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Chapter 8: Political Geography

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

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Case Study – pg 240

What is the main idea of the story?

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Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

–  Problems of defining states (pg 241) •  state - ??

–  what is the largest?

•  sovereignty -?? –  Almost all habitable land belongs to a country today

–  Are there any large landmasses that do not belong to any state? –  In 1940, there were about 50 countries –  Today, there are 192 countries (as evidenced by United Nations membership)

–  Korea – one state or two? •  What’s the story here?

–  China and Taiwan – one state or two •  Are both considered members of the UN? •  What’s the story here? Is it the same as in Korea? •  What was the outcome?

–  Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic) •  ???

–  Polar Regions: Many Claims (pg 242) •  claims for what purpose? •  who does it belong to?

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Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

•  Varying Size of States –  Largest - ?? Smallest - ??

•  microstates - ?? How many??

•  Development of the state concept (pg 243) •  Ancient and Medieval states – such as?? ; location??? •  Colonies

–  colonialism-?? why?? Who had the most colonies? »  what was the smallest colony? »  imperialism-??

–  Few Remaining Colonies - ??? »  most populous-? »  least populous-?

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United Nations Members

Figure 8-2

Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

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National Claims to the Arctic

Figure 8-5

Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

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Colonial Possessions, 1914

Figure 8-8

Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

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Colonial Possessions, 2006

Figure 8-9

Key Issue 1 Where Are States Located?

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Key Issue 2 Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?

•  Shapes of states (pg 247) –  Five basic shapes

•  Compact- ? = efficient – why? •  Elongated -? = potential isolation (examples (from book: ??) •  Prorupted -?; why are they created? who?? = access or

disruption •  Perforated - ? = South Africa •  Fragmented - ? = problematic (examples (from book: ??)

–  Landlocked states •  landlocked states - ???

–  where they mostly?

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Shapes of States in Southern Africa

Figure 8-10

Key Issue 2 Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause

Problems?

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Key Issue 2 Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?

•  Types of boundaries (pg 250) –  Physical Boundaries

•  Desert boundaries •  Mountain boundaries •  Water boundaries

–  Cultural Boundaries (pg 251) •  Geometric boundaries – where? (in the book) •  Human features (language, religion, ethnicity)

–  Cyprus’s ‘Green Line’ Boundary (pg 253) – ?? –  Frontiers

•  frontier - ??

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Mountain Boundary

Figure 8-12

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Cultural Boundary

Figure 8-15

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Key Issue 2 Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?

•  Boundaries inside states (pg 254) –  Unitary states - ???

•  Example: France –  Federal states - ???

•  Example: Poland-?? •  Globally, there is a trend toward federations

– Which of the two types are preferred and why?

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Key Issue 2 Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause

Problems?

•  Electoral geography (pg 255) –  Boundaries within the United States are used to create

legislative districts –  Gerrymandering - ???

•  Three types: –  wasted - ?? –  excess - ?? –  stacked vote - ??

•  Illegal (1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision)

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Gerrymandering

Figure 8-18

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Gerrymandering: Example

Figure 8-19

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Key Issue 3 Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

•  Political and military cooperation (pg 257) –  The United Nations (est. 1945) –  Regional military alliances

•  Era of Two SuperPowers –  Balance of power - ???

•  Post–World War II: NATO or the Warsaw Pact –  Other regional organizations

•  OSEC (est. 1965) •  OAS (est. 1962) •  AU (est. 1963) - ?? •  The Commonwealth - ??

•  Economic cooperation - ?? (pg 259)

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Economic and Military Alliances in Cold War Europe

Figure 8-21

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Key Issue 4 Why Has Terrorism Increased?

•  Terrorism – Systematic use of violence to intimidate a

population or to coerce a government •  From the Latin word meaning “to frighten” •  Use of bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, and

murder to instill fear and anxiety in a population •  How does is relate to assassinations?

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Why Has Terrorism Increased?

•  Terrorism by individuals and organizations – American terrorists – September 11, 2001, attacks – Al-Qaeda

•  Jihad

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Aftermath of World Trade Center Attack

Figure 8-23

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Why Has Terrorism Increased? •  State support for terrorism

– Three increasing levels of involvement •  Providing sanctuary •  Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to

terrorists •  Using terrorists to plan attacks

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Why Has Terrorism Increased? •  State support for terrorism

– Examples •  Libya •  Iraq •  Afghanistan •  Iran •  Pakistan

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Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia

Figure 8-25

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Major Tribes in Iraq

Figure 8-26

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The End.

Up next: Development