chapter 9 - drugs
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Chapter 9 - Drugs. Honors Forensic Science. I. Drug Dependence. A. Psychological Dependence i . The conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs. b. Physical dependence. i . Physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 - DrugsHonors Forensic Science
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I. Drug Dependence•A. Psychological Dependence
▫i. The conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs
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b. Physical dependence•i. Physiological need for a drug that has
been brought about by its regular use
•Ii. Characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of drug is abruptly stopped
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II. Narcotic Drugs•A. Narcotic = analgesic or pain-killing
substance that depresses vital body functions
▫i. From Greek word “narkotikos” which implies a state of lethargy or sluggishness
▫Ii. Relieve pain or induce sleep
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•Iii. Repeated use will produce physical Dependence•Iv. Are analgesics so relieve pain by exerting a depressing action on central nervous system
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•V. Examples: morphine, codeine, heroin
•Vi. Methadone = synthetic opiate which reduces desire for heroin with minimal side effects
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III. Depressants•A. depress the central nervous system
▫i. Depressant = a substance used to depress the functions of the central nervous system. They calm irritability and may induce sleep.
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b. Alcohol (Ethyl alcohol)
•i. Reactions vary with user, but range from inhibited mental processes, slowed reaction times, personality changes, death, etc.
•Ii. Most widely used and abused drug
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C. Barbituates•i. Downers•Ii. They relax, create a feeling of well-
being and produce sleep•Iii. Can produce physical and
psychological dependence•Iv. Ex. Quaaludes – a sedative and muscle
relaxer•V. Often used in medicine and usually
taken as a pill
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d. tranquilizers•i. Differ from barbituates in their action
on central nervous system
•Ii. They produce tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducement of sleep
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•Iii. Can cause physical and psychological dependence
•Iv. Ex. Valium
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e. “Glue” sniffing•i. Sniffing volatile solvents•Ii. Are central nervous system
depressants•Iii. Feeling of exhiliration and euphoria
combined with impairment of function•Iv. Is very dangerous but not known if
actually physically addictive
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IV. stimulants•A. Stimulate central nervous system
•B. Substance taken to increase alertness or activity
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c. Different forms•i. Methamphetamine and crystal meth
▫1. very prevalent today▫2. causes remarkable physical damage▫3. can be manufactured easily
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ii. Diet drugs•1. commonly used•2. many are legally obtained•3. ex. Phen-fen; dexatrim, etc•4. some have permanent adverse effects
on the body, especially the heart
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•D. Many are physically and psychologically addictive
•E. Depression may set in after stimulant wears off
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f. cocaine•i. Extracted from leaves of cocoa plant•Ii. Was once used as anesthetic•Iii. Widely used, physically and psychologically addictive
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•Iv. Generates confidence, increased alertness
•V. Sigmund Freud experimented with•Vi. Crack = cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated, dried, and broken into chunks and smoked
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V. Hallucinogens•A. Drugs that cause marked alterations in
normal thought processes, perceptions and moods
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b. Marijuana•i. From the Cannibis plant
▫1. secretes a sticky resin = hashish▫2. has been used legally and illegally for 3000 years▫3. grows wild – 5-15 feet tall
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•4. chemical = THC or tetrahydrocannibinol. Amount varies among plants and within one plant.▫A. Potency depends on its form▫B. Highest to lowest = resin, flowers,
leaves, stems, roots, and seeds
▫5. May have medicinal uses such as glaucoma, lessen nausea caused by anti-cancer drugs
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c. Other Hallucinogens•i. LSD – Lysergic acid diethylamide
▫1. synthesized from lysergic acid derived from ergot which is a type of fungus that attaches to certain grasses and grains
▫2. described by chemist Hoffman in 1943 after he accidentally ingested some
▫3. question of whether has impact of chromosomes of offspring
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ii. MDMA - Ecstasy
•1. originally patented as an appetite suppressant
•2. some severe adverse reactions
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iii. PCP - Phenocyclidine•
•1. synthesized•2. often mixed with other drugs•3. sold as angel dust•4. variety of responses, many violent and
aggressive
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•Iv. Psilocybin = mushrooms
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VI. Anabolic Steroids•A. Synthetic compounds that promote
muscle growth
•B. Are chemically related to male hormone, testosterone
•C. Harmful physical side effects and may affect mood and/or behavior
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VII. Drug Control LAws•A. Controlled Substance Act
▫i. 5 schedules of classification based on drugs potential for abuse, potential for physical and psychological dependence, and medical value
▫Ii. Penalties for possession, use, sale, etc. are related to classification schedule
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VIII. Drug Identification•A. Difficulty lies in selecting the correct
analytical procedures to allow for identification’
•B. First, employ screening tests which are non-specific and preliminary in nature
•C. Once the number of possibilities has been substantially reduced, the second phase of the analysis must be devoted to pin-pointing and confirming drug’s identity
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•D. Confirmation = a single test that specifically identifies a substance
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e. Tests•i. Color tests
▫1. marquis = opium derivatives; purple▫2. Dillie-Koppanyi – barbituates; violet
blue▫3. Duquenois-Levine – marijuana; purple▫4. Van Urk – LSD; blue-purple▫5. Scott Test – cocaine; blue-pink to blue
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ii. Microcystalline Tests•1. used to identify specific substances by the color and morphology of the crystals formed when the substance is mixed with reagents
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iii. CHromatography•1. requires comparison between
questioned and known drugs•2. analyst must have some idea as to the
identity of illicit material before using the test
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iv. Spectrophotometry•1. selective absoprtion of light by drugs
in the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
•2. can specifically identify a substance
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v. Mass spectrophotometry•1. combines gas chromatography and
mass spectrophotometer
•2. allows examiner to separate components of complex drug mixture and unequivocally identify each substance present in the mixture
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vi. Identification of marijuana•1. possesses botanical features•2. cystolithic hairs on leaves•3. color test•4. thin layer chromatography
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IX. Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence
•A. Evidence should be properly packaged, and labeled
•B. Prevent loss of evidence and cross-contamination
•C. Supply background information