chapter 8: momentum conservation
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 8: Momentum Conservation. Impulse. Work. Distance, l. K = (1/2) m v 2 Work-Energy Theorem Energy Conservation. p = m v Impulse-Momentum Theorem Momentum Conservation. Definitions. Examples of 1D Collisions. M. m. M. m. Elastic Collision. Energy Conservation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Momentum Conservation
Chapter 8: Momentum Conservation
K = (1/2) m v2
Work-Energy TheoremEnergy Conservation
p = m vImpulse-Momentum TheoremMomentum Conservation
WorkImpulse
Distance, l
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Momentum Conservation
Definitions
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Momentum Conservation
Examples of 1D Collisions
M
m
m M
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Momentum Conservation
Elastic Collision
2 '22
2 '11
222
211 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 :Energy Kinetic vmvmvmvm
'22
'112211 :Momentum vmvmvmvm
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Momentum Conservation
Energy Conservation
f2,f1,2,i1,i K KKK
QK KKK f2,f1,2,i1,i
Loss of energy as thermal andother forms of energy
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Momentum Conservation
Example 2
m v1 + m v2 = m v1’ + m v2’
Before collision After collision
v1’ = v2’
(totally inelastic collision)
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Momentum Conservation
Railroad cars, locking up after the collision
How to fire a rifle to reduce recoil
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Elastic collision
Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservationm(A)=m(B) v(ax)=0 v(bx)=v(x)=v(i) billiard balls
Elastic Collision between different mass balls
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Momentum Conservation
Remark on relative velocity
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Momentum Conservation
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
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Elastic Collision on a air track
Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
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Inelastic Collision on an air track
Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
Impulsive Force
Impulsive Force
Ver
y la
rge
mag
nit
ud
e
Very short time
[Example] an impulsive force ona baseball that is struck with a bathas:
<F> ~ 5000 N & t ~ 0.01 s
[Note] The “impulse’’ conceptis most useful for impulsiveforces.
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Momentum Conservation
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
ifif
if
if
p -pt -t F
t -t
p -p
t
p F
)(J
|J |
F
)(tF
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Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
Ballistic Pendulum(A
) M
omen
tum
Con
serv
atio
n
(B) Energy Conservation
(A) mv = (m+M) v’(B) K1+Ug1 = K2+Ug2
Express v and v’ in terms ofm, M, g, and h.
1
2
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Ballistic Pendulum (cont.)• A bullet of mass m and velocity Vo
plows into a block of wood with mass M which is part of a pendulum. – How high, h, does the block of
wood go?
– Is the collision elastic or inelastic?Two parts: 1-collision (momentum is conserved) 2-from low point (after collision) to high
point: conservation of energy
1st part:
x : m v0 (M m) v'
y : 0 0 0 0
v'm v
(M m)
2nd part:
Ebottom E top1
2(M m)(v')2 0 0 (M m)gh
h 1
2g(v')2
m2 v2
2g(m M)2
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Momentum Conservation
Ballistic Pendulum numerical example
=0.767 m/s
K(bullet)=236J K(block+bullet)=0.6J
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Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
Example 8.8 Accident analysis
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Momentum Conservation
Throwing a package overboard
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Momentum Conservation
N
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Center of Mass (CM)
What is the “Center of Mass?”
• More importantly “Why do we care?”
• This is a special point in space where “it’s as if the object could be replaced by all the mass at that one little point”
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Momentum Conservation
Center of mass
Center of Mass (c.m. or CM)
The overall motion of a mechanical system can be described in terms of a special point called “center of mass” of the system:
system. on the exerted forces
theall of sum vector theiswhere F
a M F
system
cmsystemsystem
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How do you calculate CM?
1. Pick an origin
2. Look at each “piece of mass” and figure out how much mass it has and how far it is (vector displacement) from the origin. Take mass times position
3. Add them all up and divide out by the sum of the masses
The center of mass is a displacement vector “relative to some origin”
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Spelling out the math:
ntdisplaceme vector D-3 theis x that Note
etc...M
xmxmxm
mmm
xmxmxmX
mm
xmxmX
332211
321
332211particles 3for cm
21
2211particles 2for cm
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Momentum Conservation
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CM Position (2D)
m1 m2 + m3
m1 + m2
m3
X
Xycm = 0.50 m
xcm = 1.33 m
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Total momentum in terms of mass
pvmvmvmvM ccbbaacm
...
Motion of center of mass
extccbbaacm FamamamaM
...
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Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
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Momentum Conservation
Walking in a boat M(lady)=45kg8.52
The center of mass does not move, since there is no net horizontal force
M(boat)=60 kg