chapter 9 jacksonian america. 1820’s a period of transformation in american politics before few...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter
9Jacksonian
America
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1820’s a period of transformation in American politics
Before few were allowed to vote
-white male-property owner/tax payer
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Changes to all white males
Starts in western states
By 1840 80% of all adult males vote
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Electors picked by voters not state legislatures
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Political parties starting to be seen as a positive good, even a necessity for democracy
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Martin van Buren
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Van Buren – New York
Challenges the political elite
Party loyalty is the most important factor
Uses favors, rewards, patronage
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2 party system develops again
Anti-Jackson become Whigs
Jackson followers are now Democrats
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The Whigs*Commercial, Banking, Industrial development *Cautious on Western dev.
*Northern Businessmen & Southern Planters *Clay, Webster, Calhoun
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Democrats*Followers of Jackson *anti-Big Business *anti-Big Government *Working class, small merchants, farmers
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*Spoils System
*Party convention
*Kitchen Cabinet
Jacksonian Innovations
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Webster –Hayne Debate
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Senator Robert Hayne-S.C.Responds to call for slower expansion of the West
South & West should unite against tyranny of the NE
Wants support against tariff
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Daniel “Black Dan” Webster
Charges Hayne and Calhoun are challenging the integrity of Union
changes focus of debate to states rights
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Black Dan
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Hayne, couched by Calhoun, respond by defending nullification
Webster counters with speech ending “Liberty& Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”
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Later at dinner to honor T Jeff Pres. Jackson toasts “Our Federal Union, may it be preserved”
V.P. Calhoun “The Union, next to our Liberty most dear”
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Nullification Crisis
•John C. Calhoun V.P.
•How to support government and South?
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How can Calhoun serve in the administration and be a good son of the South?
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•Hold special convention to vote law null & void in state
•Law stays null until ¾ of states make it an amendment
•State must obey or secede
Calhoun’s Plan of Nullification
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Congress passes Tariff of 1832
About the same as Tariff of Abomination
South Carolina calls convention and nullifies tariff
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Jackson’s Response
*Orders Federal Forts in S.C. strengthened
*Force Bill passed
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Clay gets new tariff passed the gradually lowers rates
until 1842
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SOUTH CAROLINA:
*repeals nullification of tariff
*nullifies Force Bill
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Lessons for South Carolina:
*One state can’t go it alone -next time have friends
*Their threat lowered tariff
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Why people in the West are not fond of native Americans
1. Seen as uncivilized savages2. Contact causes conflict3. We want their land
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Black Hawk War
Treaty gave Salk land in Illinois to whites
Signed by rival tribe to Chief Black Hawk
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Black Hawk moves his people back on the land
Governor calls out the militia to stop “invaders”
Gov
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BLACK HAWK WAR
A. Lincoln J. Davis
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State leaders vow to exterminate the Indians
-attack when Indians surrender-follow them across Miss. River-capture Black hawk & send him on a tour of Eastern cities
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Chief Black
Hawk of the Salk
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5 Civilized Tribes
*Cherokee *Creek *Seminole *Chickasaw *Choctaw
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1830 – REMOVAL ACT
• Funds to negotiate for land
• Move Indians to the west
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Jackson gets a treaty signed by a group of Cherokees that do not own the land
Orders everyone off the land
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17,000 refuse to leave
Jackson sends army to drive all the Indian the West during the winter of 1838
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TRAIL OF TEARS
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Indian Intercourse Act-1834
*Sets up Indian territory
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Why move Native Americans there?
Thought:*far enough away not to be in conflict with whites
*land was worthless
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Seminole War
*Chief Osceola – 1835 *Use guerrilla war in swamps *7 years, 1500 soldiers, $20 m
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BANK OF THE U.S.
Bank Pres. Nicholas Biddle
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OPPOSITION:
Soft Money-state banks should be able to issue notes
Hard Money- think coin is only safe money
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Banks charter up in 1836
Biddle knows Andy out to get the Bank
Clay advises to go for re-charter in 1832
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Charter passed but Andy vetoes
Clay plans to use this as election issue in 1832
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Election of 1832
Jackson 219
Clay 49
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Jackson kills the Bank
*Stops deposits, puts them in ‘pet’ banks
*has Roger Taney – Sec. of Treasury pull money out of Bank
BANK OF THE
U.S.
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Roger Taney
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For Jacksonians, the key to democracy was expansion of opportunities; political and economic
Must push aside old order that controls markets
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Democrats*right of states-unless they interfere with mobility*against gov. stimulation of growth*for: honest worker, simple farmer, forthright businessman*against: established wealth’s monopolistic aristocratic methods*not against growth or wealth
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Whigs
*Expanding power of federal gov.*Encourage economic development and internal improvements*Worry about rapid growth of the West*For: NE merchants, Southern Planters, rising commercial class of the West
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Charles River Bridge
v.
Warren Bridge
1837
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States can alter or cancel a contract if it is necessary for the well being of the community
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Andy Jack handpicks van Buren to follow him
Whigs try 3 regional candidates in order to throw the election in the House
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Election of 1836
Van Buren
Lawson
Webster
Harrison
170
14
26
73
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PANIC
OF
1837
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Causes:
*Canals & RR built *Prices up *Money plentiful *Credit easy *Land sales good
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Distribution Act
*Government has surplus *gives money to states *withdraw money from State(pet) Banks *Stimulates economy more
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Specie Circular
*Presidential order from A. Jack *payment for public land only by gold/silver or currency backed by gold
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Results:
*Banks/businesses fail *Unemployment *Bread riots in large cities *Prices drop *RR & canal projects stop *Some states default on loans
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To avoid some of this in the future van Buren gets an independent treasury to hold government fund-no longer use state banks
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Election of 1840
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Democrat – Martin van Buren
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Whig –William Henry Harrison
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LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN
Harrison candidate of:
*log cabin
*hard cider
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Slogan:
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!
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Whigs Win!!!!
Harrison 234Van Buren 60
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HARRISON
Harrison dies
30 days into office
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John
Tyler
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Tyler only a Whig for a short time
In his heart he is still a Democrat
Ignores advice from Clay & Webster
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Vetoes Whig bills on Internal Improvements and a new Bank of the US
Cabinet resigns
Replaces them with Dems including Calhoun