Chapter 9: Chapter 9: ReproductionReproduction

Sexual and AsexualSexual and Asexual

They both need to obtain energy, grow, They both need to obtain energy, grow, develop, exchange materials with the develop, exchange materials with the environment and REPRODUCEenvironment and REPRODUCE

2 Types of 2 Types of ReproductionReproduction

Without reproduction life on Earth could Without reproduction life on Earth could not continuenot continue

Why is Reproduction Why is Reproduction important?important?

Binary FissionBinary Fission BuddingBudding FragmentationFragmentation ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

Happens in Bacteria and protistsHappens in Bacteria and protists The parent cell divided into 2The parent cell divided into 2 Cell division occursCell division occurs 1 parent cell= 2 daughter cells1 parent cell= 2 daughter cells

Binary FissionBinary Fission

Happens in Sponges, Jelly Fish and YeastHappens in Sponges, Jelly Fish and Yeast The parent grows a small bud or branch The parent grows a small bud or branch

on its bodyon its body When the bud is large enough to live by When the bud is large enough to live by

itself it separates and the small section itself it separates and the small section of cytoplasm pinches off of cytoplasm pinches off

BuddingBudding

Happens in Planarians Flatworms and Happens in Planarians Flatworms and FungiFungi

The organism attaches itself and divides The organism attaches itself and divides into two. Eventually the other half starts into two. Eventually the other half starts to growto grow

FragmentationFragmentation

Females produce eggs that develop Females produce eggs that develop without being fertilizedwithout being fertilized

This is only type of asexual reproduction This is only type of asexual reproduction that produces offspring with genetic that produces offspring with genetic variationvariation

HoneybeesHoneybees

ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis

It is simple because it takes place quickly It is simple because it takes place quickly and easily. The organisms do not have to and easily. The organisms do not have to find a matefind a mate

It is efficient because one individual can It is efficient because one individual can produce large numbers of offspring in a produce large numbers of offspring in a short timeshort time

Advantages to Asexual Advantages to Asexual ReproductionReproduction

Offspring do not have much genetic Offspring do not have much genetic variation because they inherit DNA from variation because they inherit DNA from only one parentonly one parent

In 1940 and 1950s disease destroyed In 1940 and 1950s disease destroyed most of banana crops because bananas most of banana crops because bananas reproduce asexually.reproduce asexually.

Disadvantages to Disadvantages to Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

External fertilizationExternal fertilization Self fertilizationSelf fertilization Internal FertilizationInternal Fertilization ConjunctionConjunction

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

Reproduce through meiosisReproduce through meiosis Gamete is the egg or sperm that is Gamete is the egg or sperm that is

specialized for reproductionspecialized for reproduction Male and Female Gametes join to make a Male and Female Gametes join to make a

zygotezygote Zygote is a fertilized eggZygote is a fertilized egg

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

External happens in water and usually by External happens in water and usually by fishfish

Internal happens in mammals when the Internal happens in mammals when the offspring develop inside the mothers offspring develop inside the mothers body after fertilizationbody after fertilization

Internal and External Internal and External FertilizationFertilization

Organisms with both male and female Organisms with both male and female sexual organs can produce sperm cells sexual organs can produce sperm cells that fertilize their own eggsthat fertilize their own eggs

This happens in self pollinating plantThis happens in self pollinating plant Zygote is the half the DNA from the mom Zygote is the half the DNA from the mom

and Half from the dadand Half from the dad

Self FertilizationSelf Fertilization

This happens with a Pilus- BridgeThis happens with a Pilus- Bridge There is a dinar and receiver of DNAThere is a dinar and receiver of DNA

ConjugationConjugation

It takes time but it increases genetic It takes time but it increases genetic variationvariation

Genetic diversity helps species survive Genetic diversity helps species survive changes in the environmentchanges in the environment

Why Sexual Why Sexual Reproduction is Reproduction is ImportantImportant

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction

Sexually and AsexuallySexually and Asexually

Plants ReproducePlants Reproduce

Vegetable Propagation—when plants Vegetable Propagation—when plants produce offspring from non reproductive produce offspring from non reproductive tissues such as leaves, stems and rootstissues such as leaves, stems and roots

Different waysDifferent ways Tubers and BulbsTubers and Bulbs Runners and RhizomesRunners and Rhizomes FragmentationFragmentation

Asexual Plant ReproductionAsexual Plant Reproduction

Large fleshy underground stems that Large fleshy underground stems that store nutrients and give rise to new store nutrients and give rise to new plantsplants

Potato's and sweet potato's are TubersPotato's and sweet potato's are Tubers Onions, Daffodils and tulips are BulbsOnions, Daffodils and tulips are Bulbs

Sexual: Tubers and Sexual: Tubers and BulbsBulbs

Specialized stems that grow off an adult Specialized stems that grow off an adult plantplant

Runners are above groundRunners are above ground Rhizomes are below groundRhizomes are below ground

Asexual: Runners and Asexual: Runners and RhizomesRhizomes

A piece of a leaf or stem breaks off the A piece of a leaf or stem breaks off the parent plant and falls to the groundparent plant and falls to the ground

Cuttings- when you cut a plant and wait Cuttings- when you cut a plant and wait for it to grow rootsfor it to grow roots

Asexual: Asexual: FragmentationFragmentation

WaterWater PollenPollen SeedsSeeds

Plants: Sexual ReproductionPlants: Sexual Reproduction

Water helps plants reproduce sexuallyWater helps plants reproduce sexually Rainfall, streams and puddles help Rainfall, streams and puddles help

gametes travel from one plant to anothergametes travel from one plant to another The reproductive gamete travels as a The reproductive gamete travels as a

sporespore A spore is a single reproductive Cell or A spore is a single reproductive Cell or

gamete protected by a hard watertight gamete protected by a hard watertight coveringcovering

Sexual Reproduction: waterSexual Reproduction: water

Pollen is a grain in a dry structure that Pollen is a grain in a dry structure that hold a sperm cell in a tube cellhold a sperm cell in a tube cell

Pollen is carried by wind, water or Pollen is carried by wind, water or animalsanimals

Pollination occurs when such a pollen Pollination occurs when such a pollen grain attaches to an egg and releases its grain attaches to an egg and releases its spermsperm

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction PollenPollen

Seeds are structures that enclose a Seeds are structures that enclose a plants embryo and stored food in a plants embryo and stored food in a protective coatprotective coat

An embryo is the immature form of an An embryo is the immature form of an organism that has the potential to grow organism that has the potential to grow and developand develop

Sexual Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: SeedsSeeds

AngiospermsAngiosperms GymnospermsGymnosperms

Sexual Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: plantsplants

Pine Trees were the first to reproduce Pine Trees were the first to reproduce using pollen and seedsusing pollen and seeds

Conifers are cone bearing plantsConifers are cone bearing plants During reproduction male cones release During reproduction male cones release

large amounts of pollen into the air and large amounts of pollen into the air and fertilize the eggfertilize the egg

Eggs develop into embryos and a seed Eggs develop into embryos and a seed coatcoat

GymnospermsGymnosperms

FlowersFlowers Male and female reproductive structures Male and female reproductive structures

are located in the same flowerare located in the same flower The reproductive organ of an The reproductive organ of an

angiosperm is its flowerangiosperm is its flower

AngiospermsAngiosperms

MeiosisMeiosis PollinationPollination FertilizationFertilization Seeds and FruitSeeds and Fruit

Life Cycle of the Cherry Life Cycle of the Cherry TreeTree

Story of winnerStory of winner

Reproduction Reproduction

Fallopian Tubes-sites of fertilizationFallopian Tubes-sites of fertilization Uterus becomes the wombUterus becomes the womb Cervix is the base of the uterusCervix is the base of the uterus Cervix connects the uterus to the vaginaCervix connects the uterus to the vagina Male deposits sperm in the vaginaMale deposits sperm in the vagina Vagina is the birth canalVagina is the birth canal

Female Reproductive Female Reproductive SystemSystem

Main reproductive organ is the testisMain reproductive organ is the testis The urethra is a tube-like channel that The urethra is a tube-like channel that

goes through the penis and opens on the goes through the penis and opens on the penis tippenis tip

Male Reproductive Male Reproductive SystemSystem

The production of offspring includes The production of offspring includes sexual intercourse, fertilization, sexual intercourse, fertilization, pregnancy and birthpregnancy and birth

Human ReproductionHuman Reproduction

When one sperm penetrates a mature When one sperm penetrates a mature egg.egg.

When and where does fertilization When and where does fertilization occur?occur?

After 24 hours of fertilization the egg After 24 hours of fertilization the egg begins to dividebegins to divide

The embryo continues to divide rapidly The embryo continues to divide rapidly as it enters the uterusas it enters the uterus

After a week the embryo attaches itself After a week the embryo attaches itself to the uterusto the uterus

FertilizationFertilization

Nine monthsNine months 3 trimesters3 trimesters 12 weeks for each trimester12 weeks for each trimester The embryo and the uterus contribute new The embryo and the uterus contribute new

cells to a new organ called the placentacells to a new organ called the placenta The placenta is an organ filled with blood The placenta is an organ filled with blood

vessels that supply the embryo with vessels that supply the embryo with oxygen and nutrientsoxygen and nutrients

Umbilical cord is a long tube that encloses Umbilical cord is a long tube that encloses blood vesselsblood vessels

PregnancyPregnancy

Umbilical cord is attached to the embryo Umbilical cord is attached to the embryo at a small opening in its abdomen called at a small opening in its abdomen called the umbilicusthe umbilicus

A fetus is a developing human from 8-12 A fetus is a developing human from 8-12 weeks of pregnancyweeks of pregnancy

PregnancyPregnancy