Chapter SeventeenChapter SeventeenThe Romantic EraThe Romantic Era

Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

The Concerns of The Concerns of RomanticismRomanticism

Expression of personal feelingsEmotionality, subjectivityIndividual creative imaginationMystical attachment to nature

The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundImmanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Transcendental idealismCritique of Judgment (1790)Art reconciles opposites

Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)Synthesis of thesis, antithesisOptimistic “World Spirit”

The Intellectual BackgroundThe Intellectual BackgroundArthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

Dominating world power is evilThe World as Will and Idea (1819)Despondency, pessimism, gloom

Karl Marx (1818-1883)Universal proletariat, revolutionArtistic realism: social and politicalAnti-capitalism

Industrial Development, Industrial Development, Scientific ProgressScientific Progress

Railroads, factories“a wilderness of human beings”

Physics, chemistryLouis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

Theory of evolution, natural selection“Social Darwinism”

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (1770-(1770-

1827)1827)Pioneer of musical RomanticismPathétique

Rooted in classical principlesAutobiographical emotionality

Eroica“… the memory of a great man”Classical structure + Romantic elements

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (1770-(1770-

1827)1827)Fidelo

Love of liberty, hatred of oppressionTriumph over fate

Pastoral“Ode to Joy”Universality of individual emotion

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Instrumental Music After Instrumental Music After

BeethovenBeethovenHector Berlioz (1803-1869)

Fantastic SymphonyFranz Schubert (1797-1828)

Personal emotionMore than six hundred Lieder (songs)Unfinished Symphony

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Instrumental Music After Instrumental Music After

BeethovenBeethovenJohannes Brahms (1833-1897)

Conservative RomanticismSymphony No. 1, intermezzo

Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)Catholicism, mystical visionSymphony No. 8, adagio

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:The Age of the VirtuososThe Age of the Virtuosos

Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)Mazurkas, polonaises“the soul of the piano”

Franz Liszt (1811-1886)Hungarian folk tunesFaust, Dante

Nicolò PaganiniViolin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration

Music in the Romantic Era:Music in the Romantic Era:Musical NationalismMusical Nationalism

Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881)Boris Godunov (1874)Russian folksongs, religious music

Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

Music in the Romantic EraMusic in the Romantic EraOpera in Italy: Verdi Opera in Italy: Verdi (1813-1901)(1813-1901)

Bel cantoGaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

Dramatic, psychological truthContemporary life issues

La Traviata (1853)Otello (1887)

Music in the Romantic EraMusic in the Romantic EraOpera in Germany: WagnerOpera in Germany: Wagner (1813-(1813-

1883)1883)GesamtkunstwerkWagnerian characteristics

Musical flowElimination of virtuosityEmphasis on orchestraLeitmotiv

Universal drama, universal emotionThe Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874)Tristan and Isolde (1865)

Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting at the Turn of the CenturyPainting at the Turn of the Century

Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)Conceptual vs. personal emotion

Francisco Goya (1746-1828)Execution of the Madrileños (1814)No idealizationPersuasive emotionalityPersonal commitment, vision

Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting & Architecture in FrancePainting & Architecture in France

Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818)Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863)

Use of color to create formViolent, emotional scenesThe Death of Sardanapalus (1826)

Ingres’ defense of classicismLa Comtesse d’Haussonville (1845)

Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting & Architecture in FrancePainting & Architecture in France

French RealistsHonoré Daumier (1808-1879)Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

French architectureClassical forms, ornamentationRiot of confusion

Romantic Art:Romantic Art:Painting in Germany and Painting in Germany and

EnglandEnglandLandscape as Romantic device

Friedrich’s Cloister Graveyard (1810)Constable’s Hay Wain (1821)Turner’s Slave Ship (1840)

Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:GoetheGoethe (1749-1832)(1749-1832)

Clarity, balanceabtruse symbolismSturm und Drang

Nature, emotion, anti-authoritySufferings of humanity

Demonic forcesEternal Feminine

Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:Romantic PoetryRomantic Poetry

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Founded Romantic movement“Emotion recollected in tranquility”

Lord Byron (1788-1824)Tormented Romantic hero, ByronicPersonal liberty, freedom

Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:Romantic PoetryRomantic Poetry

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Atheism, anarchyPerfectability of humanityUnification of extreme emotions

John Keats (1795-1821)Tragedy of existence, peace of death

Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:The NovelThe Novel

To entertain and instructHugo’s Les Misérables (1862)

Romanticism + social conscienceFlaubert’s Madame Bovary (1856-7)

Realism, naturalist depictionsBalzac’s The Human Comedy

Contemporary social, political issuesArtistic unity

Nineteenth-Century Literature:Nineteenth-Century Literature:The NovelThe Novel

George Sand (1804-1876)Issues of gender, moral equality

Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9)“Natural person” vs. civilization

Female novelists, social criticsCharles Dickens (1812-1870)

Social justice, evil institutions

The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American LiteratureAmerican Literature

European influences+individualityTranscendentalists

Unity of humans with natureEmerson, Thoreau

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Importance of the individual, freedomHumanity united with the universe

The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American LiteratureAmerican Literature

Emily Dickinson (1830-1881)Balance of passion, reasonPsychology, faith, skepticism

Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)

Evil in societyMelville’s Moby Dick (1851)

Profound moral issuesSearch for truth, self-discovery

The Romantic Era in America:The Romantic Era in America:American PaintingAmerican Painting

Significance of landscape paintingNatural beauty=moral beautyHudson River School, Luminists

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)Realism, naturalism, drama

Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)Scientific accuracy, objective truth

Chapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Seventeen: Discussion QuestionsIn what ways did Romantic art alienate the artist? How did it serve to create a more national artistic identity? Explain.Explain how the industrial, technological, and scientific developments of the nineteenth century functioned as catalysts for the Romantic movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate your answer.Consider the role of the landscape in nineteenth-century painting. What psychological and philosophical statements are prevalent during this period with regard to humanity and nature? How is this relationship different from earlier centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.