CHAPTER TWO

SENDING AND RECEIVING…

Pages of 18-21

Robert KundratJaylen BaldwinVanessa Saenz

Elements of Communication • Sending the Message

• Nonverbal communication

• Verbal communication

• Receiving The Message• How the receivers get

the message • Channels of

communication• Feedback

Elements of communication continued

• Source • Message• Receivers • Channel• Context • Noise

How Words Can Fail You:

1. Your words have different denotative and connotative meanings

2. Your word has multiple meanings

3. The words meaning has changed

4. The word is imprecise5. The word is inaccurate 6. The word is inappropriate

Symbolism

• People send signals to each other with nonverbal and verbal communication.

• We interpret symbols and apply our own meaning to them.

• Using symbols can cause confusion• People don’t use the same symbols or

agree on the same symbols.

• When you put ideas into words, you encode.

• When your listener translates your words into ideas, you decode.

Pgs. 22-25

Nikolas Langtry, Alexis Bellman, and Xcentric

Samuels

Pg 22

Nonverbal Symbols- Communication without words.

Aspects of nonverbal communication:• Always communicates something.• Tied to the situation• Affects the relationshipDivided into five main categories: Paralanguage,

Kinesics, proxemics, Haptics and appearance.

Listening with Your eyes

Eye movements can show a variety of information, some of which is variable.

Eye movements can express intense interest, define the nature of the relationship, communicate power, and/or show respect or disrespect.

Kinesics

• Kinesics- a type of nonverbal communication, like communicating through body movement.

• Five types of kinesics communication:• Emblems • Affect displays • Regulators • Adaptors• Illustrators

Pages 26-29 Pages 26-29

By thy Cool Cats By thy Cool Cats

Dylan BrackenDylan Bracken

Shanell MaclinShanell Maclin

Corey Sanborn Corey Sanborn

Proxemics Proxemics • Proxemics is nonverbal

communications that communicates through space and distances

• spatial distances in the US 0”-18” inmate 18”-24” social 4”-12’and Public 12”-25’

• Proxemics communicates emotional relationships between groups by their spatial distances

HapticsHaptics

• Haptics is nonverbal communications by touch

• US touch communicates: positive emotion (hug) playfulness (quick tap on the shoulder or hand) control (firm grasp of the shoulders or waist) Ritual (handshake) Preforming a task (shampooing)

• Haptics communicates your relationship by touch and show intention

Appearance Appearance

• One of the final areas in which you communicate nonverbally is by appearance

• Is drawing conclusion by how someone looks like physical traits using stereotypical ideals

• Studies have been done for credibility and appearance anchorman in suit vs business casual

Perception Perception • Perception is you way you view some one

through nonverbal communication via memory it effects emotion

• The connection to proxemics is the connection over time between the two changes

• The connection to haptics it helps indicate the intention and emotion

• The connection to Appearance is the judgment of someone by physical features

Pages #31-36

By: Ashleigh Miller, Natalie Cann, and Hunter McCoy

Other Factors That Influence Communication

• While sending and receiving messages orally you also are perceiving the context of the message mentally.

Terms to Know

• Attribution: People attempt to explain the motivation of someone’s behavior.

• Physical Limits: Even if your vision and hearing are perfect you can’t perceive all data around you.

• The Familiar: If the Stimuli aren’t strong enough to be noticed or difficult to organize, you may not be able to interpret them.

Hunter is always in trouble because he is too busy socializing.

Tuning out surrounding noises while reading.

How many different types of fonts on billboards and signs do you pass each day?

Examples

How We Speak

The Mechanics• Diaphragm expands and pushes air up through the

trachea, then it is directed into the larynx which contains the vocal cords.

• Pitch• Volume• Resonators

Pages 39-43

By: Cody Meadows

Tanya Wiesman

Da’Quain Cobb

Reasons For Listening

• Listening is a leisurely activity.• The average person can speak

125 words per minute.• People hear & comprehend

300 words per min.• Good listing techniques

sharpen your thinking, improvements in relationships, social skills, school performance & job proficiency.

How to Listen• It begins with a decision to do it

• A learned social skill• Five steps: Hearing, interpreting, evaluating, remembering, & responding.

What to Listen for

• You listen to thoughts, ideas & opinions

• You’re not as aware of attitudes & emotions

• Be receptive & focus on the content of the message.

Barriers to Listening

• Duplicate in your mind speakers message & intent

• Variety of barriers hinder listeners & prevent from accurately understanding the message

• Four Barriers: External, Listener, Speaker, Cultural

Improve Listing Habits

• Note how you’re interpreting, evaluating, & remembering what’s being said

• Figure out whether your word meanings are the same as those of the speakers

• Take stock of any listener barriers you may be experiencing

Chapter 3Chapter 3

LISTENING!LISTENING!

Pages 44-49Pages 44-49Ben Metas & Kayla CountsBen Metas & Kayla Counts

Speaker BarriersSpeaker Barriers

Appearance – Age, Race, Sex, etc.Appearance – Age, Race, Sex, etc.

Manner – Manner – Behavior!Behavior!

Power - Authority, Experience (or Power - Authority, Experience (or lack of it)lack of it)

Credibility – Is this person honest?Credibility – Is this person honest?

The Message Itself! The Message Itself!

Cultural BarriersCultural Barriers

Prejudice (Boo!)Prejudice (Boo!)

Speaking Style – Being Nice vs. Speaking Style – Being Nice vs. Being RightBeing Right

Nonverbal Communication – Nonverbal Communication – R.E.S.P.E.C.T.R.E.S.P.E.C.T.

AccentsAccents

Types of ListeningTypes of Listening

Active ListeningActive Listening

Empathetic ListeningEmpathetic Listening

Creative ListeningCreative Listening

Informational ListeningInformational Listening

Active ListeningActive Listening

Engage your mind and understand Engage your mind and understand the meaning of the speaker.the meaning of the speaker.

Respect the other person’s ideas.Respect the other person’s ideas.

Clarify by asking questions.Clarify by asking questions.

How do I listen actively?How do I listen actively?

Organize the speaker’s ideas.Organize the speaker’s ideas.

Mentally summarize what they are Mentally summarize what they are saying.saying.

Echo the speaker’s meaning.Echo the speaker’s meaning.

Echo their implied or expressed Echo their implied or expressed feelings.feelings.

Ask questions to further clarify.Ask questions to further clarify.

Other Kinds of Active Other Kinds of Active ListeningListening

Empathetic ListeningEmpathetic Listening

Keep your speaker’s emotions in mind Keep your speaker’s emotions in mind and share their feelings.and share their feelings.

Creative ListeningCreative Listening

Listening while also using your Listening while also using your imagination.imagination.

Informational ListeningInformational Listening

Listen for Listen for Content!Content!

Understand the speaker’s Understand the speaker’s ideas, ideas, purpose, and details.purpose, and details.

Look for logical organization and Look for logical organization and relevance.relevance.

How to Take Good NotesHow to Take Good Notes

Get Organized!Get Organized!Develop a SchemeDevelop a SchemeUse Graphic OrganizersUse Graphic OrganizersMentally Summarize Key PointsMentally Summarize Key PointsGet the Whole PictureGet the Whole PictureTake Note of Your CommentsTake Note of Your CommentsAsk for ClarificationAsk for ClarificationReview Notes LaterReview Notes Later

Pages 52 - 55

Alyssa KishAlyssa KishMaurice MonerMaurice MonerKaitlyn DavisKaitlyn Davis

Identifying Propaganda

Propaganda isPropaganda is … … a form of persuasion that a form of persuasion that

discourages listeners from making an independent discourages listeners from making an independent choice.choice.

The Six Common Propaganda TechniquesThe Six Common Propaganda Techniques::1.1. TransferTransfer2.2. ‘‘Jumping on the Bandwagon’Jumping on the Bandwagon’3.3. Name CallingName Calling4.4. Loaded Words/Emotional AppealsLoaded Words/Emotional Appeals5.5. StereotypesStereotypes6.6. Posing ArgumentsPosing Arguments

Words You Should Know Card StackingCard Stacking – –

biased evidence of the speakerbiased evidence of the speaker

Creative ListeningCreative Listening – – using other’s ideas to your own benefitusing other’s ideas to your own benefit

Either/OrEither/Or – – a technique that poses arguments between two choices; doesn’t take a technique that poses arguments between two choices; doesn’t take

other possibilities into considerationother possibilities into consideration

Empathetic ListeningEmpathetic Listening – – listening to make the speaker feel betterlistening to make the speaker feel better

False GeneralizationFalse Generalization – – when a speaker does not have enough evidence to support his point, or when a speaker does not have enough evidence to support his point, or

they leave out details to get their point acrossthey leave out details to get their point across

Glittering GeneralitiesGlittering Generalities – – when the speaker generalizes their words or phrases to get supportwhen the speaker generalizes their words or phrases to get support

Informational ListeningInformational Listening – – learning from the speakerlearning from the speaker

Chapter 4

COMMUNICATION CONFIDENCE

Page 56-60THORSBY,DEMOS,OATIS

CHAPTER 4communication confidence

Sides of the self

Physical self APPEARANCE

Social self APPEAR TO OTHERS

personality YOUR BEHAVIOR AROUND OTHERS

extrovert OUT GOING

introvert QUIET,SHY

Spiritual self BELIEFS

SELF-CONCEPTS

HOW ONE PRECEIVE ONE SELF SOMETHING YOU LEARNED OVER

THE YEARS.

CULTURAL INFLUENCE

AROUND YOU YOUR PARENTS,TEACHERS,PEERS, AND THE MEADIA STILL TEACH YOU VALUS,ATTITUEDS,AND BELIEFS

SELF-ESTEEM

AMOUNT OF SATISFACTION YOU HAVE ABOUT YOURSELF

ACCEPT THE GOOD AND BAD VALUES ABOUT YOURSELF

Pages 61-64Pages 61-64

By: Breanna Harrison and Cody By: Breanna Harrison and Cody OzengharOzenghar

Self Awareness and Self Awareness and PerceptionPerception

Positive self-concept/self-esteem are Positive self-concept/self-esteem are accomplished by: accomplished by:

Recognizing strengths and determine limits.Recognizing strengths and determine limits. Setting realistic goalsSetting realistic goals Support efforts Support efforts Be forgiving of faultsBe forgiving of faults

Three areas that affect perception of Three areas that affect perception of others are:others are:

Accuracy of self conceptAccuracy of self concept Acceptance of yourselfAcceptance of yourself PersonalityPersonality

Self concepts can affect perceptions of Self concepts can affect perceptions of others.others.

Self DisclosureSelf Disclosure

Self-Disclosure- Self-Disclosure- unrevealed unrevealed information of ones information of ones self.self.

Self-Disclosure can Self-Disclosure can have positive or have positive or negative affects.negative affects.

Trusting and Sharing Trusting and Sharing FeelingsFeelings

Building trust is Building trust is essential to essential to successful successful communication.communication.

When sharing When sharing feelings use feelings use specific terms to specific terms to clarify meaning.clarify meaning.

Communication Communication CompetenceCompetence

Knowing who you Knowing who you are is essential to are is essential to communication communication competence.competence.

Three key skills:Three key skills:– AdaptabilityAdaptability– Articulation (clear Articulation (clear

word use)word use)– HumorHumor

Nervousness is Not an Option page 65-68

Maryetta Randle, Amber Wallerstien &

Jacob Jones

Stage fright is...

The nervousness felt at standing in front of an audience.

The best antidote for controlling stage fright is being well prepared and rehearsed.

Mental Techniques… Relax your mind – Close your eyes and think of

pleasant thoughts.

Remember your goal – remember your not there to perform but to communicate!

Concentrate on your message – Think about the ideas you want to express.

Study your topic – Research it thoroughly. Be sure to know your topic!

Think of your audience as friendly – Pretend as if your explaining your topic to your best friend!

Prepare your introduction and conclusion – The introduction establishes the connection with your audience. Use strong sentences and memorize them.

Control your anxiety – Remind yourself that anxiety is normal. Make a decision not to let fear spiral into panic.

Physical Relaxation Techniques 1. Make yourself yawn, it may seem weird

but it’ll relax you.

2. Breathe by inhaling deeply.

3. Do slow head rolls

4. Sit in a chair and go limp, let your muscles relax.

Page 68-70

By Nicholas WrightKori RussellAlexus Mays

Key Terms

• Adaptability – adjusting to situations• Articulation – expressing yourself clearly• Cognitive dissonance – anxiety of having beliefs or

behaviors that contradict each other. • Extrovert – outgoing personality• Introvert – personality turned inward

Building Confidence

• People have different ways on how they communicate• Majority of people who fear public speaking lack confidence

and experience• Those who have no fear have had practice and have self

confidence and know their subject and audience• The best way to build up confidence is to practice public

speaking as much as you can!

Checklist And Tips

How to look confident do the following:

• Maintain eye contact• Control your emotions, don’t let

them take control• Always admit your mistakes• Draw others into conversation• Avoid tag questions which are “

don’t you think?” or “isn’t it?”• Don’t fidget try to move around • Avoid vocal pauses like “ah” or

“umm”• Maintain appropriate distance,

give the audience some space

Checklist and tips (continued)

Tips that are useful are:• Try to focus only on your topic don’t worry about your

clothes or how you look• Feel the energy you have focus all your attention on your

listeners make a lot of eye contact• Release tension from your body move around a little so you

feel more comfortable• Use gestures and some kind of platform movement: move

around in an area or your choice• Try to make some jokes the humor helps you and the

audience feel more relaxed