chapter introduction

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins

Chapter Introduction

The Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)

This chapter will explain a major transformation in American society after the Civil War ended. It will focus on how America became industrialized, how big business made the nation an economic powerhouse, and finally how workers organized to protect their rights.


• Section 1: Technology and Industrial Growth

• Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

• Section 3: The Organized Labor Movement


The Cold War BeginsThe Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)


History Snapshot:





Hip Hop History:





Chapter Summary

Section 1: Technology and Industrial Growth

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

• American industrialization after the end of the Civil War brought about major changes in business and people’s daily lives. Railroads, business leaders, and new inventions shaped this period of economic growth.

• Industrial growth led to changes in business and society. Corporations developed and wielded enormous power over politics and people’s lives.




Chapter Summary (continued)

Section 3: The Organized Labor Movement

• The American economy needed millions of workers to drive its success. As tensions arose between business owners and workers seeking better pay and safer conditions, organized labor unions developed.




Channel Awesome:





Chapter Review:


Know It, Show It TestQuickTake Test




• Analyze the factors that led to the industrialization of the United States in the late 1800s.

• Explain how new inventions and innovations changed Americans’ lives.

• Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s.

Objectives




Terms and People

• entrepreneur – people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit

• protective tariff – taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally

• laissez faire – a policy which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation

• patent – a grant by the federal government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time




• Thomas Edison – an inventor and creative genius who received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions

• Bessemer process – a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel

• suspension bridge – bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables

• time zone – twenty-four zones around the world, one for each hour of the day

• mass production – systems that depended on machinery to turn out large numbers of products quickly and inexpensively

Terms and People (continued)




How did industrialization and new technology affect the economy and society?

America began a major transformation after the end of the Civil War marked by expanding business and industrialization.

This “second industrial revolution,” led by scientists and inventors, improved people’s daily lives.




Several factors led to increased industrial growth during the Civil War. This laid the groundwork for postwar prosperity.

• Factories used new tools and methods to produce supplies in big numbers.

• Railroads expanded across the nation.

• The government encouraged immigration.




A great many immigrants to the United States were pushed from their homelands by

• political upheaval at home

• religious discrimination

• crop failures




Entrepreneurs fueled industrialization in the late 1800s.

They benefited from laissez-faire policies, which allowed businesses to work under minimal government regulation.

The American system of capitalism is one in which individuals own most businesses. These entrepreneurs invest money in products in order to make profits.




Major Inventions of the 1800s

Inventor Major invention Year

Samuel Morse Telegraph 1844

Elias Howe Sewing machine 1846

Elisha Otis

Safety elevator

1852

Thomas Edison

Light bulb 1880

Granville Woods

Steam boiler 1884




Thomas Edison was the most prolific inventor of the era.

He and his team of workers developed the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and hundreds of new products.




Daily life changed dramatically as a result of new technologies.

The Bessemer process, which purified iron to create steel, changed construction. Steel made skyscrapers and suspension bridges possible.

Morse’s telegraph gave rise to a communications revolution. The telephone debuted in 1876, the wireless telegraph in 1896.




Railroads expanded.

This led to the physical and economic growth of cities.

Chicago, Atlanta, and Pittsburgh became important hubs.




Railroads Changed America

They encouraged innovation.

• Air brakes were invented in 1869.

• Refrigerated cars were invented to transport food.

• Time zones were set.

They led to the growth

of industry.

• Businesses obtained raw materials easily.

• They sold products to people far away.




Many Americans moved to cities to find work.

America exported grain, steel, and textiles in huge amounts and became a world economic

power.

Mechanization of farming meant

fewer farmers were needed to produce

food.




In response, Congress set aside protected lands. Yellowstone Park was created in 1872.

People began to raise concerns about the impact of industrialization on the environment.




Section Review

Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz




• Analyze different methods that businesses used to increase their profits.

• Describe the public debate over the impact of big business.

• Explain how the government took steps to block abuses of corporate power.

Objectives




Terms and People

• corporation – a form of group ownership in which a number of people share the ownership of a business

• monopoly – complete control of a product or service

• cartel – an arrangement in which businesses making the same product agree to limit production to keep prices high

• John D. Rockefeller – an oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profits




• horizontal integration – a system of consolidating many firms in the same business to lower production costs

• trust – a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization

• Andrew Carnegie – a steel tycoon who used vertical integration to increase his power

• vertical integration – the practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development





• Social Darwinism – an application of Charles Darwin’s work which held that wealth was a measure of one’s inherent value and those who had it were the most “fit”

• ICC – the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee railroad operations

• Sherman Antitrust Act – a bill passed in 1890 which outlawed any trust that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states”





How did big business shape the American economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

The growth of big business in the late 1800s changed American society.

The rise of business empires turned the United States into an economically powerful nation.




Industrialization changed how businesses were run.

• Business leaders combined funds and resources.

• Investors formed corporations that protected them from losing more than original investment.

• A corporation could operate in different regions.




Corporations worked to maximize profits by

• paying workers low wages

• paying lower prices for raw materials

• supporting research labsStandard Oil Factory




Corporations used strategies to eliminate competition and decrease costs.

• monopolies• cartels

Competitors forced out of business

• horizontal integration

• vertical integration

Better control of production and costs reduced




Tycoons of the Late 1800s

Business leader Industry

John D. Rockefeller Oil

Andrew Carnegie Steel

Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroads




or “captains of industry” who served the nation and made prices of goods cheaper?

Were the tycoons “robber barons” who swindled the poor and drove small businesses under…




Big Business Is Bad for Small Businesses?




Or Is Big Business Good for the Nation?

provides jobs

allows for product innovations

financially supports universities, libraries, and museums




This is the belief that wealth was a measure of a person’s value and

those who had wealth were the most “fit.”

Survival of the Fittest

Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution of species

applied to American capitalism

led to the idea of Social Darwinism




Social Darwinists believed government should stay out of private business and thought it was wrong to use public funds to assist the poor.

Americans who worried about the methods of industrialists called for federal regulation of business practices.




ICC •Interstate Commerce Commission

•Oversaw railroad operations

Sherman Antitrust Act

•Passed by the Senate in 1890•Outlawed trusts that restrained trade among several states

The ICC and the Sherman Antitrust Act began a trend toward government limits on corporate power.




Section Review





• Assess the problems that workers faced in the late 1800s.

• Compare the goals and strategies of different labor organizations.

• Analyze the causes and effects of strikes.

Objectives




Terms and People

• sweatshop – small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses

• company town – communities near workplaces where housing was owned by the business and rented out to employees

• collective bargaining – negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions

• socialism – an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income




• Knights of Labor – a labor union that included workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled

• Terence V. Powderly – the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged boycotts and negotiations with employers

• Samuel Gompers – a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in 1886

• AFL – American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from many unions devoted to specific crafts or trades





• Haymarket Riot – a labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that ended in dozens of deaths when someone threw a bomb

• Homestead Strike – an 1892 Pennsylvania steelworkers’ strike that resulted in violence between company police and strikers

• Eugene V. Debs – leader of the American Railway Union who eventually became a Socialist

• Pullman Strike – a nationwide strike in 1894 of rail workers that halted railroads and mail delivery





How did the rise of labor unions shape relations among workers, big business, and government?

The booming American economy relied on workers, who began to rebel against low pay and unsafe working conditions.

Struggles between business owners and workers intensified.




Industrial workers faced hardships.

• Factory owners employed people who would work for low wages. Many of these people were immigrants.

• They often labored in dangerous sweatshops.

• Laborers often had to live in company towns and buy goods at high interest at company stores.




Labor unions formed.

Workers tried collective bargaining to gain more power against employers. One form was the strike, in which workers stop work until their demands are met.

Child laborers in 1890




Labor Unions of the Late 1800s

Labor Union Industry and Activity

Knights of Labor

• included all workers from any trade

• devoted to broad social reform

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• included skilled workers• focused on specific worker issues

American Railway Union (ARU)

• included rail workers• conducted the Pullman Strike of 1894




A movement called socialism spread through Europe in the 1830s.

It held that wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.

Most Americans rejected socialism, but some labor activists borrowed ideas from it to support social reform.




A major strike of

railroad workers

in 1877 resulted

in the federal

government

sending in troops

to restore order.

As membership in

unions grew in

the 1870s, a

wave of

confrontations

between labor

and management

rocked the

country.




The 1886 Haymarket Riot made many Americans wary of labor unions.

Across the nation, workers mounted demonstrations for more rights. One such protest in Chicago turned violent.




Yet another conflict broke out with the Homestead Strike. Troops were called in to quell fighting between workers and Carnegie Steel.

One year later, the Pullman Palace Car Company laid off rail workers and cut wages.

This touched off the Pullman Strike, which halted nationwide railroad traffic and mail delivery.




The government ordered strike organizers, led by Eugene V. Debs, to end the strike.

He refused and was sent to jail. Troops were called in to end the strike.




Effects on the Labor Movement

• Employers successfully appealed for court orders against unions.

• Contract disputes and strikes continued to occur as American industry grew.

• The labor movement split into different factions. Debs helped organize the American Socialist Party and the IWW.




Section Review





This chapter will show how life changed in America as a result of immigration and urbanization. It will focus on the experiences of new immigrants, how cities grew in response to industrialization, and the social and cultural changes this shift brought about.


• Section 1: The New Immigrants

• Section 2: Cities Expand and Change

• Section 3: Social and Cultural Trends




History Snapshot

Immigration and Urbanization (1865−1914)




Hip Hop History

Immigration and Urbanization (1865−1914)




Chapter Summary

Section 1: The New Immigrants

Section 2: Cities Expand and Change

Industrialization led to the rapid growth of American cities as people moved off farms and into urban areas to get jobs. Living conditions were not always ideal, but city dwellers enjoyed innovations such as skyscrapers and mass transit.

The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900. Push and pull factors led “new immigrants” to America. These immigrants adapted to American life and faced prejudice and discrimination.





Section 3: Social and Cultural Trends

The Gilded Age brought improved education and consumerism to the masses. As people from all classes enjoyed new products, entertainments, and improvements to their standard of living, a shared mass culture developed.




Channel Awesome

Immigration and Urbanization (1865–1914)




Chapter Review

Immigration and Urbanization (1865–1914)





• Compare the “new immigration” of the late 1800s to earlier immigration.

• Explain the push and pull factors leading immigrants to America.

• Describe the challenges that immigrants faced in traveling to America.

• Analyze how immigrants adapted to American life while trying to maintain familiar cultural practices.

Objectives




Terms and People

• “new” immigrant – Southern and Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920

• steerage – third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty

• Ellis Island – island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the United States

• Angel Island – immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910





• Americanization – belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

• “melting pot” – society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

• nativism – belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers

• Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers




Why did immigrants come to the United States, and what impact did they have upon society?

Immigrants came to the U.S. for religious and political freedom, for economic opportunities, and to escape wars.

Immigrants adopted parts of American culture, and Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures.




The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900.

• In the 1840s and 1950s, German and Irish Catholics had immigrated to the United States.

• Despite differences, their children were often able to blend into American society.

• But starting in 1870, some people feared ”new” immigrants would destroy American culture.




Old Immigrants and “New” Immigrants

Old Immigrants (pre-1870s)

• Were mainly Protestants from Northern and Western Europe

• Came as families to settle on farms with family members or friends

• Had money, a skill or trade, or an education

“New” Immigrants (post-1870s)

• Were mainly Catholics or Jews from Southern and Eastern Europe

• Sometimes came alone, usually to settle in cities

• Were often poor and unskilled




Immigrants to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe made up 70 percent of all immigrants after 1900, up from 1 percent at midcentury.




Push factors for immigration are those that push people from their homes, while pull factors are those that attract them to a new place.

Push Factors Pull Factors

Farmers were pressured by land reform and low prices.

The U.S. offered plentiful land, employment, and opportunity.

Revolution and war disrupted economies and left political refugees.

Many “chain immigrants” already had family in the U.S.

Religious persecution forced many to flee violence.

Immigrants could find religious and political freedom in America.




Coming to America was often a tough decision. Immigrants usually brought only what they could carry and traveled by

steamship in steerage.




There, officers conducted legal and medical inspections. Only 2 percent were denied entry into the U.S.

When the immigrants arrived after their long journeys, they were processed at stations such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor.

Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossing the Pacific were processed at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Many Chinese were turned away.




Some Chinese immigrants were detained at Angel Island for weeks or months in poor conditions.

They waited to see if they would be allowed to stay in the U.S.




Large cities such as New York and Chicago had huge immigrant populations by 1890.

Once in America, immigrants had to find a home and work. They also had to learn English and new customs.

Many stayed in cities and took jobs in factories. They lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettoes.




Immigrants had some help coping with their new surroundings.

• Settlement houses ran Americanization programs to help recent immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet.

• Immigrants formed fraternal associations – based on ethnic or religious identity – which provided social services and financial assistance.




Many believed that American society was a “melting pot” where white people of different nationalities blended to create a single culture.

This model excluded Asian immigrants, who became targets of social and legal discrimination.




Immigrants’ children, however,

became more Americanized.

They established their own

fraternal lodges, schools, and religious

institutions such as churches.

Despite the hopes of settlement workers, immigrants often held on to their

traditions.




Immigrants often dealt with nativism and hostility from native-born white Americans.

Religious differences and competition for jobs and housing led to divisions and prejudices.




In 1882, Congress started to restrict immigration to the United States.

• The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S., and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents.

• Congress passed another law that prohibited the immigration of anyone who was a criminal, immoral, a pauper, or likely to need public assistance.




Immigrants transformed American society.

• They fueled industrial growth.

• They helped build the railroads and worked in factories, mills, and mines.

• Their traditions became part of American culture.

• Increasingly, they became active in labor unions and politics, and they demanded reforms.




Section Review





• Analyze the causes of urban growth in the late 1800s.

• Explain how technology improved city life.

• Evaluate how city dwellers solved the problems caused by rapid urban growth.

Objectives




Terms and People

• urbanization – expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people living in them

• rural-to-urban migrant – a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city

• skyscraper – very tall building built with modern materials like steel

• Elisha Otis – developer of a safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical




• mass transit – public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people

• suburb – residential area surrounding a city

• Frederick Law Olmsted – a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City, and parks in other major U.S. cities

• tenement – multistory building divided into apartments to squeeze in as many families as possible





What challenges did city dwellers face, and how did they meet them?

City dwellers faced the noise, dirt, and crime of the cities, the hardships of factory work, and the overcrowded, dangerous conditions of tenements.

Governments and city planners tried to alleviate dangerous conditions and make cities better, safer places to live.




This period was the beginning of an upsurge in American urbanization that brought changes to the country.

By 1900, 32 percent – or 15 million Americans – lived in cities with populations of more than 50,000.

In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas, with only 16 percent living in towns or cities with a population of at least 8,000.




America’s major cities were manufacturing and transportation centers connected by railway

lines.

The cities were clustered in the Northeast, on the Pacific Coast, and along the waterways of the Midwest.




Life was hard in the cities, but most people preferred them to the country.

• Workers’ children could attend city schools.

• Churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered companionship and entertainment.

• Most city workers were able to enjoy a higher standard of living, and some moved into the growing middle class.




Many rural-to-urban migrants moved to cities in the 1890s.

Immigrants, Farmers, and Migrants from the Rural West

• They were attracted by land and economic opportunities.

• It was hard for farmers to work on rigid schedules in crowded factories, but factories paid wages in cash.

African Americans

• The majority of African Americans stayed in southern cities.

• But African American migrants to northern and western cities paved the way for a much larger migration after World War I.




As cities swelled in size, American innovators developed new technologies to improve living conditions.

Technology Description

skyscrapers They were steel-frame buildings 10 stories or taller, built because there was no room left on the ground to expand.

safety elevators

Invented by Elisha Otis, they made taller buildings practical.

central heating systems

Made to carry heat to all parts of a building.




Mass transit reshaped the nation’s cities.

• In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using streetcars powered by overhead electric cables.

• Within a decade, every major city followed.

• Electric streetcars were quieter, cleaner, and more efficient than coal-driven commuter trains or horse-drawn trolleys.




Traffic congestion often kept streetcars from running on schedule.In 1897, Boston solved this problem by building the nation’s first subway system, and New York City followed suit in 1904.Mass transit made it possible for middle-

and upper-class people to move to the suburbs.




As cities grew, planners began to use zoning to designate certain parts of the city for certain functions.

Cities set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes, and public spaces such as libraries and government buildings.

But parks were also important in cities, and Frederick Law Olmsted designed many well-known ones, such as New York City’s Central Park.




Some poor workers lived in tenements, which usually were unhealthy and dangerous because they had few windows and little sanitation.

Many neighborhoods became overcrowded.




At this time, cities had filthy, unpaved streets and sanitation problems, conditions perfect for

breeding epidemics.

• To solve these problems, governments and city planners tried to regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, and public health.

• They began to take water from clean reservoirs and to use water filtration systems.




Cities responded to the threats of fire and crime with professional fire fighting teams, uniformed city police forces, and new electric streetlights.

However, the police were unable to overcome the challenge of conflicts between different racial groups, classes, and neighborhoods.




Section Review





• Explain how new types of stores and marketing changed American life.

• Analyze the ways in which Americans developed a mass culture.

• Describe the new forms of popular entertainment in the late 1800s.

Objectives




Terms and People

• Mark Twain – a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s

• Gilded Age – term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by a façade of prosperity

• conspicuous consumerism – purchasing of goods and services to impress others

• mass culture – similar consumption patterns as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising




• Joseph Pulitzer – an immigrant who became a publisher of sensationalistic newspapers

• William Randolph Hearst – a competitor of Pulitzer’s who also published sensationalistic newspapers

• Horatio Alger – a novelist who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work

• vaudeville – type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches, that became popular in the late 19th century





What luxuries did cities offer to the middle class?

During the last part of the 19th century, a new middle class lifestyle gained popularity and influence in America.

Though some disliked the values of this era, the shared American culture created then would persist for the next century.




In his 1873 novel, The Gilded Age, novelist Mark Twain satirically depicted American society as gilded, or having a rotten core covered with gold paint. Most Americans were not as cynical, but Twain’s label stuck, and historians call the late 19th century the Gilded Age.




For many, this led to a culture of conspicuous consumerism.

More people had more money, and more products were available.

Industrialization and urbanization changed the lives of American workers, as more people began to work for wages rather than for themselves on farms.




By the 1870s, many big cities had department stores, which turned shopping into a form of entertainment for middle-class men and women.

Department stores attracted customers with wide-spread advertising and a variety of high-quality goods at fair prices.




Better sanitation and medical care contributed to a longer life expectancy.

People began to measure success by what they could buy, and they equated purchasing power with a higher standard of living.

In this period, the cost of living decreased because manufactured products and new technology cost less.




Change in the Gilded Age

Changes for Women Changes for Men

Store bought clothing,prepackaged foods, andindoor plumbing madesome tasks easier.

Public transportation allowed families to live farther from the cities.

Rising expectations of cleanliness and more complicated meals made some tasks harder.

Men often had to commute long distances to work.

Many women had to work outside the home to achieve a middle-class lifestyle.

Men worked hard, but the American culture taught that hard work would pay off.




One of the effects of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising was that Americans became more alike in their consumption patterns.

• Rich and poor wore the same clothing styles.

• People bought the same kinds of products.

• This phenomenon is known as mass culture.




The newspapers of the Gilded Age both reflected and helped create mass culture.

Between 1870 and 1900, the number of newspapers increased from about 600 to more than 1,600.

Ethnic and special-interest publishers catered to the array of urban dwellers, especially immigrants.




Joseph Pulitzer believed that the job of a newspaper was to inform people and to stir up controversy. His papers were sensationalistic.

The sensationalistic newspapers of William Randolph Hearst competed with Pulitzer’s papers for readers.




During the Gilded Age, literature and art that explored harsh realities was

popular.

• Stephen Crane wrote about New York slums.

• Horatio Alger wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work.

• Robert Henri and others developed a style of painting known as the Ashcan School, which depicted the squalor of New York slums.




Public education expanded rapidly, as grade-school education became compulsory, more teenagers began attending high schools, and kindergartens opened.

As a result, the literacy rate climbed to nearly 90 percent by 1900.




Schools began to do a better job of preparing people for careers.

• Schools taught skills that workers needed in budding industries.

• Teachers attended training schools, and reformers such as John Dewey introduced new teaching methods.

• Universities began to provide specialized training for urban careers such as social work.




Education for All

Immigrants• Schools taught immigrants English and helped Americanize them.

Women

• A few careers were open to women.

• There was an upsurge in women’s colleges, and many state universities began to accept women.

African Americans

• Limited access to white institutions led to a growth in schools and colleges for African Americans.




During the Gilded Age, new kinds of entertainment emerged.

Amusement Parks

• Coney Island and similar parks offered roller coasters and other rides.

Outdoor Events

• Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show toured America.

• Chautauquas offered storytelling, bands, singers, and lectures on politics and morals.

Fun in the City

• Vaudeville shows were a mixture of musical drama, songs, and comedy.

• Nickelodeons introduced motion pictures.

• Ragtime bands played in music halls.




Baseball, America’s national sport, became extremely popular during the Gilded Age, although after 1887 it was segregated.

Horse and bicycle racing, boxing, football, and basketball also became popular spectator sports.




Section Review





This chapter will discuss how the society, culture, and economy of the South and West changed after the Civil War. It will focus on life in the New South after the end of Reconstruction, how new settlers in the West affected American Indians, and how the West was transformed.


• Section 1: The New South

• Section 2: Westward Expansion and the American Indians

• Section 3: Transforming the West




History Snapshot:

The South and West Transformed (1865–1900)




Hip Hop History:





Chapter Summary

Section 1: The New South

Section 2: Westward Expansion and the American Indians

• After Reconstruction ended, the South remained mostly agricultural and poor despite some industrial successes. The region fell behind because it lacked capital investment and an educated labor force. Black southerners made gains and experienced white backlash.

• White settlers moved in great numbers to land west of the Mississippi after the Civil War, putting pressure on Native Americans living there. Rebellion by American Indians led to tragedy, as many lost their lives trying to preserve their land.





Section 3: Transforming the West

• The West changed greatly after the Civil War. Miners came first, followed by settlers and cattle ranchers. The transcontinental railroad linked East and West, and white settlement closed the frontier by 1900.




Channel Awesome





Chapter Review






• Explain how the southern economy changed in the late 1800s.

• Analyze how southern farmers consolidated their political power.

• Describe the experience of African Americans in the changing South.

Objectives




Terms and People

• cash crop – crop such as cotton and tobacco that is grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash

• Farmers’ Alliance – network of farmers’ organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s

• Civil Rights Act of 1875 – law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation




How did the southern economy and society change after the Civil War?

In the postwar years, railroads crisscrossed the South and industries grew.

Yet challenges remained—for the South’s economy and for its people.




In the years following the Civil War, southern leaders hoped to build a “New South.”

They worked to modernize the economy by:

• supporting industries

• diversifying agriculture




Textile factories and lumber mills sprang up.So did iron, coal, and steel processing plants.




Railroad construction boomed.

New rail lines connected urban hubs with rural areas, cities with towns.

• Railroads moved people and products.

• Cities grew.




Yet economic expansion in the South lagged behind the rest of the country.

• War damage was extensive.

• The South lacked a well-trained labor force, and wages were low.

• A lack of capital led to a dependence on northern bankers.




Life was especially difficult for southern farmers.

Despite efforts to diversify, most farmers still depended on cash crops.

The price of cotton—their main crop—plummeted after the war.




Boll weevils wiped out entire crops.

For many farmers, it was a struggle just to survive.

Along with falling prices, cotton farmers faced another disaster.




• Worked to negotiate better prices on supplies, freight charges, and loan rates

• Connected farmers in the South and West

Faced with serious problems, farmers joined together to form the Farmers’ Alliance.




Most important, they gained:

• the right to vote

• access to education

Black southerners made important political and economic advances in the postwar years.




In time, however, many of the gains were reversed.

• Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans.

• Newfound freedoms were stripped away.

• Segregation was enforced.




The Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation.

The Supreme Court, however, ruled in a series of cases decided in 1883 that such decisions were local issues.

Southern towns and cities used the ruling to further limit the rights of African

Americans.




Section Review





• Compare the ways Native Americans and white settlers viewed and used the land.

• Describe the conflicts between white settlers and Indians.

• Evaluate the impact of the Indian Wars.

Objectives




Terms and People

• reservation – specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use

• Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians

• Sitting Bull – Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader

• Battle of the Little Big Horn – 1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George Custer





• Chief Joseph – leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada

• Wounded Knee – 1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War

• assimilate – to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society

• Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots




How did the pressures of westward expansion impact Native Americans?

As American settlers continued to push west, they increasingly came into conflict with Native Americans.

Such conflict often led to violence, with tragic results.




After the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in the lands west of the Mississippi.

• Had different belief systems

• Spoke different languages

• Lived in different types of houses

• Ate different foods

Native Americans came from many diverse cultures.




The diverse Indian peoples, however, shared a common view toward nature—a view that

conflicted with that of many white Americans.

Native Americans saw themselves as part of nature and viewed nature as sacred.

Many white Americans viewed the land as a resource to produce wealth.




During the 1800s, the government carried out a policy of moving Indians out of the way of white settlers.

Indians were forced into reservations, no longer free to roam the Plains.

At first, Indians in the East were moved west, into the Indian Territory of the Plains.As frontier settlers continued pushing west, however, this plan changed.




Two other crises also threatened Native American civilizations.

Disease

Loss of the buffalo

Settlers introduced diseases to which Indians had no immunity.

Settlers slaughtered buffalo herds.




Some Native Americans fought to defend their lands.

The Sand CreekMassacre saw an unarmed camp of Indians under the U.S. Army protection killed by Colorado militia.

But attacks and retaliation led to distrust—and to tragedy.

Promises were made and peace treaties were signed, but they often were broken.




Frustration turned to violence as the government moved to crush Indian resistance.

• The Red River War led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians.

• The Sioux were victorious at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

• Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés surrendered after attempting to retreat to Canada.




Fearful of insurrection, government officials

tried to ban the practice.

The ritual preached that white settlers would be banished and the buffalo would return.

As their way of life slipped away, some Indians turned to a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance.




However, he was killed in a confrontation with U.S. troops.

More than 100 Indians who fled were killed at Wounded Knee.

The Indian Wars were over.

In an effort to end the Ghost Dance, the government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull.




Some critics attacked government policies and defended the Indians’ way of life.

Most leaders, however, hoped that Native Americans would assimilate into American life.




• Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system

• Granted each Indian family its own plot of land

• Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act to encourage assimilation.




Section Review





• Analyze the impact of mining and railroads on the settlement of the West.

• Explain how ranching affected western development.

• Discuss the ways various peoples lived in the West and their impact on the environment.

Objectives




Terms and People

• vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer

• transcontinental railroad – rail link between the eastern and western United States

• land grant – land given by the federal government for building railroads

• open-range system – system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam and graze freely





• Homestead Act – 1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road

• Exodusters –African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War




What economic and social factors changed the West after the Civil War?

In the late 1800s, miners, rail workers, ranchers, and farmers moved to the frontier in hopes of building better lives.

The industrial and agricultural booms they created helped transform the West.




The discovery of gold and silver created the first great boom in the West—mining.

• With each new find, prospectors rushed to

the site, hoping to strike it rich.

• Others followed, bringing food and supplies.

Mining camps quickly sprang up.

Many camps grew into thriving communities.




• In the early days, vigilantes took the law into their own hands.

• As towns grew, they hired marshals and sheriffs.

Because they had no judges or jails, miners often set their own rules for administering justice.

Some towns, however, disappeared as quickly as they appeared. Boomtowns turned to ghost towns when the gold and silver ran out.




• Could afford the heavy equipment needed to bring mineral ores out from deep underground

• Were supported by the government with cheap land

Large companies soon took over the mining business from individual prospectors.




The railroads soon began work to fulfill a longtime goal—to build a transcontinental railroad linking the East and the West.

As industries grew in the West, so did the need for railroads to transport goods and people.

The government supported this goal through:

• loans

• land grants




In 1863, the Central Pacific headed eastward from Sacramento. The Union Pacific headed westward from Omaha.

They finally met at Promontory, Utah, in 1869.




• Tied the nation together

• Moved products and people

• Spurred industrial development

• Stimulated the growth of towns and cities

• Encouraged settlers to continue to move west

Work on the railroad had been difficult and dangerous. But it brought tremendous changes to the country.




The railroad boom encouraged another western boom—the cattle boom.

For years, ranchers had used an open-range system for raising livestock.

• Property not fenced in

• Cattle were branded, then grazed freely

• Cowboys rounded up the cattle each spring




Cowboys then drove cattle north to the rail lines, so they could be transported to market.

The long, hard cattle drives could last for months.

They ended at railroad towns, called cow towns.




Reasons the open- range system ended

The invention of barbed wire made fencing cheap.

The supply of beef exceeded demand and prices dropped.

Extreme weather led to the death

of herds.

By the mid-1880s, however, the cattle boom was coming to an end.




Like miners and ranchers, farmers also moved west, looking for a better life.

Railroad companies encouraged pioneer settlement. So did the government.

Under the 1862 Homestead Act, the government gave land to farmers willing to tend it.

Easterners, Exodusters, and immigrants soon poured onto the Great Plains.




Life on the Plains was difficult and lonely.

With little wood available, homesteaders made houses from sod.

Storms, droughts, and locusts ruined crops.




New inventions and farming methods, however, made life easier.

• Barbed wire

• Stronger plow

• Grain drill

• Windmill

• Dry-farming techniques




For many Americans, the West was a place to build new lives. But it also was a place of

conflict.• Cattle destroyed crops• Sheep ruined grasses• Mining runoff polluted water

• Control of resources disputed

Economic rivalries

Social conflicts• Prejudice• Discrimination• Ethnic tensions




The last land rush took place in 1889, when the government opened the Oklahoma Territory to homesteaders.

“boomers” lined up to stake claims

“sooners” sneaked in early to take the best ones

The next year, the government declared there was no land left for homesteading.

The frontier closed.




Section Review





Chapter Summary

Section 1: Segregation and Social Tensions

Section 2: Political and Economic Challenges

After Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans narrowed. A significant turn away from equality occurred, as Jim Crow laws mandating segregation and limiting voting rights took hold. Other minority groups also struggled for equality at this time.

The political scene during the Gilded Age was marked by inaction, as party loyalties were very evenly divided. Corruption challenged the national government and its spoils system while many called for reform.





Section 3: Farmers and Populism

When millions of people moved West after the Civil War, they did not expect to face the nearly impossible conditions they did. In response, farmers powered a new political revolt called Populism that grew into a large third-party movement.




Channel Awesome

Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900)




Chapter Review

Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900)





• Assess how whites created a segregated society in the South and how African Americans responded.

• Analyze efforts to limit immigration and the effects.

• Compare the situations of Mexican Americans and of women to those of other groups.

Objectives




Terms and People

• Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites segregated

• poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay to vote

• literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens

• grandfather clause – a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens





• Booker T. Washington – the most famous black leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged African Americans to build up their economic resources through hard work

• W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th century who disagreed with Washington and argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality

• Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong crusade against the practice of lynching





• Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land in the Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch owners




How were the civil and political rights of certain groups in America undermined during the years after Reconstruction?In the course of the Gilded Age, the equal rights extended to African Americans during Reconstruction were narrowed.

This move away from equality for all had a lasting impact on society in the United States.




Federal troops were removed from the South in 1876.

Ways in which blacks’ right to vote was restricted in the South:

Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm, and blacks lost voting rights.

poll taxes

literacy tests

grandfather clauses

violence




The many strategies used to keep black voters away from the polls were very effective.




In addition to losing their voting rights, blacks also faced widespread segregation in the South and in the North.

The constitutionality of Jim Crow laws was upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.

Still, African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Several important leaders emerged and called for equality.




Booker T. Washington was the most famous black leader of the late 19th century.

Washington believed that black citizens should accommodate themselves to segregation and build up their own economic resources through hard work.




Some disagreed with Booker T. Washington.

W.E.B. Du Bois argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately.

Du Bois felt the burden of achieving equality should not rest on the shoulders of African Americans alone.Another black leader was Ida B. Wells, who

devoted her life to the crusade against lynching.




Las Gorras Blancas, a Mexican American group, fought for their rights by inflicting property damage on landowners and publishing grievances in their own newspaper.

In the Southwest, four out of five Mexican Americans lost their land after the Mexican-American War, despite a treaty which guaranteed their property rights.




Faced with severe job discrimination, some Chinese-Americans started

their own businesses.

Chinese immigrants also faced racial prejudice in the West at this time.




Prior to the Civil War, women played a large role in reform movements, including the call to abolish slavery.

Leaders wanted to further the rights of women and were disappointed when women were not included in the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.




• Susan B. Anthony voted in an election in 1872 and was arrested.

• Awaiting trial, she toured the nation, delivering a powerful speech on the issue.

Activists did not secure women’s suffrage during the 19th century.




Section Review





• Analyze the issue of corruption in national politics in the 1870s and 1880s.

• Discuss civil service reform during the 1870s and 1880s.

• Assess the importance of economic issues in the politics of the Gilded Age.

Objectives




Terms and People

• spoils system – a system in which politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications

• civil service – a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch

• Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law passed in 1883 that established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a civil service exam

• gold standard – using gold as the basis of the nation’s currency




Why did the political structure change during the Gilded Age?

Congress passed few laws between 1877 and 1900, in an era marked by inaction and political corruption.

The Gilded Age raised questions about whether or not democracy could succeed.




• Neither political party achieved control of both the White House and Congress for more than two years in a row.

• Presidents during the Gilded Age were elected only by slim margins.

Between 1877 and 1897, party loyalties were evenly divided.




Corruption plagued national politics as many officials accepted bribes.




Writers, such as Mark Twain, expressed concerns over the corruption.

This system made the political parties extremely powerful.

The spoils system, in which party supporters received government jobs regardless of their qualifications, shifted power to a few.




A movement arose to promote civil service reform.

Ending the spoils system was difficult.

Change finally happened, in part, because President James Garfield was assassinated by a man who believed the Republican Party owed him a job.




Chester A. Arthur became President and supported civil service reform.

In 1883, he signed into law the Pendleton Civil Service Act,

which established a merit-based system for government employment.




Tariffs taxed imported goods, which supported American industry but increased consumer prices.

Monetary policy disputes concerned the gold standard, where gold became the basis of the nation’s currency.

The economic issues of tariffs and monetary policy caused debate during the Gilded Age.




Monetary policy centered on a debate over the Coinage Act of 1873.

Some people wanted to use only gold as money.

Some wanted to use both gold and silver.

Bankers were worried silver would undermine the economy. Farmers favored it to create inflation and raise their income.




Section Review





• Analyze the problems farmers faced and the groups they formed to address them.

• Assess the goals of the Populists, and explain why the Populist Party did not last.

Objectives




Terms and People

• Oliver H. Kelley – a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange

• Grange – an organization of farmers who joined to learn about new farming techniques, to call for the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates, and to prompt the establishment of the ICC

• Populist Party – a political party formed in 1892 on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt and unresponsive elite





• William Jennings Bryan – the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and who toured the country to speak directly to voters

• William McKinley – the Republican candidate for president in 1896, who followed a traditional strategy of letting party workers campaign for him




What led to the rise of the Populist movement, and what effect did it have?

Millions of Americans moved west after the Civil War to pursue the American dream.

A variety of factors made their lives extremely difficult, which led to the social and political revolt known as Populism—and created one of the largest third party movements in American history.




People moving to the West and South in the late 1800s knew that their lives would not be easy.

Problems facing the farmers of the West and South

They did not anticipate many problems that made survival nearly impossible.

low prices for crops

high transportation, equipment, and loan costs

drought

reduced influence in politics




Frustrated by these problems, farmers began to organize.




Farmers created groups to address their problems.

These groups formed a network called the Granger movement. The Grange was formally organized by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867 and gained a million members.

The Grange declined after the 1870s, but Farmers’ Alliances became important reform organizations that continued the Grange’s goals.




The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances led to the formation of the Populist Party in 1892.

The Populist platform, outlined at the party’s 1892 convention in Omaha, NE, called for:

coinage of silver

an income tax

government ownership of railroadsbank regulations




The debate over monetary policy was an important issue of the day.

Those who wanted a gold standard were on one side.

Those who wanted to use silver—including the Populist Party—were on the other.




The Populists did well in 1892, electing three governors, five senators, and ten congressmen.

The Populist candidate for president received one million votes in that election.




An economic depression began in 1893 and labor unrest and violence broke out. The Populist Party grew.

In 1896, a young lawyer named William Jennings Bryan spoke at the national Democratic convention.

The speech, with its Populist message of “free silver,” moved Democrats to nominate Bryan. The Populist Party chose to give him their support.




William Jennings Bryan campaigned against Republican candidate William McKinley in a way that had never been seen before.

He toured the country,talking directly to voters.




McKinley won against Bryan in 1896 and in 1900.

Bryan’s emphasis on money reform wasn’t popular with urban workers.




The Populist Party was weakened by supporting William Jennings Bryan on the Democratic ticket.

It survived another decade, but its viability as an alternative to the two major parties was over.

Many of the reforms sought by the Populists became a reality.The new campaigning style used by Bryan became the norm.




Section Review


chapter introduction

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