chapter geography of evolution platyrrhini catarrhini
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Chapter Geography of Evolution
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
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Figure 6.2 Biogeographic realms
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Figure 6.4 Provinces, or regions of endemism, in Australia, based on pattern of distribution of birds
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Figure 6.5 Examples of disjunct distributions: dispersal, continuous distribution, then isolation
Araucaria
Chile, SAQueensland, Australia
AlligatorU.S.
China
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Figure 6.6 The history of range expansion of the European starling following its introduction into NYC in 1896
Dispersal can be rapid
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Cenozoic Era NA & SA separated byH2O barrier
Isthmus of Panamaformed 2-3 mya
Two consequences
Vicariance
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Figure 6.9 Phylogenetic relationships as indicators of biogeographic history
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Figure 6.11 (A) Gondwana in the early Cretaceous, indicating approximate times connections among the southern land masses were severed. (B) Branching diagram depicting the breakup of Gondwana
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Figure 6.13 Phylogeny of major lineages in 3 orders of birds, showing their association with land masses, as they were in the early Cretaceous (Part 2)
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Figure 6.16 Geography and two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans
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Figure 6.17 Gene tree based on complete sequences of mitochondrial genomes from human populations throughout the world
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Figure 6.18 The movement of human populations from about 50 to 10 Kya
Y-DNA markers
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Genetic diversity at a single locus in chromosome 12; among people of 7 geographic regions; 12 different alleles
• Each plot shows the frequencies of the various alleles for people of a particular region. Arranged by travel distance.
• If non-African populations were founded by small bands of people migrating out of Africa, then non-African populations should have reduced genetic diversity.
• 1. African populations show much greater allelic diversity than non-African populations2. Consistent with African replacement model.
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53 individualscomplete sequence of mtDNA
Common ancestor of all modernmtDNAs lived in Africa
A
BA. Most recent commonancestor of all modern mtDNA
B. Most recent common ancestor of Africans andnon-Africans
Consistent with AfricanReplacement Model
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Comparison of genetic variation (mtDNA)
Chimpanzee subspecies are more genetically variable than any two human populations
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Milford WolpoffPhillip Rightmire
Richard Klein
Competing hypothesesFossil evidence