chapter 8 cold war (edsel jasmine sison's conflicted copy 2013 03-07)

Crisis and Crisis and ConflictConflict

Chapter 8: Chapter 8: From a World War to a From a World War to a

Cold WarCold War

An Enquiry Approach to Modern World An Enquiry Approach to Modern World

HistoryHistory

Secondary 4Secondary 4

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Crisis and Conflict: From a World War to a Cold War Copyright 2006

Was the post-World War II era Was the post-World War II era a period of stability?a period of stability?

Why did the Cold War break out?

How did the Cold War affect Europe?

How did the Cold War affect the rest of the

world?

Factors leading to the Cold War between the USA and the USSR.

Ways in which Europe wasaffected by the Cold War.

Ways in which the rest of the world was affected by the Cold War.

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In a NutshellIn a Nutshell A Cold War is defined as a situation of tense relations A Cold War is defined as a situation of tense relations

and fierce competition between nations. and fierce competition between nations. There is however no direct confrontation as in an all-out There is however no direct confrontation as in an all-out

war.war. Such a situation occurred between 1945 and 1991, Such a situation occurred between 1945 and 1991,

involving the superpowers, the USA and the USSR.involving the superpowers, the USA and the USSR. The superpowers divided Europe into two.The superpowers divided Europe into two. Eastern Europe was led by Communist USSR while Eastern Europe was led by Communist USSR while

democratic USA controlled Western Europe.democratic USA controlled Western Europe.

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US Vice-President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev argued US Vice-President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev argued about who had a better life about who had a better life — Americans living in a democratic society or Americans living in a democratic society or

Russians in a Communist society. The 1956 debate is called the Kitchen Debate Russians in a Communist society. The 1956 debate is called the Kitchen Debate as it took place in Moscow at a kitchen exhibition. as it took place in Moscow at a kitchen exhibition.

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Why did the Cold War Why did the Cold War break out?break out?

Competing Competing ideologiesideologies

Feelings of Feelings of mistrustmistrust

Wartime alliances Wartime alliances broke downbroke down

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Competing ideologiesCompeting ideologies

An ideology refers to a set of ideas about how a society An ideology refers to a set of ideas about how a society should be run.should be run.

In many ways, the Cold War confrontation between the In many ways, the Cold War confrontation between the USA and the USSR was a clash between their opposing USA and the USSR was a clash between their opposing ideologies.ideologies.

Democracy Democracy The USAThe USA

CommunismCommunism The USSRThe USSR

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Communism VS DemocracyCommunism VS Democracy

Communism

The Communist Party rules the people. Only the Communist Party members can be in the government. This government is considered a one-party dictatorship.

Democracy

People choose their government byvoting for the leaders they want. The leaders can belong to any party.

Who controls the society?Who controls the society?

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How should people live?How should people live?Communism

The community is more important than the individual. So the individual should put the needs of the community before his own.

Democracy

The individual has more rights and some of these rights are more important than the needs of the community. Such rights include freedom of speech and the press.


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How should the wealth of the society be How should the wealth of the society be created and shared?created and shared?

The country’s wealth is owned The country’s wealth is owned collectively by the society.collectively by the society.

The Communist Party creates The Communist Party creates wealth by deciding what to wealth by deciding what to produce. This is called a centrally produce. This is called a centrally planned economy.planned economy.

Everyone should work and should Everyone should work and should get an equal share of the benefits get an equal share of the benefits of the society.of the society.

Communism


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How should the wealth of the society be How should the wealth of the society be created and shared?created and shared?

The country’s wealth is created by The country’s wealth is created by private enterprise and trade.private enterprise and trade.

Businessmen and entrepreneurs create Businessmen and entrepreneurs create wealth by deciding what to produce. wealth by deciding what to produce. This is called market economy.This is called market economy.

Some individuals may become Some individuals may become wealthier than others. How wealthy one wealthier than others. How wealthy one becomes depends on the individual’s becomes depends on the individual’s skills as an entrepreneur or how well he skills as an entrepreneur or how well he invests his resources.invests his resources.

Democracy


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Democracy Democracy • For supporters of Democracy For supporters of Democracy choosing between choosing between Democracy and Communism Democracy and Communism felt like choosing between felt like choosing between freedom and slavery.freedom and slavery. • They believed that CommunistsThey believed that Communists had to accept the control of had to accept the control of the Communist Party and givethe Communist Party and give up all their freedom. up all their freedom.

Communism Communism • Communists, on the other Communists, on the other hand believed that the hand believed that the workers were not free in workers were not free in democratic societies.democratic societies.

• To them the workers in aTo them the workers in a democratic society, were democratic society, were the slaves of the rich the slaves of the rich landowners, factory ownerslandowners, factory owners and industrialists.and industrialists.

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When the Communists came to power in the 1917 October When the Communists came to power in the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, they lost the trust of the USA and other Revolution in Russia, they lost the trust of the USA and other Western nations. This was because the Communist government Western nations. This was because the Communist government called for a world revolution.called for a world revolution.

Could this mean the end of Capitalism and Democracy? The Could this mean the end of Capitalism and Democracy? The West begin to question the actions of the Communists.West begin to question the actions of the Communists.

Poor relations existed also because of the involvement of the Poor relations existed also because of the involvement of the West in the Russian Civil War. They provided aid to the anti-West in the Russian Civil War. They provided aid to the anti-Bolshevik White armies.Bolshevik White armies.

Since then, there had always been tension between the Since then, there had always been tension between the Communists and supporters of Democracy.Communists and supporters of Democracy.

The USA and the USSR had more power to spread their The USA and the USSR had more power to spread their ideologies around after they became superpowers at the end of ideologies around after they became superpowers at the end of World War II.World War II.

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Feelings of mistrustFeelings of mistrust

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Wartime alliances broke Wartime alliances broke downdown

The Soviet Union joined the USA and Britain as one of the Allied The Soviet Union joined the USA and Britain as one of the Allied Powers and joined in the fight against Japan, Italy and Germany.Powers and joined in the fight against Japan, Italy and Germany.

This alliance was only temporary.This alliance was only temporary. The feud was resumed after the war ended and when they found The feud was resumed after the war ended and when they found

no common enemy to unite them against.no common enemy to unite them against. The leaders of the USSR, the USA and Britain met at Yalta to The leaders of the USSR, the USA and Britain met at Yalta to

discuss what to do with Germany once the war was over. discuss what to do with Germany once the war was over. It was decided that Germany was to be divided into four different It was decided that Germany was to be divided into four different

zones.zones. After the war ended, they met at Potsdam to resume the After the war ended, they met at Potsdam to resume the

discussion that was stopped.discussion that was stopped. Several misunderstandings arose out of the conferences which Several misunderstandings arose out of the conferences which

contributed to hostile relations.contributed to hostile relations.

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The Potsdam Agreement

What was agreed?What was agreed? Details of the zones of occupation of Germany were Details of the zones of occupation of Germany were

finalised.finalised. Reparations were to be collected in the form of industrial Reparations were to be collected in the form of industrial

equipment from own zone. The USSR was to receive equipment from own zone. The USSR was to receive additional money from other zones as its zone was additional money from other zones as its zone was mainly agricultural and it had suffered the most during mainly agricultural and it had suffered the most during the war.the war.

The new borders of Poland were confirmed.The new borders of Poland were confirmed.

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The Potsdam AgreementThe Potsdam AgreementStalinStalin TrumanTruman

What to do with What to do with Germany?Germany?

We should cripple We should cripple Germany completely.Germany completely.

We do not want to repeat We do not want to repeat the mistakes of the the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

Should Germany pay Should Germany pay for the reparations?for the reparations?

Yes. 20 million Russians Yes. 20 million Russians were killed in the war.were killed in the war.

We do not want to repeat We do not want to repeat the mistakes of the the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

What to do with What to do with Eastern Europe?Eastern Europe?

We agreed at Yalta that We agreed at Yalta that these would be under the these would be under the Soviet sphere of Soviet sphere of influence; with united influence; with united Eastern Europe, no one Eastern Europe, no one will dare to move a finger will dare to move a finger against them.against them.

We have to cultivate a We have to cultivate a ‘get tough’ attitude ‘get tough’ attitude towards Stalin.towards Stalin.

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SignificanceSignificance The USSR was suspicious of the West. Stalin The USSR was suspicious of the West. Stalin

imprisoned non-Communist Polish leaders and imprisoned non-Communist Polish leaders and placed Communist leaders in the Polish placed Communist leaders in the Polish government. Buffer zones were created to make government. Buffer zones were created to make Communism more powerful.Communism more powerful.

The poor relations between the two superpowers The poor relations between the two superpowers at the Potsdam Conference were a sign that their at the Potsdam Conference were a sign that their wartime alliance had come to an end and that the wartime alliance had come to an end and that the Cold War had begun.Cold War had begun.

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The Potsdam AgreementThe Potsdam Agreement

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Europe was dividedEurope was divided

Germany was dividedGermany was dividedNato and Warsaw PactNato and Warsaw Pact

were set upwere set up

Marshall Plan was putMarshall Plan was putinto actioninto action

Truman Doctrine wasTruman Doctrine wasannouncedannounced

How did theHow did the

Cold War Cold War

affect Europe?affect Europe?

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Europe was dividedEurope was divided Europe was divided into two blocs between 1945 and 1948.Europe was divided into two blocs between 1945 and 1948. The East comprised mainly of Communist governments and The East comprised mainly of Communist governments and

the West consisted of democratic countries.the West consisted of democratic countries. The USSR expanded its control over Eastern Europe by The USSR expanded its control over Eastern Europe by

setting up Communist governments in these countries.setting up Communist governments in these countries. The USSR could then influence these Communist The USSR could then influence these Communist

governments to follow policies that were non-threatening to governments to follow policies that were non-threatening to it. it.

The countries with Communist governments were known as The countries with Communist governments were known as satellite states.satellite states.

The West criticised the USSR for setting up such The West criticised the USSR for setting up such governments without holding free elections and for their governments without holding free elections and for their harsh tactics.harsh tactics.

Such actions further contributed to the bad blood between Such actions further contributed to the bad blood between the two superpowers.the two superpowers.

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Europe was divided

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Germany was dividedGermany was divided A crisis ensued among Britain, France, the USA and the A crisis ensued among Britain, France, the USA and the

USSR over how to administer Germany in 1948.USSR over how to administer Germany in 1948. Germany was to be divided into four parts and Berlin into Germany was to be divided into four parts and Berlin into

four zones, according to peace talks in Britain.four zones, according to peace talks in Britain. In 1948, Britain, France and the USA decided to join their In 1948, Britain, France and the USA decided to join their

separate zones in Germany. In order to help the West separate zones in Germany. In order to help the West German economy recover, they agreed to create a new German economy recover, they agreed to create a new currency.currency.

Afraid that Germany would grow strong and threaten the Afraid that Germany would grow strong and threaten the USSR, Stalin planned to seize control of West Berlin through USSR, Stalin planned to seize control of West Berlin through a blockade.a blockade.

He had hoped to force the Western powers to leave the city He had hoped to force the Western powers to leave the city by blocking all supplies of food to West Berlin.by blocking all supplies of food to West Berlin.

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The Berlin Blockade 1948

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Germany was dividedGermany was divided The USA was determined to support West Berlin as it The USA was determined to support West Berlin as it

represented the democratic system.represented the democratic system. It was afraid that if it did so, the USSR would become It was afraid that if it did so, the USSR would become

bolder and invade West Germany.bolder and invade West Germany. However keen to avoid war, President Truman ordered However keen to avoid war, President Truman ordered

an airlift of food and other supplies into West Berlin. an airlift of food and other supplies into West Berlin. This lasted for ten months.This lasted for ten months.

Realising that the West was determined to support West Realising that the West was determined to support West Berlin, the USSR ended the Berlin Blockade after ten Berlin, the USSR ended the Berlin Blockade after ten months.months.

The blockade was important in helping us understand The blockade was important in helping us understand why Germany became two separate countries. why Germany became two separate countries.

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In August 1949, the West set up the German Federal Republic in West Germany.In October, the USSR set up the German Democratic Republic in East Germany.

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Truman Doctrine was Truman Doctrine was announcedannounced

Following Soviet expansion in Europe, President Truman Following Soviet expansion in Europe, President Truman decided that the USA must stop Communism from decided that the USA must stop Communism from spreading. spreading.

On 12 March 1947, he announced the Truman Doctrine.On 12 March 1947, he announced the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine provided American aid to Greece The Truman Doctrine provided American aid to Greece

and Turkey in order to prevent the spread of and Turkey in order to prevent the spread of Communism.Communism.

Turkey controlled the Dardanelles and the Greek Turkey controlled the Dardanelles and the Greek government was fighting against Communism.government was fighting against Communism.

Agreeing with Truman’s sentiments, Congress soon Agreeing with Truman’s sentiments, Congress soon voted $400 million of aid to Greece and Turkey.voted $400 million of aid to Greece and Turkey.

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The Marshall Plan was put into The Marshall Plan was put into action on 5 June 1947action on 5 June 1947

Following the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan was introduced.Following the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan was introduced. The Plan sought to make Europe rich and strong again and The Plan sought to make Europe rich and strong again and

prosperous enough to resist Communism, by providing financial help.prosperous enough to resist Communism, by providing financial help. Between 1948 and 1952, 16 countries in Western Europe received a Between 1948 and 1952, 16 countries in Western Europe received a

total of US$13 billion in aid, loans and goods.total of US$13 billion in aid, loans and goods. Soviet satellites were forbidden from accepting American financial Soviet satellites were forbidden from accepting American financial

aid. Stalin felt that the West was using this to expand its influence aid. Stalin felt that the West was using this to expand its influence over Europe.over Europe.

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NATO and Warsaw Pact were set upNATO and Warsaw Pact were set up

The division of Europe into two spheres of influence The division of Europe into two spheres of influence forced both sides to set up military alliances.forced both sides to set up military alliances.

In April 1949, the USA set up the North Atlantic Treaty In April 1949, the USA set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) for collective security against any Organisation (NATO) for collective security against any Soviet attack.Soviet attack.

Similarly, the USSR set up an alliance known as the Similarly, the USSR set up an alliance known as the Warsaw Pact in 1955, uniting all Communist countries in Warsaw Pact in 1955, uniting all Communist countries in Eastern Europe except Yugoslavia.Eastern Europe except Yugoslavia.

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Military alliances

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The Korean WarThe Korean War

China joined the China joined the Cold WarCold War

The Cuban Missile The Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

How did the Cold War How did the Cold War

affect the rest of the world?affect the rest of the world?

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China joined the Cold WarChina joined the Cold War

When China turned Communist in 1949, it became When China turned Communist in 1949, it became involved in the Cold War.involved in the Cold War.

The USA felt threatened by the Communist alliance The USA felt threatened by the Communist alliance between China and the USSR.between China and the USSR.

The USA feared that the USSR might give China the The USA feared that the USSR might give China the technology to produce its own nuclear weapons.technology to produce its own nuclear weapons.

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Japan became the USA’s main Japan became the USA’s main anti-Communist allyanti-Communist ally

Due to the threat of Communism in China, the USA Due to the threat of Communism in China, the USA strengthened Japan’s economy and introduced strengthened Japan’s economy and introduced democratic reforms.democratic reforms.

Through this, the USA hoped to turn Japan into its main Through this, the USA hoped to turn Japan into its main anti-Communist ally in the region.anti-Communist ally in the region.

Other than strengthening Japan by providing economic Other than strengthening Japan by providing economic aid, new technology and new industrial equipment, the aid, new technology and new industrial equipment, the USA also managed to get Japan to allow it to station its USA also managed to get Japan to allow it to station its troops in Japan.troops in Japan.

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USA‘s One China PolicyUSA‘s One China Policy

Due to unfriendly relations between the USA and Due to unfriendly relations between the USA and Communist China, the USA adopted a One China Policy Communist China, the USA adopted a One China Policy between 1945 and 1972.between 1945 and 1972.

The USA refused to recognise the People’s Republic of The USA refused to recognise the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) Communist government.China’s (PRC) Communist government.

Instead, it recognised Taiwan (Republic of China) as the Instead, it recognised Taiwan (Republic of China) as the legitimate government of China. legitimate government of China.

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Increased US support for Increased US support for anti-Communists in Asiaanti-Communists in Asia

Due to the rise of Communist China, the USA was eager Due to the rise of Communist China, the USA was eager to form allies in Asia.to form allies in Asia.

Other than Taiwan, the USA also sent troops to support Other than Taiwan, the USA also sent troops to support anti-Communist governments in other countries such as anti-Communist governments in other countries such as South Korea and South Vietnam.South Korea and South Vietnam.

Besides, it also formed an anti-Communist alliance in Besides, it also formed an anti-Communist alliance in Southeast Asia (SEATO) in 1954 to oppose Communist Southeast Asia (SEATO) in 1954 to oppose Communist gains in Southeast Asia.gains in Southeast Asia.

In the name of giving aid, sometimes cruel and corrupted In the name of giving aid, sometimes cruel and corrupted governments were supported and maintained.governments were supported and maintained.

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Korea was divided at the 38th parallel Korea was divided at the 38th parallel after World War II.after World War II.

The USSR North: The People’s The USSR North: The People’s Democratic RepublicDemocratic RepublicThe USA South: The Republic ofThe USA South: The Republic of KoreaKorea

This division was supposed to be This division was supposed to be temporary.temporary.

In June 1950, the North Koreans In June 1950, the North Koreans launched a surprise attack against the launched a surprise attack against the South and the capital Seoul fell in just South and the capital Seoul fell in just three days.three days.

Case Study 1:Case Study 1:The Korean WarThe Korean War

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The UN decided to send troops to the The UN decided to send troops to the region under its UN flag. The huge bulk region under its UN flag. The huge bulk of the troops sent were American and of the troops sent were American and command of them was given to command of them was given to General Douglas MacArthur.General Douglas MacArthur.

By the end of August 1950 only Pusan By the end of August 1950 only Pusan in the south-east corner of South Korea in the south-east corner of South Korea had not fallen to the North.had not fallen to the North.

In September, MacArthur took the In September, MacArthur took the huge risk of launching an amphibious huge risk of launching an amphibious landing at Inchon 200 miles behind landing at Inchon 200 miles behind enemy lines and from here he enemy lines and from here he launched an attack against the North launched an attack against the North Koreans.Koreans.


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MacArthur later chose to advance north MacArthur later chose to advance north towards the Chinese border at the Yalu River. towards the Chinese border at the Yalu River.

This provoked the Chinese to launch a This provoked the Chinese to launch a massive attack against the UN forces and massive attack against the UN forces and South Korea. South Korea.

The war became static warfare as both sides The war became static warfare as both sides were entrenched in their positions. Peace were entrenched in their positions. Peace talks started at Panmunjom and lasted for two talks started at Panmunjom and lasted for two years. years.

An armistice was signed in 1953. The fighting An armistice was signed in 1953. The fighting ended but no peace treaty was signed.ended but no peace treaty was signed.


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Impact of theImpact of theKorean WarKorean War

Korea Korea The war cost the lives of about 2.5 million Koreans. Many families were separated because of the division at the 38th parallel.

Global impactGlobal impactThe war also showed that smaller countries were not always controlledby superpowers. In thecase of Korea, both the North and South used thesuperpowers to achieve their aim of uniting Korea

ChinaChinaChina showed that it was a major military power with its entry into the war.China grew confident anddemanded a seat in the UN in 1971.

JapanJapanJapan became a key US partner in Asia and a model of US democracy. The Korean War also helped Japan’s economy as it was the main supplier of South Korea.

TaiwanTaiwanFearing China might use theKorean War as a chanceto attack Taiwan, the USA sent military support to Taiwan.

USAUSAFollowing the Korean War, the USA was eager to form alliances in Asia. This included ANZUS (with Australia and New Zealand) and SEATO in Southeast Asia.

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Trouble began in 1962 when the USA found out that the Trouble began in 1962 when the USA found out that the USSR had missiles in Cuba which could hit most of the USSR had missiles in Cuba which could hit most of the major American cities.major American cities.

Furthermore, the Soviets had 40,000 troops in Cuba.Furthermore, the Soviets had 40,000 troops in Cuba. More than 100,000 US soldiers were stationed at More than 100,000 US soldiers were stationed at

Florida, the American state closest to Cuba.Florida, the American state closest to Cuba. The US forces around the world were also placed on The US forces around the world were also placed on

high alert.high alert. Soviet submarines that were armed with nuclear Soviet submarines that were armed with nuclear

weapons were also on their way to Cuba.weapons were also on their way to Cuba.

Case Study 2:Case Study 2:The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

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Case Study 2 : Case Study 2 : The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

Trouble began in 1962 when the Trouble began in 1962 when the USA found out that the USSR had USA found out that the USSR had missiles in Cuba which could hit missiles in Cuba which could hit most of the major American cities.most of the major American cities.

Following that, the USA sent more Following that, the USA sent more than 100,000 soldiers to Florida than 100,000 soldiers to Florida prepared for a possible invasion.prepared for a possible invasion.

President Kennedy ordered a US President Kennedy ordered a US naval blockade of Cuba to stop naval blockade of Cuba to stop supplies from reaching Cuba.supplies from reaching Cuba.

The whole crisis was finally averted The whole crisis was finally averted when Soviet ships decided to sail back. when Soviet ships decided to sail back. Following that, the USSR announced It Following that, the USSR announced It would also remove the missiles from would also remove the missiles from Cuba.Cuba.

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Causes of the Cuban Missile CrisisCauses of the Cuban Missile Crisis The USSR had been worried about US missiles in Turkey (an The USSR had been worried about US missiles in Turkey (an

ally of the USA) due to its proximity to some of the Soviet cities.ally of the USA) due to its proximity to some of the Soviet cities. Soviet leader Khrushchev felt he should also find allies and build Soviet leader Khrushchev felt he should also find allies and build

nuclear missile sites near the USA.nuclear missile sites near the USA. In 1960, the USSR offered to protect Cuba by placing nuclear In 1960, the USSR offered to protect Cuba by placing nuclear

missiles in Cuba.missiles in Cuba. Cuban leader Castro accepted the USSR’s offer and formed an Cuban leader Castro accepted the USSR’s offer and formed an

alliance with it.alliance with it. In 1962, following reconnaissance reports of missiles belonging In 1962, following reconnaissance reports of missiles belonging

to the USSR in Cuba, US president Kennedy ordered a naval to the USSR in Cuba, US president Kennedy ordered a naval and air blockade of Cuba.and air blockade of Cuba.

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Putting its army on high alert, the USA warned that it Putting its army on high alert, the USA warned that it would attack the USSR if the missiles were not would attack the USSR if the missiles were not removed from Cuba.removed from Cuba.

The crisis was resolved when the USSR promised to The crisis was resolved when the USSR promised to remove all its missiles.remove all its missiles.

The blockade on Cuba was also ended.The blockade on Cuba was also ended. In 1963, US nuclear missiles were removed from In 1963, US nuclear missiles were removed from

Turkey.Turkey.

Causes of the Cuban Missile CrisisCauses of the Cuban Missile Crisis

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Impact of theImpact of theCuban MissileCuban Missile

CrisisCrisis

Better US-Soviet relationsBoth sides realised that they should not risk another nuclear war. Both also supported disarmament.In 1963, the USA, the USSR and Britain signed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Led to more stable superpower relationsBoth parties did not start anuclear war because they realised no one could win one.Due to a possible MutuallyAssured Destruction situation,both tried to solve problems without using nuclear weapons.

Cuba remained CommunistAlthough the USSR removed itsmissiles, it promised to help Cuba if it was attacked.The USSR also made the USA promise that it would not attack Cuba.

Khrushchev's fall from powerThe incident led to Khrushchev's fall from power.His decision to remove the missiles was criticised by by other Soviet leaders. In 1964, he was removed from his post.

Tense Soviet-Chinese relationsThe crisis made Soviet-Chinese relations tense.China accused the Soviets for being weak. The quarrel between China and the USSR divided the international Communistmovement into two groups.

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The Cold WarThe Cold War

Impact on EuropeImpact outside

Europe

Increasing Increasing mistrustmistrust

KoreaEurope divided

NATOWarsaw Pact

Marshall PlanTruman Doctrine

SummarySummary

Germany divided

Cuba

Alliance Alliance breakdownbreakdown

Competing Competing ideologiesideologies

chapter 8 cold war (edsel jasmine sison's conflicted copy 2013 03-07)

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