modeling the evolution of the as-level internet: integrating aspects of traffic, geography and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Modeling the evolution of the AS-levelInternet: Integrating aspects of traffic,
geography and economy
Petter Holme, Josh Karlin, Stephanie Forrest
Royal Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology
October 8, 2008
http://www.csc.kth.se/∼pholme/
![Page 2: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Autonomous Systems
Internet is divided into differentsubnetworks—Autonomous Systems (AS)
An IP network (or collection of IP networks) with the samerouting policy.
Typically one AS corresponds to one administrative unit.
![Page 3: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Autonomous Systems
Internet is divided into differentsubnetworks—Autonomous Systems (AS)
An IP network (or collection of IP networks) with the samerouting policy.
Typically one AS corresponds to one administrative unit.
![Page 4: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Autonomous Systems
Internet is divided into differentsubnetworks—Autonomous Systems (AS)
An IP network (or collection of IP networks) with the samerouting policy.
Typically one AS corresponds to one administrative unit.
![Page 5: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Autonomous Systems
Internet is divided into differentsubnetworks—Autonomous Systems (AS)
An IP network (or collection of IP networks) with the samerouting policy.
Typically one AS corresponds to one administrative unit.
![Page 6: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 7: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 8: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 9: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 10: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 11: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
BGP routing
Border Gateway Protocol determines how packets arerouted between ASes
Each server keeps a list of paths it can route a packetsthrough.
Policy (economical agreements) determines the order ofpaths.
→ a hierarchy where packets are routed up (to provider),sideways (to peer), and downwards (to customer).
A BGP server has a quite incomplete picture of the wholeAS-graph.
![Page 12: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Degree distribution
Broad degree-distribution (possibly power-law, or log-normal).
1 10 100 1000k
10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
1P
(k)
![Page 13: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 14: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 15: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 16: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 17: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 18: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Mechanistic models of AS graph
Typically focus on network topology.
. . . possibly with a geometry.
. . . or traffic.
No geographically explicit ASes.
No explicit economic modeling (pricing, etc.)
![Page 19: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Barabasi–Albert model
probability of attachment: ∝ ki
![Page 20: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Barabasi–Albert model
probability of attachment: ∝ ki
![Page 21: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Barabasi–Albert model
probability of attachment: ∝ ki
![Page 22: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Barabasi–Albert model
probability of attachment: ∝ ki
![Page 23: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Barabasi–Albert model
probability of attachment: ∝ ki
![Page 24: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
0
![Page 25: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
|r1 − r0|0
![Page 26: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 27: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 28: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 29: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 30: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 31: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
FKP model
0
attach i to vertex j minimizing:|ri − r j| + αd( j, 0)
![Page 32: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial structure
Plot quantities as function of the average distance to the rest ofthe AS graph.
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, Proc. R. Soc. A 463,1231–1246 (2007).
![Page 33: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial structure
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
2 3 4 5 6 7average distance,d
AS ’06BA modelInet model
frac
tion
ofve
rtic
es
![Page 34: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial structure
AS ’06BA modelInet model
1
10
100
1000
2 3 4 5 6 7average distance,d
aver
age
degr
ee,k
![Page 35: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial structure
AS ’06BA modelInet model
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2cl
uste
ring
coeffi
cien
t,C
2 3 4 5 6 7average distance,d
![Page 36: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial structure
AS ’06BA modelInet model
0.01de
letio
nim
pact
,φ
2 3 4 5 6 7average distance,d
10−6
10−5
10−4
10−3
![Page 37: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
![Page 38: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
has spatially explicit ASes
![Page 39: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
has spatially explicit ASes
flowing between themwith realistic traffic
![Page 40: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
has spatially explicit ASes
flowing between themwith realistic traffic
that give the ASes income
![Page 41: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
has spatially explicit ASes
flowing between themwith realistic traffic
that give the ASes income
that the AS can invest in geographical growth
![Page 42: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Aim
Make a mechanistic model that:
has spatially explicit ASes
flowing between themwith realistic traffic
that increase / affectthe traffic
that give the ASes income
that the AS can invest in geographical growth
![Page 43: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Overall structure
The model begins with one agent located at the pixel with thehighest population density. The model then iterates over thefollowing steps:
1 Network growth. The number of agents is increased. Theagents are expanded geometrically, and their capacitiesare adjusted.
2 Network traffic. Messages are created, migrated towardtheir targets, and delivered. This process is repeatedNtraffic times before the next network-growth step.
![Page 44: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Overall structure
The model begins with one agent located at the pixel with thehighest population density. The model then iterates over thefollowing steps:
1 Network growth. The number of agents is increased. Theagents are expanded geometrically, and their capacitiesare adjusted.
2 Network traffic. Messages are created, migrated towardtheir targets, and delivered. This process is repeatedNtraffic times before the next network-growth step.
![Page 45: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Overall structure
The model begins with one agent located at the pixel with thehighest population density. The model then iterates over thefollowing steps:
1 Network growth. The number of agents is increased. Theagents are expanded geometrically, and their capacitiesare adjusted.
2 Network traffic. Messages are created, migrated towardtheir targets, and delivered. This process is repeatedNtraffic times before the next network-growth step.
![Page 46: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grid
![Page 47: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. density
![Page 48: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
![Page 49: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
![Page 50: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)set of links (to AS at same pixel)
![Page 51: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
budgetset of links (to AS at same pixel)
![Page 52: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
budgetset of links (to AS at same pixel)
queue
![Page 53: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
budget
capacity
set of links (to AS at same pixel)
queue
![Page 54: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
budget
capacity
set of links (to AS at same pixel)
queue
costs for: increasing capacityconnecting to other, adding loc.
![Page 55: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
geography represented as sq. grideach pixel has a pop. densitythe ASes are modeled as:
a set of locations (coordinates)
budget
capacity
set of links (to AS at same pixel)
queue
costs for: increasing capacityconnecting to other, adding loc.income prop. to traffic
![Page 56: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
![Page 57: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes
![Page 58: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
![Page 59: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
![Page 60: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
connect unconnected pairs at random
![Page 61: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
connect unconnected pairs at random
(if both ASes can afford a connection)
![Page 62: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
connect unconnected pairs at random
(if both ASes can afford a connection)
4. spatial extension
![Page 63: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
connect unconnected pairs at random
(if both ASes can afford a connection)
4. spatial extension
ASes spend their budget on new loc
![Page 64: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Network Growth
1. (while nwk too dense,) add ASes2. increase capacity as much as needed
3. link addition
connect unconnected pairs at random
(if both ASes can afford a connection)
4. spatial extension
ASes spend their budget on new loc
choose affordable pixel w highest pop
![Page 65: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
![Page 66: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
![Page 67: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
![Page 68: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
s
t
![Page 69: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
s
t s
t
![Page 70: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
t = 1
![Page 71: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
t = 2
![Page 72: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic dynamics
t = 3
![Page 73: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Time evolution
a
b
c
〈τ p〉,〈
d〉100
104
1
103
number of agents, nnumber of links, m
n,m
frac
tion
ofto
tal
0.25
0.5
0.75
0
covered populationcovered area
120 140 160 200180
120 140 160 200
time, τ
2
3
4
5
6
7〈d〉〈τp〉
100180 100001000time, τ number of ASs, n
8
![Page 74: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Degree distribution
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 1 100 100010k k k
10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
1P
(k)
real
model 10−4
10−3
0.01
0.1
1
BA model
P(k
)
10−3
0.01
0.1
1
P(k
)
FKP model
10−4
![Page 75: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Degree distribution
10−5 10−6 10−4 10−31
10
104
104 105 106103
traffic load
degr
ee,k 100
![Page 76: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial statistics
0
0.1
0.2
our model
AS06 FKPBAfr
actio
nof
vert
ices
5 6 5 65 6 3 4 3 43 4average distance,d average distance,d average distance,d
![Page 77: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Radial statistics
3 4 3 43 4average distance,d average distance,d average distance,d
5 6 5 65 6
aver
age
degr
ee
1
10
102
103
![Page 78: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Traffic vs centrality
10−6 10−310−410−5 10−110−2
10−4
10−3
10−5
1 5 10 50
traffi
cde
nsity
,ρ
betweenness, CB ×104
![Page 79: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
100 200 300population density (people per square mile)
0
t = 14λ = 6
![Page 80: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
100 200 300population density (people per square mile)
0
λ = 15t = 23
![Page 81: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
100 200 300population density (people per square mile)
0
t = 28λ = 69
![Page 82: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
100 200 300population density (people per square mile)
0
λ = 272t = 28
![Page 83: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
![Page 84: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Geography
![Page 85: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 86: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 87: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 88: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 89: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 90: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 91: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Summary
Mechanistic growth model of AS-level Internet
Degree distribution matches
Periphery not as complex as reality
Traffic fluctuations affect low- and medium-sized ASes
Spatial distribution not completely crazy
P. Holme, J. Karlin and S. Forrest, An integrated model oftraffic, geography and economy in the Internet. ComputerCommunication Review 32, 7–15 (2008).
![Page 92: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Other integrative mechanistic models
S. Shakkottai et al.. Evolution of the Internet Ecosystem.
S. Bar, M. Gonen & A. Wool. A geographic directedpreferential Internet topology model. Computer Networks51, 4174–4188 (2007).
![Page 93: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Other integrative mechanistic models
S. Shakkottai et al.. Evolution of the Internet Ecosystem.
S. Bar, M. Gonen & A. Wool. A geographic directedpreferential Internet topology model. Computer Networks51, 4174–4188 (2007).
![Page 94: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Other integrative mechanistic models
S. Shakkottai et al.. Evolution of the Internet Ecosystem.
S. Bar, M. Gonen & A. Wool. A geographic directedpreferential Internet topology model. Computer Networks51, 4174–4188 (2007).
![Page 95: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Future
Including economy.
Simple models.
![Page 96: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Future
Including economy.
Simple models.
![Page 97: Modeling the evolution of the AS-level Internet: Integrating aspects of traffic, geography and economy](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030307/58e77ef81a28abe7528b4f65/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Modeling theevolution ofthe AS-level
Internet:Integratingaspects of
traffic,geography
and economy
PETTERHOLME
Introduction
Our model
Numericalresults
Future
Including economy.
Simple models.