chapter 8: drugs
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 8: Drugs. Chapter Objectives. The difference between over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Potential adverse side effects of drugs. Interaction between drugs. The generic name and the trade name of a drug. Drug references. Word parts pertaining to drugs. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 8: Drugs
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Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Objectives The difference between over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Potential adverse side effects of drugs. Interaction between drugs. The generic name and the trade name of a drug. Drug references. Word parts pertaining to drugs. Major categories of drugs and how they act. Common herbal medicines, how they act, issues involved in their use. Common routes of drug administration. Standard forms in which liquid and solid drugs are prepared. Abbreviations related to drugs and their use.
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Key Termsanaphylaxis An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress,
circulatory collapse, and deathantagonist A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
brand name The trade or proprietary name of a drug, a registered trademark of the manufacturer; written with an initial capital letter
contraindication A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
drug A substance that alters body function
efficacy The power to produce a specific result; effectiveness
generic name The nonproprietary name of a drug; that is, a name that is not privately owned or trademarked; usually a simplified version of the chemical name; not capitalized
phytomedicine Another name for herbal medicine
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Key Terms (cont’d)potentiation Increased potency created by two drugs acting togetherprescription (Rx) Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administrationside effect A result of drug therapy or other therapy that is unrelated to or an
extension of its intended effect. The term usually applies to an undesirable effect of treatment.
substance dependence
A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects; dependence may be psychological or physical
synergy Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adj. synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik)
tolerance A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response
withdrawal A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly
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AbbreviationsDrugs and Drug Formulations
APAP Acetaminophen
ASA Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
ASHP American Society of Health System Pharmacists
cap Capsule
elix Elixir
FDA Food and Drug Administration
INH Isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)
MED(s) Medicine(s), medication(s)
NSAID(s) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s)
ODS Office of Dietary Supplements
OTC Over-the-counter
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AbbreviationsDrugs and Drug Formulations (cont’d)
PDR Physicians' Desk Reference
Rx Prescription
supp Suppository
susp Suspension
tab Tablet
tinct Tincture
ung Ointment
USP United States Pharmacopeia
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AbbreviationsDosages and Directions
ā Before (Latin, ante)
āā Of each (Greek, ana)
ac Before meals (Latin, ante cibum)
ad lib As desired (Latin, ad libitum)
aq Water (Latin, aqua)
bid Twice a day (Latin, bis in die)
c With (Latin, cum)
D/C, dc Discontinue
DS Double strength
gt(t) Drop(s) (Latin, gutta)
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Abbreviations Dosages and Directions (cont’d)
hs At bedtime (Latin, hora somni)
ID Intradermal(ly)
IM Intramuscular(ly)
IU International unit
IV Intravenous(ly)
LA Long-acting
mcg Microgram
mg Milligram
mL Milliliter
p After, post
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AbbreviationsDosages and Directions (cont’d)
pc After meals (Latin, post cibum)
po By mouth (Latin, per os)
pp Postprandial (after a meal)
prn As needed (Latin, pro re nata)
qam Every morning (Latin, quaque ante meridiem)
qh Every hour (Latin, quaque hora)
q ____ h Every ____ hours
qid Four times a day (Latin, quater in die)
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AbbreviationsDosages and Directions (cont’d)
S Without (Latin, sine)
SA Sustained action
SC, SQ, subcu Subcutaneous(ly)
SL Sublingual(ly)
SR Sustained release
SS Half (Latin, semis)
tid Three times per day (Latin, ter in die)
x Times
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Drugs• Substance that alters body function• Derived from:
– Natural plants – Animals– Mineral sources– Synthetic material– Genetic engineering
• Obtained OTC or by prescription• FDA regulates
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Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs Meaning Example Definition of ExampleSuffixes -lytic dissolving,
reducing, loosening
thrombolytic agent that dissolves a blood clot (thrombus)
-mimetic mimicking, simulating
sympatho-mimetic mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
-tropic acting on psychotropic acting on the mind (psych/o)
Prefixes anti- against antiemetic drug that prevents
vomiting (emesis)
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Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d)
Meaning Example Definition of ExamplePrefixes contra- against, oppose contraceptive preventing conception
counter- opposite, against countertransport movement in an opposite direction
Roots alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o
pain algesia sense of pain
chem/o chemical chemotherapy treatment with drugs
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Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d) Meaning Example Definition of Examplehypn/o sleep hypnosis induced state of sleepnarc/o stupor narcotic agent that induces a state
of stupor with decreased sensation
pharm, pharmac/o
drug, medicine pharmacy the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, or the place where these activities occur
pyr/o, pyret/o fever antipyretic counteracting fever
tox/o, toxic/o poison, toxin toxicity state of being poisonous
vas/o vessel vasodilation widening of a vessel
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Adverse Drug Effects• Sometimes have effects not intended:
– Side effects, usually minor– Anaphylaxis = severe allergic reaction
• May not be used even if normally beneficial:– Contraindications = reasons not to use based on specific info
about individual– Synergy or antagonist drugs reacting with /against each other
• Sometimes cause substance dependence or tolerance
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Drug Names
• Generic– Simple version of chemical name for drug– Not capitalized
• Brand name– Registered trademark of manufacturer– Same drug by different companies have different trade
names– Begins with capital letter
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Drug Information• Four sources:
– United States Pharmacopeia
• Published by national committee of pharmacologists• Contains standards for:
• Testing drug strength• Testing drug quality• Testing drug purity• Preparation of drugs• Dispensing of drugs
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Drug Information (cont’d)
– American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP)– Physician’s Desk Reference
• Information supplied by drug manufacturers– Pharmacist
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Herbal Medicines
• Use of plants to treat disease• Technical term for herbal medicine: phytomedicine
• Ongoing issues:– Purity– Safety– Concentration– Efficacy (effectiveness)– Drug interactions
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Herbal Medicines (cont’d)
• No FDA testing or regulation• Office of Dietary Support supports and coordinates
research
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Pretest
1. The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the:(a) Food and Drug Administration(b) US Department of Agriculture(c) Department of Health and Human Services (d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Pretest
1. The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the:(a) Food and Drug Administration(b) US Department of Agriculture(c) Department of Health and Human Services (d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Pretest
2. A reason for not using a specific drug is:(a) prescription (b) prognosis (c) counterpurpose (d) contraindication
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Pretest
2. A reason for not using a specific drug is:(a) prescription (b) prognosis (c) counterpurpose (d) contraindication
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Pretest
3. A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its:(a) chemical name(b) generic name (c) brand name (d) over the counter name
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Pretest
3. A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its:(a) chemical name(b) generic name (c) brand name (d) over the counter name
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Pretest
4. A written and signed order for a drug is a(n):(a) license (b) prescription (c) indication (d) therapy
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Pretest
4. A written and signed order for a drug is a(n):(a) license (b) prescription (c) indication (d) therapy
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Pretest
5. The word root for drug or medicine is:(a) pharm (b) scop (c) log (d) lapar
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Pretest
5. The word root for drug or medicine is:(a) pharm (b) scop (c) log (d) lapar
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Pretest
6. An analgesic is a drug used for:(a) fractures (b) water retention (c) coma (d) pain
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Pretest
6. An analgesic is a drug used for:(a) fractures (b) water retention (c) coma (d) pain
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Pretest
7. An antihypertensive drug affects: (a) blood pressure (b) diet (c) growth (d) ovulation
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Pretest
7. An antihypertensive drug affects: (a) blood pressure (b) diet (c) growth (d) ovulation
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Pretest
8. The solvent in an aqueous solution is: (a) acid (b) water (c) salt (d) base
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Pretest
8. The solvent in an aqueous solution is: (a) acid (b) water (c) salt (d) base
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Pretest
9. The abbreviation IV means: (a) inverted (b) introverted (c) intravenous (d) inviable
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Pretest
9. The abbreviation IV means: (a) inverted (b) introverted (c) intravenous (d) inviable
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Pretest
10. The abbreviation prn means: (a) as needed (b) once a day(c) each night (d) before meals
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Pretest
10. The abbreviation prn means: (a) as needed (b) once a day(c) each night (d) before meals