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Chapter 7 (Dr. Fenwick W. English)The Art of Educational LeadershipBalancing Performance and AccountabilityLoretta A. TerryWilliam Allan Kritsonis, PhDChapter 7Balancing Performance and Accountability

Loretta A. TerryWilliam Allan Kritsonis, PhDHow can we fully comprehend what artful performers do? If we cannot permit ourselves to fully comprehend the nature of leadership because of how we have chosen to define or view it, we should stop using methods and models that leave us perpetually ignorant and unable to adequately grasp what expert practitioners who are supremely artful performer really do (English 2008).

Traditional Notions of Leadership

Social SciencesScientific MethodTotal Quality ManagementManagement TheoryBusiness Management

Anchored in: Social StudiesAll based in a reality outside of the human experience. Bottom line of organization management by scientific management by science management = efficienty/school of thought focused on profitability-aim to work faster, harder and produce more. 4Business Management LiteratureWiens (2006)EmphasisExcellence Effective Effective habitsTotal quality

CounterintuitiveToo prescriptiveToo presumptiveToo generalizing

Most of the business literature has the veneer of social science and remove the human interiority. The social scientist observes actions but not the beliefs that prompt the actions5PerformancePerformance is anchored in the essential core of every leaders deeply held beliefs that not only guide him or her in a role of leadership, but actively shape the world and define the issues in it (English, 2008).6Accountability Educational leaders are accountable for everything in the educational system from:policy to practiceTeachingDefining goals to strategic planningMeasuring progress to improving performanceSchool finances & budgets to transportationSchool safety to teacher retention

Deweys Distinction

LeadershipJohn Deweys DistinctionScience Limitations on EmpiricismArt Values of Moral DiscourseProblem of Definition Applied PracticePerformanceDeweys distinction proposes leadership as knowledge and leadership as art. Performance is concerned with application, art is usually embedded in a variety of moral or value discourses.8

To advance educational leadership as a field of professional studies intellectually and practically in the 21st century a better balance between science and art of leading must emerge (English, 2008).

Educational leadership Recentered in the humanities Reemerged as a guide for improvement 9

Humanities disciplines studyHuman Condition

Literature History Philosophy DramaTheologySociologyAnthropologyCultural StudiesAs humans we are known to ask questions such as What is the meaning of existence; Why was I born, Why am I here , Wher do I go when I die? We struggle to fine answers to these questions and the very fact that we can ask them defines human condition.10 The case for the study of educational leadership through humanitiesMichael Mann(2003)Time to reinsert life into school administrationby expanding the context of what constitutesappropriate text for educational leadershippreparation. Examination of life writingscontains a full range of human actions.

Michael studied the history of social power; he found that History does not repeat itselfWorld history develops, the most difficult problems of our times are novel- and this is why they are difficult to solve. The life writings approach is postmodern because the value of the life writing is what is revealed from the discontinuities, the ruptures and dissimilarities rather than the continuities.11Winston ChurchillVoted Greatest ever BrittonGreat LeaderGreat CharacterGreat VisionGreat Ability to detect weaknesses1940 PM/ UK Paradoxical

Winston Churchill was blamed for the Gallipoli Campaign of WWI but praised for leading UK to victory in WWII. The difficult question in understanding how Churchill he was so wrong about the Gallipoli? Although he paid the political price for the failure and under estimating proficiency of the Turks at Gaallipoli, history and biography have combined to show his siens of strateyg was as good as ever. What we can learn from a leader who has made mistakes but still remains larger in death than in life is according Mann, understanding leadership involves more that a simpls calculus of behaviors or results or recurrent themes based on surveys; what must be restored to the field of educational leadership are lives, intentions, interactions, and contexts in which leaders labor and an understanding of the objectives they are pursuing. To complete Manns perspective on Churchill- a quote that will b=remind you of one we all heard after 911-12

Strength of Humanities over Social Science

Samier ( 2005)- Positivistic and instructional approaches are not equipped to deal with humanities questions such as: Freedom Authenticity Responsibility Individual action These approaches are obscured in current fad of leadership training (174).

Samier in 2005 conducted a study to investigate Administration as a humanities discipline, in the study she submitted when considering whether literature or stories is science- that the best stories are those which stir peoples minds,, hearts, an souls and by so doing give them new insights into themselves, their problems and their human condition.13ObituariesBiographyProsopo-graphyPsychobio-graphyLetters and JournalsPortraitsProfilesPortrayalsAuto-biographical extensionsMemoirsLife storiesAuto- biographyFirst Person Writing Third Person Writing Psychobiography

Interiorities of the character were revealed in his own thought processes

15The Argument for Life Writings to Study Educational LeadershipAllows leadership researcher to look at a greater number of variablesPromotes richness of context to differentiate forms of leadershipPromotes the study of the context of various arrays of decisions and subsequent actions and outcomes that followEvokes conclusions that arise from ground truth-to analyze how leaders get from here to there

Robert Greenleaf- AT&T CEOWhat leaders are not Ordinary Products of position education income religion ethnicity

Approach to LeadershipNoncoersiveNonmanipulativeQuaker beliefsManagement ability to state a goal & reach it through othersPersonal growthServant LeadershipEmpowermentListening Introspection

Greenleafs course of study included humanities disciplines including music, art, literature, philosophy and history. In addition his philosophy that there is too much of a tendency to deal with unresovled social issues with system approaches, his proposal was to turn hierarchical organization chart into a circle similar to a Quaker meeting. Greenleaf was motivated by quaker believe17Learning ExtensionElizabeth -1998 Staring Cate Blanchett Daughter of Henry VII becomes queen of England and shrewdly leads the country. The queen negotiates her way to consolidate her authority in a divided land between Catholics and Protestants.

Learning Extension Documentary ofLNelson Mandela s life.Contains footage ofMandelas sojourn back toRobben Island wherespent two decades inprison. Portrays Mandelsleadership style and workethics as president of SouthAfrica.

Dr. English commented that Mandela Son of Africa is an inspiring film in which leadership, communication, context, and culture come together in real time sequences.19Concluding Reflection QuestionsWhat do you actually know about the leader (s) you most admire?What are the characteristics that stand out in you mind about them?What did the leaders actually do to merit being a leader?What types of contexts did your leaders encounter?

Leadership

The day soldiers stop bringing you their problems is the day you have stopped leading them. They have either lost confidence that you can help them or concluded that you do not care.

Either case is a failure of leadership

Colin Powell

Life is drawing without an eraser

In life, you either follow paths or make trails.

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