chapter 8 solutions 5% glucose and 0.9% saline solutions are used in iv therapy
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8 Solutions
5% glucose and 0.9%saline solutions are usedin IV therapy
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Understanding solutionproperties help in solving environmental problems.
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All of the following are solutions except:
a.airb.steelc.vinegard.milke.bleach
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Do you really know what a solution is?
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It is a homogeneous mixture ctg. one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
What is a solution?
Solid K2Cr2O7 will be the solute and waterwill be the solvent .
This is a potassium dichromate solution.
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Types of Solutions
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Solutions: Physical States
Solid Liquid Gas(brass) (bleach) (air)
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Brass is a homogeneous solution. Granite is a heterogeneous
mixture.
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What is the major solute in bleach?
What is the solvent?
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O2 is the major solute and N2 is the solvent in air.
Example: Air is a gaseous solution.
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Classification of Liquid Solutions
Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated
ConcentratedDilute(tend to be opaque)(transparent)
(maximum solute) (the maximum limit is exceeded)
(less than maximum solute)
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Bleach ( ~ 5% NaOCl)
Vinegar ( ~ 5% CH3COOH)
Peroxide ( ~3% H2O2)
Most household products are unsaturated dilutesolutions.
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08_T01.JPG
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Tests for a Solution
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Liquid solutions can pass the following tests:
(a) Can pass thru a filter with no residue
(b) Does not scatter a light beam
(c) Does not form a ppt when centrifuged ( i.e.particles do not settle)
(d) Dilute solutions have a clear/uniform appearance
Tests for a Solution
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p. 193
Solutions leave noresidue when filtered.
Light is not scatteredby a solution
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Dilute solutions are clear.
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Practice Exercises on Solutions
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Is the contents of the coke bottle asolution?
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p. 193
Is the beer as shownin this mug a solution?
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p. 192
Is the mixture in the beaker a solution?
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p. 200
Whole Blood
Is this a solution?
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p. 200
Blood is not a solution .
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p. 207
Are these sports drinks solutions?
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Are these solutions?
Flask A Flask B
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Is this a solution?
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Is this mixture of water and ether a solution?
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Is gasoline a solution?
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Practice Exercise on Differentiatingthe Solute and the Solvent
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Solution Solute Solvent
10.0 g of potassium chloride
dissolved in 70.0 g of water
80.0 g of ethyl alcohol
added to 50.0 g of water
60.0 g of CaBr2 and 25.0 g of AgNO3 dissolved in 100.0g of water
40.0 mL of ethanol dissolved in 40.0 mL of methanol.
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Common Types of Solutions
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Error Check: True or False?
All solutions are homogeneous mixtures
Every part of a solution has exactly the same properties as every other part
All solutions have a variable composition.
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Electrolytes ( We get to this on Wed)
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Solubility
What vitamins arewater soluble?
What vitamins are fat-soluble?
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What is solubility ?
Solubility is the grams of solute per 100g of H2O at 25C
Solubility is affected by:
•Temperature
•Polarity of the solvent and solute
•Particle size of the solute
•Pressure when gases are involved
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Effect of Temperature on Solubility (Solids)
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Effect of Polarity
“ like dissolves like”
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Polar solutes prefer polar solvents ….
..and the same for nonpolar solutes/solvents
What does “like dissolves like” mean?
Predict the solubility of CH3COOH in H2O
a.Very solubleb.Moderately solublec.Slightly solubled.Insoluble
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Effect of Polarity
CH3COOH (acetic acid)is the active ingredient in vinegar… it is very solublein H2O.
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Effect of Polarity
Predict the solubility of oil (CnH 2n +2) in H2O
a.Very solubleb.Moderately solublec.Slightly solubled.Insoluble
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Effect of Polarity
Predict the solubility of CH3CH2OCH2CH3
in H2O
a.Very solubleb.Moderately solublec.Slightly solubled.Insoluble
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Gasoline and water are not miscible. Why?
Gasoline is nonpolar and water is polar.
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Solubility Rules
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Solubility Rules
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p. 193
Practice Exercise: Identify the solublecompound(s) in each set.
1.KHCO3, K2CO3, KOH, KI, K3PO4
2. Ba(OH)2, BaSO4, BaCO3, Ba(NO3)2
3.NaCl, AgCl, BeCl2, CuCl2
4.NH4NO3, PbSO4, AgNO3, Ni(OH)2
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What is the effect of temperature and pressure on gas solubility?
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Effect of Temperature on Solubility (Gases)
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Effect of Pressure on Solubility (Gases) (Henry’s Law)
Henry’s law states:
The solubility of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure .
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Effect of Pressure on Solubility of Gases (Henry’s law)
Start End Increase Pressure
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How would Henry’s Law apply in the case of the blood gases in deep-sea divers.
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Solubility increases with higher pressure and vice-versa.
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Pressure and the Solubility of Gases (Henry’s law)
Pressure (atm)
Solubility of CO2
( g/100mL water)
1 0.348
2 0.696
3 1.044
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Solution Formation
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How does an ionic compound dissolve in water?
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl (aq)Add H2O
s = solidaq = aqueous
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Start
NaCl Dissolving in H2O
Halfway End
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The ions become hydrated by the water molecules.
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A hydrated ion is an ion surrounded by H2Omolecules.
This is a hydrated Na+ ionThis is a hydrated Cl- ion.
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The rate of solution formation is determined by:
(a)Particle size
(b)Temperature
(c) The amount of agitation
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Preparing Solutions of Known Concentrations
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Volumetric flasks are used to prepare solutions.
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Concentrations are defined as the amountof solute dissolved in an amount of solution
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Solution Concentrations
PercentMolarity
volume percentmass percent mass-volume percent
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Percent Concentrations
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Mass/Mass Example
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Prepare 225g of a 6.00 %(m/m) KCl solution
%(m/m) = g solute
g solution
x 100
Reminder: solution = solute + solvent
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Prepare 225g of a 6.00 %(m/m) KCl solution
6% = ?g solute
225g solution x 100
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Mass/Volume Example
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How many grams is required to prepare 250.0 mL of a 12.0% (m/v) glucose solution.
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Practice Exercise—Percent : How many gramsor mL are needed to make the following solutions?
200.0 mL of 0.8%(m/v) NaOH
300.0 mL of 34.0% (v/v) methanol CH3OH
150.0 g of 2.5% (m/m) KOH
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Molarity is an important concentration used in the chemistry lab.
M ( molarity ) = mol (moles of solute)
L ( liters of solution)
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For example, what is does a 3.0 M HCl solution mean?
What does a 0.1M AgNO3 solution mean?
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Practice Exercise—Molarity : How many moles are needed to make the following solutions?
1 L of 4.0 M NaOH
250 mL of 3.5 M KI
Start morning2.0 L of 3.5 M CaCl2
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Practice Exercise—Molarity : How many grams are needed to make the following solutions?
1 L of 4.0 M NaOH
250 mL of 3.5 M KI
2.0 L of 3.5 M CaCl2
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Write a brief set of instructions for preparing250 mL of a 6.8% (m/v) glucose solution.
relax and get organized
write the correct formula
use the formula toget the g of solute
write the instructions
1 2 3
4
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The grams of glucose required is 17 grams.
In a 250-mL volumetric flask dissolve 17 g of glucose in d.w. and dilute to the mark. Mix well.
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Note: Volumes are not equal when mixing different liquids.
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Can the marbles fit in the large beaker?
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Preparing Dilute Solutions
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Start with a “stock solution:
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Dilute Solution Formula
concentration of stock solution x volume of
stock solutionconcentration of diluted solution= x volume of
diluted solution
xCs Vs = xCd Vd