chapter 6 - dr. fenwick english, leadership for dr. kritsonis' phd class

8/8/2019 Chapter 6 - Dr. Fenwick English, Leadership for Dr. Kritsonis' PhD Class

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Understanding the Landscape of

Educational Leadership

Chapter 6

William Allan Kritsonis, PhD



Purpose

³«to describe the conceptual landscape of

educational leadership, including the major

epochs of foundational writings which inform

leadership studies in the past and present.´



Modernism

³Modernism«continues to dominate thought

in education and educational leadership in

particular.´



Central Tenets of Modernism

I. Epochs

Pseudo-scientific

Early scientific

Behaviorism

Structuralism

Feminist & Critical Theory Critical Race Theory

Queer Theory



Modernism«

³still at play in the leadership discourse of

contemporary times´

is the dominate influence

largest number of scholars, writers,researchers remain engaged



Modernism¶s Key Beliefs

Rationality is the best approach to promote

insight and understanding

Science represents progress

Objective and neutral



The Pseudo-scientific Epoch

Frederick W. Taylor (1856 ± 1915)

1st premier management consultant

Was an engineer in the steel industry

Created and introduced ³scientificmanagement´ in 1911

³one best way´



Modernism«

Understood that ³planning´ and ³doing´ are

different

³The planner is needed to supply the doer

with direction and measurements, with the

tools of analysis and synthesis, withmethodology and with standards.´

-Peter Drucher, 1974



Job De-skilling

³where work tasks are separated and broken

down into smaller and smaller pieces until the

education levels required to engage in the

work are so lowered that labor costs can be

reduced.´



Job De-skilling«.

Job de-skilling requires:

Planners

Workers

Absolute managerial authority



Question: What is the bottom line?

Answer: efficiency and profitability!

Question: Should education truly be run like

business?



Scientific Management isn¶t ³scientific´ at all!

Mainstream American business management

Total Quality Management

(Deming, 1980¶s-1990s)

Strategic Planning



Total Quality Management

TQM

Aimed at reducing variability

Enhances control

Attains greater precision

Language permeates administrative texts!



The Early Scientific Epoch

Henry Fayol (1842 ± 1925)

Called the ³Father of Modern Management Theory´

Believed 5 primary functions of administration:

Planning Coordinating

Organizing Controlling

Commanding

(leadership)



Early Scientific Epoch

Mary Parker Tollett (1868 ± 1933)

Developed the ³law of the situation´

A) compromise

B) domination

C) integration - the best!

Laid ground work for organization development



Early Scientific Epoch

Chester Barnard (1886 ± 1961)

Functions of the executive:

1. Purpose as a requisite for unifying organization

2. Establish effective communication

A. understandable

B. consistent with subordinates¶ understanding of

organization¶s purpose C. consistent with individual¶s own personal purposes

D. able to be carried out by the individual



The Behaviorism Epoch

Anchored by the work of Herbert Simon;

offspring of B.F. Skinner

Observable and measurable actions under the

conscious control of an individual who is

responding to stimuli in a specific situation

In line with SM and TQM




Simon ± rational organizational behavior

Maximizes results at the lowest cost

Casts out the human dimension

Eliminates personality as a domain




Douglas McGregor

Theory X and Theory Y

Based on an analysis of managers¶ behaviors

in business



The Structuralism Epoch

A study of whole units or structures represents

the key to understanding individual

phenomenon (behaviors)

The Social Psychology of Organizations

Katz and Kahn (1966) ± combined the views of

psychologists and sociologists



The Structuralism Epoch

General Systems Theory

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Organizations In Action

James Thompson

Structure in Fives

Mintzberg

Reframing Organizations

Bolman and Deal ± Frame theory



Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch

modern movement began with Betty

Friedman¶s The Feminist Mystique

transformations include: androgyny and

gender polarization

Kathy Ferguson¶s The Feminist Case Against

Bureaucracy ± huge impact in business,

public and educational administration

Jurgen Habermas ± Moral Consciousness

and Communicative Action



Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch

The fundamental impact of the Feminist/Critical

Theory Epoch was a change in perspective

that encouraged women to adopt different

personas within the workplace that contrastedwith traditional, societal roles. The literature

created during this epoch also coached

women on how to overcome subservience

and gain equality by manipulating thebureaucratic, political and social systems

within the workplace.



Critical Race Theory Epoch

Is centered on the notion that racism is

endemic in American life and exists in

educational institutions in a myriad of forms

Not individual but institutional/structural

Purpose is to end racial inequality

Recognizes the importance of historical

context and the personal accounts of individuals who have experienced situations

that counter dominant perceptions



Critical Race Theory Epoch

Key Texts in CRT include:

Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge by

Richard Delgado, 1995

³Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education´

by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate,Teachers College Record, 1995



The Queer Theory Epoch

Challenges the social system¶s construction

of sexual identities and seeks to expose them

as invalid descriptors

Advances 5 perspectives:

1. Seeks to come to terms with sexual identity

2. Works to deconstruct sexual norms and

practices in institutional life3. Is confrontational

4. Sees sexual identity as more than sexual

5. Views society as political and cultural



The Post Modern Epoch

The prevailing thought is that postmodernity has

no coherent theme, except in what it chooses

to reject.

It posits that there are no realities outside of aperson¶s culture and experience. Reality is

constructed, multidimensional and

multitheoretical.

Postmodernists deny the ³reality´ that anchors

modernism




Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) ± presented the

anatomy of de-construction, a way to take

apart textual passages.

1st reading ± interpretation of the text

2nd reading ± look for contradictions, hidden

silences, binaries, and circularities in the text

The 2nd

reading may offer a very differentreading of what most people think the text is

about

Texts are about what is and is not said.




³De-construction makes it possible for

postmodernists to expose the flaws and

assumptions in modernism as irrational. Yet

postmodernism does not offer any alternative

because to do so would be to center

something in its place.´

Fenwick English, 2007



Kitsch Management

³Kitsch´ is a slang term for ³rubbish or trash´

Have high emotional appeal ± usually

sentimentality

Requires no knowledge, understanding,

critique or analysis

Satisfies immediate desire

Non-challenging Does not question socio-political reality or

vested interests

Reinforces prejudices



Kitsch Management

Avoids unpleasant conflicts

Promises a happy ending

Stephen Covey ± The Seven Habits of Highly

Effective People

Jim Collins ± Good to Great

Spencer Johnson ± Who Moved My Cheese?John Maxwell ± The 360 Degree Leader

Larry Julian ± GOD Is My CEO



Kitsch Management

³These texts oversimplify reality and promise a

rationality that does not exist in the real world.

Because they avoid dealing with managerial

subtleties and erase situational complexitiesand conflicts, they are at their base ideologies

being passed off as codified wisdom.´

- Fenwick English, 2007

Jim Collins ± TQM, ³managementspeak´,

timeless principles, absolute certainty, equate

to Fantasyland



Q&A

chapter 6 - dr. fenwick english, leadership for dr. kritsonis' phd class

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