chapter six demand. properties of demand functions u comparative statics analysis of ordinary demand...
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Chapter Six
Demand
Properties of Demand Functions
Comparative statics analysis of ordinary demand functions -- the study of how ordinary demands x1*(p1,p2,y) and x2*(p1,p2,y) change as prices p1, p2 and income y change.
Own-Price Changes
How does x1*(p1,p2,y) change as p1 changes, holding p2 and y constant?
Suppose only p1 increases, from p1β to p1ββ and then to p1βββ.
x1
x2
p1 = p1β
Fixed p2 and y.
p1x1 + p2x2 = y
Own-Price Changes
Own-Price Changes
x1
x2
p1= p1ββ
p1 = p1β
Fixed p2 and y.
p1x1 + p2x2 = y
Own-Price Changes
x1
x2
p1= p1ββp1=p1βββ
Fixed p2 and y.
p1 = p1β
p1x1 + p2x2 = y
x2
x1
p1 = p1β
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
Own-Price Changes
p1 = p1β
Fixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
p1
x1*(p1β)
p1β
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
p1 = p1β
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
p1
x1*(p1β)
p1β
p1 = p1ββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)
p1β
p1 = p1ββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1 = p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1βββ) x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1 = p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1βββ) x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)x1*(p1βββ)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price ChangesFixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1βββ) x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)x1*(p1βββ)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price Changes Ordinarydemand curvefor commodity 1Fixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1βββ) x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)x1*(p1βββ)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price Changes Ordinarydemand curvefor commodity 1Fixed p2 and y.
x2
x1x1*(p1βββ) x1*(p1β)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1
x1*(p1β)x1*(p1βββ)
x1*(p1ββ)
p1β
p1ββ
p1βββ
x1*
Own-Price Changes Ordinarydemand curvefor commodity 1
p1 price offer curve
Fixed p2 and y.
Own-Price Changes
The curve containing all the utility-maximizing bundles traced out as p1 changes, with p2 and y constant, is the p1- price offer curve.
The plot of the x1-coordinate of the p1- price offer curve against p1 is the ordinary demand curve for commodity 1.
Income Changes
How does the value of x1*(p1,p2,y) change as y changes, holding both p1 and p2 constant?
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve
Income Changes
A plot of quantity demanded against income is called an Engel curve.
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve
x1*
y
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
yβyββyβββ
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve
x1*
y
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
yβyββyβββ Engel
curve;good 1
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve x2*
y
x2βββx2ββ
x2β
yβyββyβββ
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve x2*
y
x2βββx2ββ
x2β
yβyββyβββ
Engelcurve;good 2
x2
x1
Income ChangesFixed p1 and p2.
yβ < yββ < yβββ
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββx2β
Incomeoffer curve
x1*
x2*
y
y
x1βββx1ββ
x1β
x2βββx2ββ
x2β
yβyββyβββ
yβyββyβββ
Engelcurve;good 2
Engelcurve;good 1
Income Effects
A good for which quantity demanded rises with income is called normal.
Therefore a normal goodβs Engel curve is positively sloped.
Income Effects
A good for which quantity demanded falls as income increases is called income inferior.
Therefore an income inferior goodβs Engel curve is negatively sloped.