chapter 8 medical terminology
TRANSCRIPT
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The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
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Chapter 8Female Reproductive System
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Chapter Goals
• Name and locate female reproductive organs and learn their combining forms.
• Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
• Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn.
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Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
• Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Chapter 8 Lesson 8.1
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Introduction
Sexual reproduction This is the union of the nuclei of
ovum and sperm cell.Ovum and sperm cells are called
gametes.Each gamete contains half the
number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
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Introduction (cont’d)
Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)Gametes are produced in the gonads.Female gonads are the ovaries; male
gonads are the testes.
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Introduction (cont’d)
FertilizationAn ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are
present and unite with the ovum. The fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System
• Label the diagram
• Organs of the female reproductive system
(lateral view)
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• Organs of the female reproductive system (lateral view)
Organs of the Female Reproductive System
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. The fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a(n):A. embryoB. fetusC. follicleD. zygote
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
• Label the diagram• Organs of the female reproductive system (anterior view)
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Organs of the Female Reproduction System (cont’d)
• Organs of the female reproductive system (anterior view)
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
• The breast (sagittal view)
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
• The breast (sagittal view)
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Menstruation and Pregnancy
Menstrual cycle Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body.
Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium. The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14 The egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube.
Day 15-28 The corpus luteum secretes progesterone; the uterus lining builds up.
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Menstrual cycle
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
PregnancyIf fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometrium.The placenta forms, attaches to the uterine
wall.Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes exchange
between the fetus and mother.The placenta produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG).
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Implantation in the uterusB, The embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Implantation in the uterusB, The embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. The corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus.
A. AdrenalineB. EstrogenC. ProgesteroneD. hCG
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. What does the placenta secrete during pregnancy?
A. AdrenalineB. hCGC. ProgesteroneD. Estrogen
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
PregnancyProgesterone maintains placenta
development.The uterus expands as the fetus grows.Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic
presentation (head first).
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Pregnancy Three phases of labor
1. Dilation and thinning of the cervix2. Birth of the infant3. Delivery of the placenta
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Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.
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Hormonal Interactions
• The pituitary secretes: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• The pituitary stops producing FSH and LHDuring pregnancyWith oral contraceptives
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Hormonal Interactions (cont’d)
• MenopauseGradual ending of the menstrual cycle Normally begins between ages 45 and 55Falling estrogen levelsOption for estrogen replacement therapy (careful
consideration of risks required)
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Vocabulary
• adnexae uteri
• amnion
• areola
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• adnexae uteri
• amnion
• areola
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• Bartholin glands
• cervix
• chorion
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• Bartholin glands
• cervix
• chorion
Small, mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice; named for Caspar Bartholin, a Danish anatomist who described them in 1637
Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• clitoris
• coitus
• corpus luteum
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• clitoris
• coitus
• corpus luteum
Sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
Sexual intercourse; copulation
Empty ovarian follicle; secretes progesterone after release of egg cell; means “yellow body”
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• cul-de-sac
• embryo
• endometrium
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• cul-de-sac
• embryo
• endometrium
Region in lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus
Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• estrogen
• fallopian tube
• fertilization
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• estrogen
• fallopian tube
• fertilization
Hormone produced by the ovaries that promotes female secondary sex characteristics
One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; oviduct; named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist
Union of sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• fetus
• fimbriae (sing.: fimbria)
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• fetus
• fimbriae (sing.: fimbria)
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the ovum
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• gamete
• genitalia
• gestation
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• gamete
• genitalia
• gestation
Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum
Reproductive organs; also called genitals
Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• gonad
• gynecology
• human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• gonad
• gynecology
• human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis
Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts
Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• hymen
• labia
• lactiferous ducts
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• hymen
• labia
• lactiferous ducts
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
Lips of the vagina
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• luteinizing hormone (LH)
• mammary papilla
• menarche
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• luteinizing hormone (LH)
• mammary papilla
• menarche
Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation
Nipple of the breast
Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• menopause
• menstruation
• myometrium
• neonatology
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• menopause
• menstruation
• myometrium
• neonatology
Gradual ending of menstruation
Monthly shedding of the uterine lining
Muscle layer of the uterus
Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• obstetrics
• orifice
• ovarian follicle
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• obstetrics
• orifice
• ovarian follicle
The branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
An opening
Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• ovary
• ovulation
• ovum (pl.: ova)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• ovary
• ovulation
• ovum (pl.: ova)
One of a pair of female organs on each side of the pelvis; almond-shaped; produced egg cells and hormones
Release of the ovum from the ovary
Mature egg cell (female gamete)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• parturition
• perineum
• pituitary gland
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• parturition
• perineum
• pituitary gland
Act of giving birth
Area between the anus and the vagina in females
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain that produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries; also regulates other endocrine organs
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• placenta
• pregnancy
• progesterone
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• placenta
• pregnancy
• progesterone
Vascular organ attached to uterine wall during pregnancy; allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus
Condition of having a developing embryo and fetus in female uterus for about 40 weeks
Hormone produced by corpus luteum in ovary and placenta of pregnant women
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• puberty
• uterine serosa
• uterus
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• puberty
• uterine serosa
• uterus
Point in life cycle at which sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• vagina
• vulva
• zygote
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• vagina
• vulva
• zygote
Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body
External female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
The stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
A. EndometriumB. Fallopian tubeC. ChorionD. Amnion
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COMBINING FORMS
• amni/o amnion
• Bartholin/o Bartholin gland
• cervic/o cervix, neck
• chori/o chorion
• chorion/o chorion
• colp/o vagina
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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COMBINING FORMS
• culd/o cul-de-sac• episi/o vulva• galact/o milk• gynec/o woman, female• hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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COMBINING FORMS
• lact/o milk• mamm/o breast• mast/o breast• men/o menses,
menstruation• metr/o uterus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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COMBINING FORMS
• my/o muscle• myom/o muscle tumor• nat/i birth• obstetr/o midwife• o/o egg
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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COMBINING FORMS
• oophor/o ovary• ov/o egg• ovari/o ovary• ovul/o egg• perine/o perineum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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COMBINING FORMS
• phor/o to bear• salping/o fallopian tubes• uter/o uterus• vagin/o vagina• vulv/o vulva
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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SUFFIXES
• -arche beginning• -cyesis pregnancy• -gravida pregnancy• -parous to bear, bring forth
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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SUFFIXES
• -rrhea discharge• -salpinx uterine tube• -tocia labor, birth• -version act of turning
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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PREFIXES
• dys- painful• endo- within• in- in• intra- within• multi- many
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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PREFIXES
• nulli- no, not, none• pre- before• primi- first• retro- backward
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means removal of the breast?
A. HysterectomyB. MastectomyC. MastitisD. Mammoplasty
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Chapter 8Lesson 8.2
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Pathology: Uterus• Carcinoma of the cervix
• Malignant cells within the cervix
• Cervicitis• Inflammation of the cervix
• Carcinoma of the endometrium• Malignant tumor of the uterine lining
• Endometriosis• Endometrial tissue located outside the
uterus
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Pathology: Uterus (cont’d)
• FibroidsBenign tumors of
the uterusFigure shows
location of uterine fibroids
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Pathology: Gynecological and Breast
• BreastCarcinoma of the breastFibrocystic disease
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Pathology: Gynecological and Breast (cont’d)
OvariesOvarian carcinoma (cancer)
• Malignant tumor of the ovaryOvarian cysts
• Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian tubesPelvic inflammatory disease
• Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis• Leading causes of PID are sexually transmitted
diseases
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Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast.
Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.
Pathology: Breast
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Chapter 8Lesson 8.3
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Pathology: Pregnancy
• Abruptio placentaePremature separation of the normally
implanted placenta• Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta• Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg• Placenta previa• Preeclampsia
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Pathology: Neonatal
• Down syndrome• Erythroblastosis fetalis• Hyaline membrane disease• Hydrocephalus• Meconium aspiration syndrome• Pyloric stenosis
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Pathology: Neonatal (cont’d)
• APGAR scoring chartAssessment of newbornScoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
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Clinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical testsPap test (Pap smear)Pregnancy test
ProceduresX-raysUltrasoundGynecological proceduresProcedures during pregnancy
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Clinical Procedures
Gynecological procedures• Conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix.
Figure shows LEEP for cone biopsy
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Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Gynecological procedures
• Laparoscopic oophorectomy
A, Ovary placed in plastic bag.
B, Extracted through the laparoscope
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Clinical Tests and ProceduresProcedures• Procedures during pregnancy
Amniocentesis Needle placement guided by
ultrasound images
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Abbreviations• AB• AFP• BRCA1BRCA2• BSE• CA 125• C-section, CS• CIN• CIS• CVS• Cx• D & C
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Abbreviations• AB Abortion• AFP Alpha-fetoprotein-high levels in amniotic fluid of
fetus or maternal serum• BRCA1BRCA2 Breast cancer 1 and 2 • BSE Breast self-examination• CA 125 Protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer• C-section, CS Cesarean section• CIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia• CIS Carcinoma in situ• CVS Chorionic villus sampling• Cx Cervix• D & C Dilation (dilation and curettage
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Abbreviations (cont’d)• DCIS• DUB• FHR• FSH• G• GnRH• GYN• hCG OR HCG• HDN• HPV• HRT• HSG• IUD
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Abbreviations (cont’d)• DCIS Ductal carcinoma in situ• DUB Dysfunctional uterine bleeding• FHR Fetal heart rate• FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone• G Gravida (pregnant)• GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone• GYN Gynecology• hCG OR HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin• HDN Hemolytic disease of the newborn• HPV Human papillomavirus• HRT Hormone replacement therapy• HSG Hysterosalpingography• IUD Intrauterine device; contraceptive
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• IVF• LEEP• LH• LMP• multip• OB• para 2-0-1-2• Pap test• PID• PMS
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Abbreviations (cont’d)• IVF In vitro fertilization• LEEP Loop electrocautery excision procedure• LH Luteinizing hormone• LMP Last menstrual period• Multip Multipara; multiparous• OB Obstetrics• para 2-0-1-2 A woman’s reproductive history: 2 full-term
infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children• Pap testPapanicolaou smear-test• PID Pelvic inflammatory disease• PMS Premenstrual syndrome
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• primip• SLN biopsy or SNB• TAH-BSO• UAE• VH
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• primip• SLN biopsy or SNB• TAH-BSO
• UAE• VH
Primipara; primiparousSentinel lymph node biopsyTotal abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Uterine artery embolizationVaginal hysterectomy
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Review Sheet COMBINING FORMS
• amni/o _________
• bartholin/o _________
• cephal/o _________
• cervic/o _________
• chori/o, chorion/o _________
• colp/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• amni/o amnion
• bartholin/o Bartholin gland
• cephal/o head
• cervic/o cervix, neck
• chori/o, chorion/o chorion
• colp/o vagina
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• culd/o _________• episi/o _________• galact/o _________ • gynec/o _________• hyster/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d)COMBINING FORMS
• culd/o cul-de-sac• episi/o vulva• galact/o milk• gynec/o woman, female• hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• lact/o _________ • mamm/o _________• mast/o _________• men/o _________• metr/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• lact/o milk• mamm/o breast• mast/o breast• men/o menses,
menstruation• metr/o uterus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• my/o _________ • myom/o _________• nat/i _________• obstetr/o _________ • olig/o _________• o/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• oophor/o _________• ov/o _________ • ovari/o _________ • ovul/o _________• perine/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• oophor/o ovary• ov/o egg• ovari/o ovary• ovul/o egg• perine/o perineum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• phor/o _________• py/o _________ • salping/o _________• uter/o _________ • vagin/o _________• vulv/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS
• phor/o to bear• py/o pus• salping/o fallopian tubes• uter/o uterus• vagin/o vagina• vulv/o vulva
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -arche _________
• -cele _________
• -cyesis _________
• -ectasis _________
• -ectomy _________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -arche beginning
• -cele hernia
• -cyesis pregnancy
• -ectasis stretching, dilation
• -ectomy removal, excision
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -flexion _________ • -genesis _________• -gravida _________• -itis _________• -pareunia _________• -parous _________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -flexion flexible• -genesis producing; forming• -gravida pregnancy• -itis inflammation• -pareunia sexual intercourse• -parous to bear, bring forth
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -plasia _________
• -plasty _________
• -ptosis _________
• -rrhagia _________
• -rrhaphy _________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -plasia development, formation
• -plasty surgical repair
• -ptosis dropping, sagging
• -rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
• -rrhaphy suture
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -rrhea _________• -salpinx _________• -scopy _________• -stenosis _________• -stomy _________
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -rrhea discharge• -salpinx uterine tube• -scopy visual examination• -stenosis tightening• -stomy new opening
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -tocia _________• -tomy _________• -tresia _________ • -version _________
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) SUFFIXES
• -tocia labor, birth• -tomy process of cutting• -tresia opening• -version act of turning
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• bi- _________ • dys- _________• endo- _________• in- _________• intra- _________• multi- _________
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• bi- two• dys- painful• endo- within• in- in• intra- within• multi- many
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• nulli- _________• oxy- _________• peri- _________• pre- _________
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• nulli- no, not, none• oxy- swift, sharp• peri- surrounding• pre- before
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• primi- _________
• pseudo- _________
• retro- _________
• uni- _________
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
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Review Sheet (cont’d) PREFIXES
• primi- first• pseudo- false• retro- backward• uni- one
Prefix Prefix MeaningMeaning