chapter project: 1-2 page essay on any topic featured on simoncini’s website’s psych page: due...

Chapter Project: Chapter Project: 1-2 page essay on any topic featured 1-2 page essay on any topic featured on Simoncini’s website’s psych page:on Simoncini’s website’s psych page:http://psimonciniohs.net

Due date: ______________________Due date: ______________________

As an anticipatory set about sleep and As an anticipatory set about sleep and dreams, let’s watch this episode of the dreams, let’s watch this episode of the TV show M*A*S*H (“Hawkeye’s Night-TV show M*A*S*H (“Hawkeye’s Night-mare,” first aired December 21, 1976, mare,” first aired December 21, 1976, directed by Burt Metcalfe) directed by Burt Metcalfe)

HawkeyeHawkeye(Alan Alda)(Alan Alda)

Alan ArbusAlan ArbusDr. FreedmanDr. FreedmanPsychoanalyst Psychoanalyst

What do cognitive What do cognitive neuroscientists neuroscientists consider the consider the primary function primary function of the brain?of the brain?

Brain acts like a biological computing device Brain acts like a biological computing device with vast resources 100 billion transistor-like with vast resources 100 billion transistor-like neurons, each with thousands of neurons, each with thousands of interconnections interconnections

ElectroencephalographsElectroencephalographs

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study both activity and brain structures study both activity and brain structures

Positron emission Positron emission tomography (PET) tomography (PET) to to capture a picture of capture a picture of the brain as the brain as different parts different parts being used.being used.

Shepard & Metzler Shepard & Metzler experiment (1971)experiment (1971)

Sleep is characterized by unrespon-Sleep is characterized by unrespon- siveness to the environment and siveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility.usually limited physical mobility.

As your textbook indicates, I, SigmundAs your textbook indicates, I, Sigmund FreudFreud, identified , identified 3 levels of 3 levels of

consciousnessconsciousness. You can liken them to . You can liken them to an an icebergiceberg..

Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)

Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge) Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)

Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;immoral urges; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)experiences, unacceptable desires)

Edelman and Solso & TononiEdelman and Solso & TononiConsciousness restricts our attention— Consciousness restricts our attention— keeps our brains from being overwhelmed keeps our brains from being overwhelmed by stimulation by stimulation

Consciousness provides a mental “meeting Consciousness provides a mental “meeting place,” where sensation can combine with place,” where sensation can combine with memory, emotions, and motives memory, emotions, and motives

Consciousness provides a mental model Consciousness provides a mental model of the world that we can manipulate of the world that we can manipulate


These two are the divisions of the These two are the divisions of the unconscious mind.unconscious mind.


Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge) Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)

Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;immoral urges; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)experiences, unacceptable desires)


Differentiate between preconscious Differentiate between preconscious memories and the unconsciousmemories and the unconscious..

Preconscious level: return to conscious more easily, Preconscious level: return to conscious more easily, when something cues their recall. Otherwise, lie when something cues their recall. Otherwise, lie just below conscious level until needed just below conscious level until needed

Unconscious level: cognition without awarenessUnconscious level: cognition without awareness

Priming Priming Fill in the blanks Fill in the blanks below to make below to make

a word.a word.

M E N __ __ __ M E N __ __ __

Here are 4 Here are 4 possibilities; but I possibilities; but I predict most of predict most of

you spelled you spelled mentalmental..

Menace Menial Mental Mentor Menace Menial Mental Mentor

You may recall that on You may recall that on aa previous slide, previous slide, II used used

the wordthe word “mental” “mental” twice, twice, therebythereby trying to trying to

prime you prime you for this for this exercise.exercise.

Sleep: a state of altered Sleep: a state of altered consciousness, characterized by consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.certain patterns of brain activity.

Daydreaming: Daydreaming: Daydreaming: a common variation ofDaydreaming: a common variation ofconsciousness in which attention shifts consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate fantasies and away from the immediate situation. situation.

Wegner, et al, 1987: The White Bear Wegner, et al, 1987: The White Bear ExperimentExperiment

Hey, Simoncini. Last Hey, Simoncini. Last night I had a terrible night I had a terrible

nightmare about a polar nightmare about a polar bear.bear.

Meagan, just put that Meagan, just put that thought out of your mind! thought out of your mind!

Think about soccer.Think about soccer.

*#!#** Now all I do is *#!#** Now all I do is obsess about white bears.obsess about white bears.

Amount of sleep Amount of sleep One of the vocabulary One of the vocabulary terms in your text was terms in your text was

circadian rhythm.circadian rhythm. Who can Who can tell me the definition?tell me the definition?

A biological clock that is genetically A biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological programmed to regulate physiological responses within a 24-25 hour time responses within a 24-25 hour time period—the rhythm of activity and period—the rhythm of activity and inactivity. inactivity. (morning people/night people)(morning people/night people)

Study of sleep—aided by Electro Study of sleep—aided by Electro Encephalograph (EEG) machine Encephalograph (EEG) machine

Two types of sleep patterns: Two types of sleep patterns: Quiet sleep Quiet sleep Active sleep Active sleep

Scientists, through Scientists, through extensive research, extensive research, have determined have determined various stages of sleep.various stages of sleep.

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep

Begin to fall asleep:Begin to fall asleep:Body temperature drops Body temperature drops

Pulse rate drops Pulse rate drops

Breathing: slow Breathing: slow and even and even

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Gradually eyes close Gradually eyes close

Brain emits alpha Brain emits alpha waveswaves associated associated with absence of with absence of concentrated concentrated thought and with thought and with relaxation.relaxation.

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Body may twitch, your eyes may Body may twitch, your eyes may roll, and brief visual images roll, and brief visual images flash across your mind as you flash across your mind as you enterenter Stage I sleep—lightest level Stage I sleep—lightest level

Simoncini is so Simoncini is so boring. . . boring. . . isishot. . .ZZZZZhot. . .ZZZZZ

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage I: Stage I:

Pulse slows a bit more/muscles Pulse slows a bit more/muscles relax; breathing—uneven; brain relax; breathing—uneven; brain waves—irregular. waves—irregular. Phase lasts about 10 minutes Phase lasts about 10 minutes Brain waves shift from low-Brain waves shift from low-amplitude, high-frequency to amplitude, high-frequency to high amplitude; low frequencyhigh amplitude; low frequencyindicating. . . indicating. . .

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage I: Stage I:

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage II sleepStage II sleepEyes roll, side-to-side indicating Eyes roll, side-to-side indicating bursts of brain activity called bursts of brain activity called sleep sleep spindlesspindles: : 12-16 Hz waves lasting 12-16 Hz waves lasting 0.5-1.5 seconds0.5-1.5 seconds


Stage III sleepStage III sleep Large amplitude delta Large amplitude delta waves sweep brain waves sweep brain each second or so.each second or so.

Thirty minutes later, Thirty minutes later, drift down to deeper level of drift down to deeper level of

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage III sleepStage III sleep

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep Stage IV Sleep Deepest of all sleep Deepest of all sleep Difficult to wake Difficult to wake a sleeper in a sleeper in Stage IV Stage IV

Large, regular delta waves, more Large, regular delta waves, more than 50% of time—state of than 50% of time—state of oblivionoblivion

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep Stage IV Sleep

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep Stage IV Sleep Suddenly awakened:Suddenly awakened: disoriented disoriented

Talking out loud, sleep-Talking out loud, sleepwalking, bedwetting—no walking, bedwetting—no trace on memory trace on memory Deep sleep important to Deep sleep important to psychological well-being psychological well-being

75% of sleep—Stages I-IV 75% of sleep—Stages I-IV Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep

After Stage IV, muscles more After Stage IV, muscles more relaxed than ever before but . . .relaxed than ever before but . . . . . .eyes move rapidly . . .eyes move rapidly Person has entered aPerson has entered a more active sleep more active sleep characterized by rapidcharacterized by rapideye movement (REM) eye movement (REM)

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz


REM sleep (Active sleep) REM sleep (Active sleep)

Irregular pulse and breathing Irregular pulse and breathing Levels of adrenal & Levels of adrenal & sexual hormones in sexual hormones in blood rise . .blood rise . . . .

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep . . . as if you were in the . . . as if you were in the middle of an intensely or middle of an intensely or emotionally demanding activity emotionally demanding activity

Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep REM Sleep REM Sleep


REM sleep REM sleep Often, Often, a person’s face or fingers a person’s face or fingers twitch and thetwitch and the large muscles in large muscles in the arms and legs become the arms and legs become paralyzed. paralyzed.

Almost all dreaming Almost all dreaming occurs during REM occurs during REM sleep sleep


REM sleep REM sleep . . . lasts 10 minutes, after . . . lasts 10 minutes, after which you retrace the descent which you retrace the descent to Stage IV. to Stage IV. Go through cycle every 90 min.Go through cycle every 90 min.Each time period of Stage IV Each time period of Stage IV sleep decreases, length of REMsleep decreases, length of REMsleep increases—until awakening sleep increases—until awakening

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

Each subsequent cycle, Stage Each subsequent cycle, Stage 4 sleep decreases & REM 4 sleep decreases & REM sleep increases; Stage 4 in sleep increases; Stage 4 in only first 2only first 2cyclescycles


Drift off Drift off Stage 1Stage 1

10 min.10 min.Stage 2Stage 2

10 min.10 min.

Stage 3Stage 3

10 min.10 min.Stage 4Stage 4

20 20 min.min.

REMREM (10 (10 min.)min.)

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

Stage 3Stage 3

Stage 2Stage 2

Stage 1Stage 1Stage 1Stage 1

Stage 2Stage 2

1 Cycle1 Cycle

Experiment Experiment Period before slipping into Period before slipping into Stage I sleep is called Stage I sleep is called hypnagogic sleep.hypnagogic sleep.

1. Put pen/notebook next to bed 1. Put pen/notebook next to bed

2. Lie down & prop elbow in 2. Lie down & prop elbow in comfortable position so arm comfortable position so arm dangles in air dangles in air

Experiment Experiment As you drift into hypnagogicAs you drift into hypnagogicsleep, your arm should fall,sleep, your arm should fall,jarring you awake.jarring you awake.

When you wake up, When you wake up, quickly write down whatever quickly write down whatever images or thoughts you images or thoughts you experienced before the arm experienced before the arm fell.fell.

Turn-in tomorrow—10 points XC Turn-in tomorrow—10 points XC

Long-term experiments Long-term experiments 1.1.Critical Thinking #2, p. 179Critical Thinking #2, p. 1792.2.Over 1 week, log the hours you Over 1 week, log the hours you and the members of your family and the members of your family sleep each night. Then compile sleep each night. Then compile them in the following ranges: them in the following ranges: infants, 2-12, 13-20, 21-30, infants, 2-12, 13-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+ 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+

What can you expect about your next What can you expect about your next sleep cycle after pulling an all-nighter?sleep cycle after pulling an all-nighter?

This college This college studying studying stinks!stinks!

REM rebound: more REMREM rebound: more REMsleep during the next sleepsleep during the next sleepperiod period after being irritableafter being irritableand tired the day followingand tired the day followingthe all-nighter.the all-nighter. Indicates Indicates one function of one function of sleep is to satisfy a basic biological need sleep is to satisfy a basic biological need for REMfor REM

Siegel (2003): Siegel (2003): damaged brain cells getdamaged brain cells get repaired during sleep repaired during sleep

Crick & Mitchison (1983):Crick & Mitchison (1983): We dream to We dream to forget. As we go through the day we forget. As we go through the day we learn and experience things, and when learn and experience things, and when we do, we create new neural networks; we do, we create new neural networks; we dream to unravel those neural netswe dream to unravel those neural nets

Amount of sleep Amount of sleep Varies person-to-person, often Varies person-to-person, often based on age.based on age.

Newborns: Newborns: 16-18 hrs16-18 hrs per day per day

Half the time in REM sleep Half the time in REM sleep

Teenagers: Teenagers: 7-8 hours or 7-8 hours or more; 20% REM more; 20% REM

Amount of sleep Amount of sleep Senior citizens (70+ years)Senior citizens (70+ years)May need only 5 hours;May need only 5 hours; 15% REM 15% REM

Adults: 25% REM;Adults: 25% REM; 75% NREM75% NREM

Dreams Dreams First dreams—vague thoughts First dreams—vague thoughts left over from day’s activitiesleft over from day’s activities

Evan’sEvan’sRoomRoom

CBS CBS 60 Minutes60 Minutes Episode on Sleep, Episode on Sleep,March 16, 2008March 16, 2008Part 1 Part 2Part 1 Part 2

As a way to As a way to transition from transition from

sleep to sleep to dreams, dreams,

Simoncini wants Simoncini wants to show the to show the

following film following film clip.clip.

Dreams—Content Dreams—Content The first psychologist to argue The first psychologist to argue that dreams are that dreams are anan important important part of our emotional livespart of our emotional lives::

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Austrian, 1856-1939Austrian, 1856-1939

Dreams—Content Dreams—Content

Freud: dreamsFreud: dreams, no matter how , no matter how simple or mundane,simple or mundane, contain contain clues to thought and desires clues to thought and desires the dreamer is afraid to the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge or express in acknowledge or express in waking hours.waking hours.

Dreams filled with hidden Dreams filled with hidden means and desires means and desires



Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge

Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires) experiences, unacceptable desires)

Brain scans: emotional seat of the brain,Brain scans: emotional seat of the brain,& the part that processes all visual inputs& the part that processes all visual inputsare wide awake; but the systematic & are wide awake; but the systematic & clear-thinking prefrontal cortex where clear-thinking prefrontal cortex where caution and organization reside is caution and organization reside is dormantdormant

Freud’s view Freud’s view Two main functions: Two main functions: 1) to guard sleep (by disguising 1) to guard sleep (by disguising disruptive thoughts with symbols)disruptive thoughts with symbols) 2) To serve as sources of wish 2) To serve as sources of wish fulfillment. fulfillment. Freud believed that dreams play their guardian Freud believed that dreams play their guardian role by relieving psychic tensions created duringrole by relieving psychic tensions created duringthe day. They serve their wish-fulfillment function the day. They serve their wish-fulfillment function by allowing the dreamer to work harmlessly by allowing the dreamer to work harmlessly through unconscious desires. Manifest content through unconscious desires. Manifest content (dream’s story line) vs. latent content (symbolic (dream’s story line) vs. latent content (symbolic meaning of dreams)meaning of dreams)No solid scientific support re: latent dream contentNo solid scientific support re: latent dream content


Most dreams, reported in Most dreams, reported in research, are commonplace or research, are commonplace or even dull.even dull.

Dreams we remember & talk Dreams we remember & talk about are “more coherent, about are “more coherent, sexier, and generally more sexier, and generally more interesting than those collected interesting than those collected in systematic research” (Webb) in systematic research” (Webb)


Most dreams occur in Most dreams occur in such such commonplace settings commonplace settings as living as living rooms, cars, and streets rooms, cars, and streets


Most dreams involve either Most dreams involve either strenuous recreational activities strenuous recreational activities

or or

Dreams—Content Dreams—Content . . . passive events . . . passive events such as sitting such as sitting and watching, not work or study and watching, not work or study

Dreams—Content Dreams—Content A large percentage of emotions A large percentage of emotions experienced in dreams are experienced in dreams are negative or unpleasant. . . negative or unpleasant. . .

Anxiety Anxiety Anger Anger Fear Fear


Dreams do NOT occur in a split Dreams do NOT occur in a split second; second; rather theyrather they correspond correspond to ato a realistic time scale. realistic time scale.

Only a small portion Only a small portion of dreams are of dreams are negative enough negative enough to be consideredto be considered nightmares nightmares

Dreams—Content Dreams—Content Nightmares—so frightening, we Nightmares—so frightening, we usually awaken in the middle of usually awaken in the middle of them them Sense of dread—Sense of dread—may be related to intensity may be related to intensity of brain activity and to of brain activity and to stimulation of brain stimulation of brain parts responsible for parts responsible for emotional reactions.emotional reactions.

Dream content: modern findings Dream content: modern findings

Children: large animalsChildren: large animalsCollege students: small animals College students: small animals Women: children Women: children

Men: aggressions, weapons, tools Men: aggressions, weapons, tools

Women: men and womenWomen: men and womenMen: men 2x more than about women Men: men 2x more than about women

Dream content: modern findings Dream content: modern findings

Hostile more than friendly (64% had Hostile more than friendly (64% had negative complexion) negative complexion)

Nakedness—Americans vs. other Nakedness—Americans vs. other culturescultures

Mexican-Americans—more deathMexican-Americans—more death

Dreams Dreams

As night wears on, dreams—As night wears on, dreams— longer, more vivid & dramatic,longer, more vivid & dramatic, especially especially dreamsdreams during REM during REM sleep. sleep.

Hottie!Hottie!Amber’s Amber’s

RoomRoom

Dreams Dreams Amounts of REM sleep Amounts of REM sleep increase during the night, so increase during the night, so the last dream is likely to be the last dream is likely to be the longest and the one the longest and the one people remember people remember when when they awakenthey awaken; but can ; but can rarely remember rarely remember anything more than anything more than the last 15 minutes the last 15 minutes of a dream. of a dream.

Content changes as night wears on Content changes as night wears on First dream of the night connects with events First dream of the night connects with events of the previous dayof the previous daySecond REM period: (90 minutes later) may Second REM period: (90 minutes later) may build on a theme that emerged during the build on a theme that emerged during the first REM periodfirst REM periodThroughout the night, like a rumor passed Throughout the night, like a rumor passed from one person to anotherfrom one person to anotherFinal dream—only a remote connection to Final dream—only a remote connection to events of the previous dayevents of the previous dayFinal dream most likely to be rememberedFinal dream most likely to be remembered

Hobson and McCarley (1977)Hobson and McCarley (1977)

Dreams result when the Dreams result when the sleeping brain tries to sleeping brain tries to make sense of its own make sense of its own spontaneous bursts of spontaneous bursts of activity.activity.

Dreams have their origin in periodic neural Dreams have their origin in periodic neural discharges emitted by the sleeping brain stem.discharges emitted by the sleeping brain stem. As this energy sweeps over the cerebral cortex, As this energy sweeps over the cerebral cortex, the sleeper experiences impressions of the sleeper experiences impressions of sensation, memory, motivation, emotion and sensation, memory, motivation, emotion and movementmovement

Hobson and McCarley (1977)Hobson and McCarley (1977)

REM sleep furnishes the brain with an REM sleep furnishes the brain with an internal source of needed stimulation, which internal source of needed stimulation, which promotes the growth and development of the promotes the growth and development of the brain at the time when the sleeping brain has brain at the time when the sleeping brain has blocked out external stimulation.blocked out external stimulation.Dream content, therefore, results from brain Dream content, therefore, results from brain activation, not unconscious wishes or other activation, not unconscious wishes or other meaningful mental processes.meaningful mental processes.

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders Can anyone Can anyone define the define the

term term insomniainsomnia??

Yes, I can, Ed. Yes, I can, Ed. It isIt is a a

prolonged and prolonged and usually usually

abnormal abnormal inability to inability to

obtain obtain adequate adequate

sleep.sleep.

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders Who can define the Who can define the term term sleep apneasleep apnea??

A sleep disorder in whichA sleep disorder in whicha person has trouble a person has trouble breathing while sleeping, breathing while sleeping, often caused by a often caused by a specific type of snoring.specific type of snoring.

How aboutHow about narcolepsy?narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy: a disorder characterized bya disorder characterized bysuddenly falling asleep or feeling very suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day.sleepy during the day.

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders

What areWhat are nightmares? nightmares?Unpleasant dreams. Unpleasant dreams.

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders How aboutHow about night terrors? night terrors?

Sleep disruptions that Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV occur during Stage IV sleep, involving screaming, sleep, involving screaming, panic or confusion. panic or confusion.

Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders How aboutHow about sleepwalking sleepwalking or somnambulism?or somnambulism?

Walking or carrying out Walking or carrying out behaviors while sleeping—behaviors while sleeping—mostly associated with mostly associated with children, linked to stress, children, linked to stress, fatigue, and the use of fatigue, and the use of sedative medicinessedative medicines



Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge

Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives;immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires) experiences, unacceptable desires)

Here are the characters Here are the characters

Based on what you Based on what you have just learned about have just learned about

the meaning of the meaning of dreams, dreams, analyze or analyze or

evaluate any 2 dreams evaluate any 2 dreams (one paragraph each)(one paragraph each)

from the following from the following classic 1980 episode of classic 1980 episode of

M*A*S*H, simply M*A*S*H, simply entitled “Dreams.”entitled “Dreams.”

MajorMajorHoulihanHoulihan B. J. B. J. ColonelColonel

PotterPotterFatherFather

Mulcahey Mulcahey Charles Charles KlingerKlinger HawkeyHawkey

e e

Major Houlihan: Army career personMajor Houlihan: Army career personmarried, divorced, covets a “normal”married, divorced, covets a “normal”lifelife

B. J.: Doctor, very happily married,B. J.: Doctor, very happily married,hates the war; misses wife terriblyhates the war; misses wife terribly

Colonel Potter; career Army; 3Colonel Potter; career Army; 3rdrd war; war;tired of mending broken young tired of mending broken young people; fatigued from the burdens people; fatigued from the burdens of command of command

Father Mulcahey; Catholic chaplain;Father Mulcahey; Catholic chaplain;often worries that he does not often worries that he does not make a difference as do the doctorsmake a difference as do the doctorsDr. Charles Winchester; brilliant Dr. Charles Winchester; brilliant surgeon from a wealthy Boston surgeon from a wealthy Boston family; hates the 4077 MASH; family; hates the 4077 MASH; wants desperately out of Korea wants desperately out of Korea

Corporal Klinger; company clerk;Corporal Klinger; company clerk;hates Korea and the war so much hates Korea and the war so much that he became a transvestite forthat he became a transvestite formore than half of the war; wants tomore than half of the war; wants togo home to Toledo, Ohio go home to Toledo, Ohio

Dr. Hawkeye Pierce; brilliant Dr. Hawkeye Pierce; brilliant surgeon but very outspoken surgeon but very outspoken against the war; hates Korea and against the war; hates Korea and the war but will do anything the war but will do anything he can to save the lives of he can to save the lives of wounded soldiers wounded soldiers

OK, you people. Select OK, you people. Select any 2 dreams, briefly any 2 dreams, briefly

describe what happened describe what happened and then analyze what it and then analyze what it

was about. Be Freudian in was about. Be Freudian in your analysis.your analysis.Dream Moods


Dream Control

Dream Dictionary

Dream Moods

Swoon.com

A form of altered consciousness A form of altered consciousness in which people become highlyin which people become highly suggestible and do not use suggestible and do not use their critical thinking skills their critical thinking skills

People can be made People can be made conscious of things conscious of things they are usually they are usually unaware of & unaware unaware of & unaware of things they usually of things they usually notice. notice.

Hypnosis does not put people Hypnosis does not put people to sleep.to sleep.

Hypnotic tranceHypnotic trance——different from different from sleepsleep: subjects become highly : subjects become highly receptive and responsive to receptive and responsive to certain certain internal and externalinternal and external stimuli.stimuli.

Focus attention on one tiny Focus attention on one tiny aspect of reality & ignore other aspect of reality & ignore other inputs.inputs.

Hypnotist induces a trance by Hypnotist induces a trance by slowly persuading a subject to slowly persuading a subject to relax and lose interest in relax and lose interest in external distractions external distractions

Environment of trust Environment of trust (those who (those who cannot be hypnotized generally do cannot be hypnotized generally do not trust the hypnotist)not trust the hypnotist)

Subject NOT under hypnotist’s Subject NOT under hypnotist’s ““power.”power.” Cannot be forced to Cannot be forced to do things against her/his will.do things against her/his will.

Together, hypnotist and subject Together, hypnotist and subject try to learn more about how the try to learn more about how the subject’s mind works or solve subject’s mind works or solve a problem a problem

Posthypnotic suggestion: Posthypnotic suggestion:

Hypnotists suggest things for Hypnotists suggest things for their subjects to remember their subjects to remember after the trance is over.after the trance is over.

Helpful in changing unwanted Helpful in changing unwanted behaviors, such as smoking or behaviors, such as smoking or overeating.overeating.

Here is a film clip from Here is a film clip from the classic TV series the classic TV series M*A*S*H in which the M*A*S*H in which the character Dr. Sidney character Dr. Sidney Freedman (Allan Arbus, Freedman (Allan Arbus, below), a psychiatrist, below), a psychiatrist, uses hypnosis to help a uses hypnosis to help a patient with amnesiapatient with amnesia

Here is another film clip Here is another film clip from the classic TV from the classic TV series M*A*S*H in series M*A*S*H in which the character, Dr. which the character, Dr. Sidney Freedman (Allan Sidney Freedman (Allan Arbus, Arbus, below), a psychiatrist, below), a psychiatrist, uses hypnosis to help uses hypnosis to help another another patient through post-patient through post-hypnotic hypnotic suggestion.suggestion.

HypnotizabilityHypnotizabilitySingle most important factor: the Single most important factor: the participant’s susceptibility participant’s susceptibility (responsiveness to standardized (responsiveness to standardized suggestions)suggestions)

The Role Theory of The Role Theory of hypnosis: people with hypnosis: people with rich fantasy lives are rich fantasy lives are more hypnotizablemore hypnotizableActing out a social Acting out a social role under hypnosisrole under hypnosis

I’m I’m Joycelyn: Joycelyn: a world a world famous famous

rock rock star!star!

Ernest R. Hilgard Ernest R. Hilgard Pioneer in study of hypnosis Pioneer in study of hypnosis

Part of the mind cannot be Part of the mind cannot be hypnotizedhypnotizedHidden Observer—the real Hidden Observer—the real self that has not been conditioned by self that has not been conditioned by outside influencesoutside influences

Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis: Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis: Indicates thatIndicates that hypnosis might involve a hypnosis might involve a dissociation dissociation (separation from the psyche)(separation from the psyche) of consciousness into different levelsof consciousness into different levels

Hypnotic analgesia Hypnotic analgesia

Use hypnosis to Use hypnosis to manage pain manage pain Example: Lamaze forExample: Lamaze for childbirth childbirth

Our next altered state of Our next altered state of consciousness, consciousness,

meditation, can be quite meditation, can be quite helpful to maintaining helpful to maintaining

psychological as well as psychological as well as physical health. Let’s physical health. Let’s

begin by watching a film begin by watching a film clip from the 2005 movie: clip from the 2005 movie:

““Something’s Got to Something’s Got to GiveGive.”.”

Focusing attention on an image Focusing attention on an image or thought with the goal of or thought with the goal of clearing one’s mind and clearing one’s mind and producing an “inner peace.”producing an “inner peace.”

Colors can become more vivid Colors can become more vivid

Not as easily distracted; Not as easily distracted; mentally merge with objects mentally merge with objects

Transcendental MeditationTranscendental Meditation

Westernized version of Westernized version of yoga meditation yoga meditation techniques techniques

Two 20-minute Two 20-minute periods daily, sit in periods daily, sit in a comfortable positiona comfortable positionand repeat a and repeat a mantramantra

Causes deep relaxation.Causes deep relaxation.

Research: most people can Research: most people can benefit benefit from the sort of from the sort of systematic relaxation that systematic relaxation that meditation provides.meditation provides.

Research still is Research still is inconclusive.inconclusive.

Walter Cannon: “Fight or flight Walter Cannon: “Fight or flight response:” response:”

Elements needed for Elements needed for a relaxation response:a relaxation response:Quiet environment Quiet environment Comfortable position Comfortable position Mental device (Mental device (mantramantra or physical object)or physical object)Passive attitude Passive attitude

Try this meditation technique tonight:Try this meditation technique tonight:1.1. Take a few moments and form your lips intoTake a few moments and form your lips into a half smile;a half smile;2. Hold this half smile for at least 10 minutes2. Hold this half smile for at least 10 minutes as you go about your ordinary activitiesas you go about your ordinary activitiesDid you notice a shift in how you acted and Did you notice a shift in how you acted and responded to others? Did others respond toresponded to others? Did others respond toyou differently? Record and analyzeyou differently? Record and analyze(1-paragraph) your experiences.(1-paragraph) your experiences.

Psychoactive drugs impair the brain Psychoactive drugs impair the brain mechanisms that usually help us make mechanisms that usually help us make good decisions.good decisions.

Agonists: fit into receptor sites for Agonists: fit into receptor sites for specific neurotransmitters and produce specific neurotransmitters and produce similar resultssimilar results

Antagonists: mimic neurotransmitters Antagonists: mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites and block their receptor sites

Psychoactive drugs impair the brain Psychoactive drugs impair the brain mechanisms that usually help us make mechanisms that usually help us make good decisions.good decisions.

Hallucinogens produce changes in consciousness by altering perceptions, consciousness by altering perceptions, creating hallucinations and blurring the creating hallucinations and blurring the boundary between self and the external boundary between self and the external worldworld

Mescaline Psilocybin LSD

PCP Cannabis

Opiates—made from the opium poppy—Opiates—made from the opium poppy—highly addictive drugs that suppress highly addictive drugs that suppress physical sensation and response to physical sensation and response to stimulation—mimic endorphins, producingstimulation—mimic endorphins, producingEuphoric, dreamy states Euphoric, dreamy states

Morphine Morphine Heroin Heroin Codeine Codeine MethadoneMethadoneDepressants—drugs that slow the mental Depressants—drugs that slow the mental and physical activity of the body by and physical activity of the body by inhibiting activity in the central nervous inhibiting activity in the central nervous systemsystem

Barbiturates Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Alcohol Alcohol

Stimulants speed up central nervous Stimulants speed up central nervous system activity, boosting mental and system activity, boosting mental and physical activity levels physical activity levels

Cocaine (crack) Cocaine (crack) AmphetamineAmphetamine

Caffeine Caffeine NicotineNicotine

Perceptions that have no direct Perceptions that have no direct external cause—external cause—seeing, hearing,seeing, hearing,smelling, tasting, or feeling smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist.things that do not exist.

People hallucinate People hallucinate when they are when they are dreaming and when dreaming and when they are deprived of they are deprived of opportunity to opportunity to sleep.sleep.

Periods of high emotion, Periods of high emotion, concentration or fatigue may concentration or fatigue may also produce false sensations also produce false sensations and perceptions.and perceptions.

Truck drivers on long hauls Truck drivers on long hauls

Even daydreams involve minor Even daydreams involve minor hallucinations. hallucinations.

Usually are in color Usually are in color

Learning to control your internal Learning to control your internal physiological processes with physiological processes with the help of feedback from those the help of feedback from those physiological states.physiological states.

Used to teach peopleUsed to teach peoplehow to control many how to control many physiological physiological responsesresponses: brain : brain waves, heart rate, blood pressurewaves, heart rate, blood pressure

Basic principle: feedback makes Basic principle: feedback makes learning possible.learning possible.

Our bodies—not Our bodies—not designed to designed to provide subtle provide subtle feedback about feedback about internal physiological states. internal physiological states.

Biofeedback uses machines to Biofeedback uses machines to tell people about very subtle, tell people about very subtle, moment-to-moment changes in moment-to-moment changes in the body.the body.

Has been used to Has been used to treat conditions treat conditions from partial from partial paralysis to epilepsy paralysis to epilepsy

Very active area of research.Very active area of research.

Hello Mustang psych Hello Mustang psych students. I’m John students. I’m John

McEnroe. A few years McEnroe. A few years ago I hosted a TV quiz ago I hosted a TV quiz show, called show, called The Chair,The Chair, that used biofeedback that used biofeedback as its basis. Here is a as its basis. Here is a

scene from one of scene from one of those shows. Note those shows. Note how the contestant how the contestant

had to use had to use biofeedback. biofeedback.

For many years, For many years, psychologists have psychologists have been critical of my been critical of my

theories. Now we are theories. Now we are going to read an article going to read an article that says my theories that says my theories are being validated by are being validated by modern technology. modern technology.

Read the article and be Read the article and be prepared to discuss the prepared to discuss the

findings.findings.

Cingulate gyrus

Para-olfactoryarea

Hypothalamus

UncusAmygdala

Para-hippocampalgyrus

Hippocampus

Mamillary bodies ofhypothalamus

Fornix

Thalamus

Anterior nucleus of thalamusThe Limbic The Limbic

SystemSystem

Hello Mustang A. P. psych Hello Mustang A. P. psych students. I am author Tom students. I am author Tom Clancy and in my book, Clancy and in my book, The The

Cardinal of the KremlinCardinal of the Kremlin, I , I included a chapter in which included a chapter in which a woman named Svetlana a woman named Svetlana

was tortured by use of was tortured by use of sensory deprivationsensory deprivation, which , which

is a form of altered is a form of altered consciousness. In your consciousness. In your

groups, read the chapter groups, read the chapter together and then discuss together and then discuss

the key elements of the key elements of sensory deprivation sensory deprivation

described in the passage. described in the passage.

chapter project: 1-2 page essay on any topic featured on simoncini’s website’s psych page: due...

Documents

unacceptable desires

unconscious mind

word mental

preconscious memories

brain acts

mental model

unrespon siveness

physical mobility