derived from the seeds of the plant (Racinus Communis) by different methods

such as pressing and solvent extraction (51). Racinus Communis naturally grows over a

wide range of geographical regions. It is belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family.The

major producer of castor oil is India, China and Brazil (52-55).Castor oil and its

derivative can be used in industrial production for various products such as paints,

varnishes, soap and in good lubricants. It is also used in printing inks and oil cloths (51,

54).Many researchers reported that recinoleic acid is the major component of castor oil

(56, 57).

8.2.1.10 Radish Oil

Radish oil extracted by crushing of oilseed radish. Radish oilseed (Raphanus Sativus L)

belongs to the family Brassica. It is grown in India, China and other countries (58, 59).

Radish oil will successfully convert into biodiesel and some other oilseeds which belong

to this family, such as canola and rapeseed, also have been shown to produce quality

biodiesel as a substitute for diesel fuel (60).

.8.2.1.11 Wheat Germ Oil

It is extracted by the germ of wheat kernel. Wheat germ oil is obtained by cold pressing

and supercritical CO2 extraction (61).Wheat germ is a by-product of wheat obtained from

milling industries which belongs to the Gramineae family (62).Wheat germ oils are used

in snack foods and it is used as ingradients in avariety of processed foods especially in

bakery products (63).It also has been used as fertility agent, antioxidantand in cosmetic

products (64).Wheat germ oil has the highest tocopherol content of all vegetable oils

(64). Wheat germ oil also contains linoleic and linolenic acids which are great importance

in human metabolism and can not be synthesized by the organism.These fatty acids are

precursors of agroup of hormones called prostaglandins, which play an important role in

muscle contractions and in proper healing of inflammatory processes (61, 65).

8.2.1.12 Citronella Oil

Citronella oil is obtained from the citronella grass. It is an aromatic grass which belongs

to Poaceae family. Citonella grass is cultivated in India, America, Brazil and Cylon (66,

67). Citronella oil is extracted by different methods such as steam distillation and hydro-

distillation from citronella grass (66). Citronella oil is used for the treatment of fever

intestinal parasites beside this is also used in digestive and menstrual problem. This oilis

used extensively as a source of perfumery, soap, cosmetic and also in flavoring industries

throughout yhe world (68). Many researchers also has been reported its biological

properties such as analgesic anticonvulsant and anxiolytic (69, 70).The common chemical

constituents of citronella ois iscitronellal, geraniol, citronellol andeugenol (68).

8.2.13 Experimental Details

The experimentally determined values of dielectric constant (), dielectric loss () and

loss tangent (tan ) for selected oils and their binary mixtures between the temperature

range from 300C to 500C, and over the frequency range of 10 kHz from 10 MHz have

been reported. [The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and loss tangent were determined

using the relations given by equations (2.1), (2.2), (2.7) and (2.8) given in chapter 2]. For

the dielectric measurements computer interfaced impedance gain/phase analyzer (HP

4194A) has been used with micro processor controlled temperature controller Julabo F-

25 and details have also been discussed in chapter 2. All the samples investigated that is

pure and binary mixtures have been designated as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, where sample 1 is pure

oil (A), sample 2 is (75% oil A+ 25% oil B), sample 3 is (50% oil A+ 50% oil B), sample

4 is (25% oil A+ 75% oil B), and sample 5 is 100% pure oil (B). Similar samples also

investigated of binary mixtures for other medicinal and aromatic oils.

8.3 Results and Discussion

Figure-(8.4a) and figure-(8.4b) are representing the variation of dielectric constant and

dielectric loss with log10 (frequency) at indicated percentage of impurity (the second oil is

treated as impurity in first oil) and at constant temperature 300C for the pure and its

binary mixtures (orange oil and lemongrass oil). Figure-(8.5a) and figure-(8.5b) are

showing the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss with percentage impurity at

indicated frequencies and at constant temperature of 300C while figure-(8.6a) and figure-

(8.6b) show the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss with temperature at

indicated percentage of impurity and at constant frequency 50Hz for the pure and its

binary mixtures of orange oil and lemongrass oil.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.4: Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of orange oil and lemongrass oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at temperature 300C.

(a) (b) Fig.8.5: Variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with percentage impurity of orange oil and lemongrass oil at indicated frequency and 300C.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.6: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of orange oil and lemongrass oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at frequency 50 kHz.

Figure-(8.7a) and figure-(8.7b) is representing the variation of dielectric constant and

dielectric loss with log10 (frequency) at indicated percentage of impurity and at constant

temperature of 300C for the pure and its binary mixtures (clove oil and cinnamon oil).

Figure-(8.8a) and figure-(8.8b) is showing the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric

loss with percentage impurity contents at indicated frequencies and at constant

temperature of 300C while figure-(8.9a) and figure-(8.9b) shows the variation of

dielectric constant, dielectric loss with temperature indicated percentage of impurity and

at constant frequency 50Hz for the pure and binary mixtures of clove oil and cinnamon

oil.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.7: Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of clove oil and cinnamon oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at temperature 300C.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.8: Variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with percentage impurity of clove oil and cinnamon oil at indicated frequency and 300C.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.9: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of clove oil and cinnamon oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at frequency 50 kHz.



temperature of 300C for the pure and binary mixtures of castor oil and wheat oil. Figure-

(8.11a) and figure-(8.11b) is showing the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss

with percentage impurity contents at indicated frequencies and at constant temperature of

300C while figure-(8.12a) and figure-(8.12b) shows the variation of dielectric constant,

dielectric loss with temperature indicated percentage of impurity and at constant

frequency 50Hz for the pure and binary mixtures of castor oil and wheat oil.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.10: Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of castor oil and heat oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at temperature 300C.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.11: Variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with percentage impurity of castor oil and wheat oil at indicated frequency and 300C.

(a) (b)

Fig.8.12: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant of castor oil and wheat-germ oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at frequency 50 kHz.



temperature of 300C for the pure and binary mixtures of radish oil and coriander oil.

Figure-(8.14a) and figure-(8.14b) is showing the variation of dielectric constant,

dielectric loss with percentage impurity contents at indicated frequencies and at constant

temperature of 300C while figure-(8.15a) and figure-(8.15b) shows the variation of

dielectric constant, dielectric loss with temperature at indicated percentage of impurity

and at constant frequency 50Hz for the pure and binary mixtures of radish oil and

coriander oil.

(a) (b) Fig.8.13: Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of radish oil and

coriander oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at temperature 300C.

(a) (b) Fig.8.14: Percent impurity dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of radish

oil and coriander oil at indicated frequency and 300C

(a) (b)

Fig.8.15: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of radish oil and coriander oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at frequency 50 kHz.

5

Figure-(8.16a) and figure-(8.16b) are representing the variation of dielectric constant and


temperature of 300C for the pure and binary mixtures of citronella oil and mogra oil.

Figure-(8.17a) and figure-(8.17b) is showing the variation of dielectric constant,

dielectric loss with percentage impurity contents at indicated frequencies and at constant

temperature of 300C while figure -(8.18a) and figure-(8.18b) shows the variation of

dielectric constant, dielectric loss with temperature at indicated percentage of impurity

and at constant frequency 50Hz for the pure and binary mixtures of citronella oil and

mogra oil.

(a) (b) Fig.8.16: Frequency dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of citronella oil and mogra oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at temperature 300C.

(a) (b) Fig.8.17: Percent impurity dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of citronella oil and mogra oil at indicated frequency and 300C

(a) (b)

Fig.8.18: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of citronella oil and mogra oil at indicated impurity (in percentage) and at frequency 50 kHz.

The dielectric properties of most materials vary with several factors. But, in general the

dielectric factor is mainly dependent on the frequency of the applied electric field, the

temperature, the density and the structure of the materials.

8.3.1 Dielectric Properties of Pure Oils and Its Binary Mixtures

8.3.1.1 Frequency Dependence

Figure-(8.4a) and figure-(8.4b) are showing the variation of dielectric constant and

dielectric loss with log10 (frequency) at a constant temperature 300 C for orange oil and

lemongrass oil . It is clear from the figure-(8.4a), that the dielectric constant value of pure

orange oil is less than the lemongrass oil .For all the samples the nature of the dielectric

constant curve is almost same i.e. it decreases with increase in frequency. For the samples

2,3&4 the value of dielectric constant always lies between dielectric constant of sample 1

and sample 5, but for the sample 2 (orange oil 75%+lemongrass oil 25%) quite large.

This type of behaviour has already been reported by Sorichetti, P. A. et al., (71).

Figures (8.4-b, 8.5-b, 8.10-b, 8.13-b and 8.16-b) are showing the variations of dielectric

loss with log10 (frequency) at constant temperature 300C for the selected oils.The

dielectric loss value for the samples 2, 3 and 4 are in between the dielectric loss value of

sample 1 and sample 5. The dielectric loss value for sample 1 decreases very sharply up

to 50 kHz frequency then it decrease slows down. The nature of graph is almost similar to

all the selected oils used in the present study. Similar type of nature has also been

reported by Saraev, D. V., et al., (72).

8.3.1.2 Composition Dependence

Figures (8.5a, 8.8a, 8.11a, 8.14a and 8.17a) are presenting the variation of dielectric

constant with percentage impurity at a constant temperature 300C for frequency (5kHz,

10kHz, 30kHz, 50kHz, 130kHz, 330kHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, and 10MHz) for the selected

oils and their binary mixtures.The dielectric constant decreases sharply initially with

small impurity addition. When percentage of second oil increases up to 50% then the rate

of decrease for dielectric constant is very slow with impurity addition. Therefore we can

say that the dielectric constant values decreases with increase in impurity with very slow

rate. The similar nature of the curve for binary mixture of edible unsaturated oils at 300

kHz has been reported by Deepak et al., (2).

Figures (8.5b, 8.8b, 8.11b, 8.14b and 8.17b) are presenting the variation of dielectric loss

with percentage impurity at a constant temperature 300C for frequency (5kHz, 10kHz,

30kHz, 50kHz, 130kHz, 330kHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, and 10MHz) for the selected oils and

their binary mixtures.The dielectric loss values are also decreasing with increase in

percentage impurity. The value of dielectric loss up to 10% decreases sharply at all the

shown frequencies and then its decrease slows down with increase in percentage

impurity.

8.3.1.3 Temperature Dependence

The variation of dielectric constant with temperature at a frequency of 50 kHz are

presented in figures (8.6a, 8.9a, 8.12a, 8.15a and 8.18a) for the selected oils and their

binary mixtures. It is observed that the dielectric constant decreases with increase in

temperature for all the samples. From the figure (8.12a) it is also observed that the

dielectric constant values for sample 1 are quite high as compared to the sample 5 and

rest of the samples, the dielectric constant values are in between sample 1 and sample 5.

This type of behaviour has also been reported by Tasic, D. R., et al., (73).

The variation of dielectric loss with temperature at a frequency of 50 kHz are presented

in figures (8.6b, 8.9b, 8.12b, 8.15b and 8.18b) for the selected oils and their binary

mixtures it is observed that the dielectric loss values for all the samples decreases with

increase in temperature. Again it can be seen that in figure (8.12b) the dielectric loss

values for samples 1 are moderately high as compared to the sample 5. The nature of

variation of dielectric loss with temperature is obvious as, oils consist of mixtures of

esters of the trihydric alcohol i.e. glycerol and fatty acids.

8.4 Conclusions

The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of all the oils are found to decrease with

increase in frequency, while the dielectric constant is found to decrease with increase in

temperature and the dielectric loss is found to increase with increase in temperature. It

can also be concluded that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of binary mixtures of

oils is showing unpredictable behavior.

The study may be applied to study the purity of any liquid samples for example, fluoride

content in water.

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chapter-viii dielectric study of some medicinal oils...

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