chapter 7
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Chapter 7. Cell Structure and Function. Section 7-1. The History of the Cell Theory and Microscopes. Historical View of the Cell Theory. As science improves, so do improvements in scientific instruments, and improved scientific instruments lead to new discoveries. 1590 – Zacharias Janssen. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Cell Structure and Function
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Section 7-1
The History of the Cell Theory and Microscopes
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Historical View of the Cell Theory
• As science improves, so do improvements in scientific instruments, and improved scientific instruments lead to new discoveries.
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1590 – Zacharias Janssen
• Built first simple microscope (one set of lenses)
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1670’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Made improvements
• 270x magnification
• Saw bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, red blood cells and yeast cells
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1665 – Robert Hooke• Produced a compound microscope
• Saw hollow boxes and named them “cells”
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1665 – Robert Hooke
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1831 – Robert Brown• Saw central structure in plant cells,
called this structure a nucleus
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1838 – Theodore Schwann
• Concluded that all animals are made of cells
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1838 – Matthias Schleiden• Concluded that all plants are
made of cells
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1839 – Johannes Purkinje• Stated that “the cell is the unit of
function of life”
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1858 – Rudolf Virchow• Concluded that “ cells come only from
previously existing cells”
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The Cell Theory1. All living things are composed of
cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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Section 3-2
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Eukaryotes• Have a nucleus and membrane
covered organelles
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Prokaryotes• Don’t have a nucleus and
membrane covered organelles
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Eukaryotic Cell Structures
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Plasma Membrane• Separates the cell from its
environment
• Controls the transport of materials in and out
• Allows some materials but not others to pass through this is called…–Selectively permeable
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Extensive network of tube-like
structures that forms a passageway that functions in the transport of materials throughout the cells
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Ribosomes• Site of protein
synthesis
• Attached to the walls of the ER or move freely in the cytoplasm
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Golgi Bodies• Stack of tiny, flattened sac-like
tubes used in secretion
• Package protein molecules in a membrane and send the package to the cells surface
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Mitochondria• Where cellular respiration takes
place to release energy
• “Mighty Mitochondria”
• Powerhouse of the cell
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Microtubules• Tubes that serve as support for the
cell
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Microfilaments• Thin threads attached to the cell
membranes, play a role in movement
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Lysosomes• Vesicles that contain enzymes
used in digestion• Fuses with food vacuoles to
digest food into smaller pieces• Digest old cell structures to
dispose of them or even entire cells
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Nucleus• Regulates all the cells activities
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Chromosomes• Long coiled fibers that carry the
material of heredity
• Made of protein and DNA
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Nucleolus• Composed of
RNA
• Involved in the passage of RNA into the cytoplasm
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Centrioles• Small cylinders in the cytoplasm
that play a role in cell division
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Cilia
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Flagella
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Chloroplasts• Organelle found only in plants,
used to make food
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Vacuoles• Spherical, bubble-like storage
sacs
• Plant cells have very large vacuoles compared to animal cells
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Cell Wall• Rigid structure
that surrounds the cell membrane
• Made of cellulose
• Permits most things to pass through
Cell Wall
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Section 3-3
Cellular Processes
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The Big Idea• Cells need to regulate the
movement of dissolved molecules on either side of the membrane
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Cell membrane• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
and also provides protection and support
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Cell membrane• Made of a double layered sheet called a
lipid bilayer
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Cell Wall• Provide support and protection for
cell
• Found in more than just plants
• Contrary to popular belief, not selectively permeable
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Cell Walls
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Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
• One of the more important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from one side of a membrane to the other
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Concentration• The mass of solute in a given
volume of solution
• Mass/volume
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• What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water?
• What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt in 6 liters of water?
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In a solution, particles move constantly
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Diffusion• Process by which molecules of a
substance move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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Diffusion
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Diffusion
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Equilibrium• When the concentration of the
solute is the same throughout a system
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• Because diffusion depends on random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without energy being used
• Even during equilibrium, particles still move, but there is no net change in concentration
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Osmosis• The diffusion of water
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Osmosis
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Isotonic• The concentration of solutes is
the same inside and outside the cell
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Hypertonic• Solution has a higher solute
concentration than the cell
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Hypotonic
• Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
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Facilitated Diffusion• Movement of specific molecules across
cell membranes through protein channels
HighConcentration
LowConcentration
CellMembrane
Glucosemolecules
Proteinchannel
•Only go from high concentrations to low concentrations
•Does not require energy
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Types of Active Transport
• Sometimes cells must move materials in the opposite direction–Low concentrations to high
concentrations
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Active Transport• Energy requiring process that
moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
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Active TransportMolecule tobe carried
Moleculebeing carried
Energy
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Molecular transport• Small molecules and ions are
actively transported
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Carrier proteins• Proteins that act like pumps
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Endocytosis• The process of taking material into the cell
by means of infolding of the membrane
Food particle engulfing Forms a vacuole
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Phagocytosis
• Cell eating
• White blood cells do this
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Pinocytosis• Cell drinking
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Exocytosis• Forces contents out of the cell
• Endocytosis in reverse
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Section 3-4
The Diversity of Cellular life
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Unicellular Organism• Single celled
• Do everything a living organism does
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Multicellular Organism• Many celled
• Depend on communication and cooperation among specialized cells
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Specialization
• When cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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Red Blood Cells• Transport
oxygen
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Pancreatic Cells• Make
proteins
• Packed with ribosomes
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Skeletal Muscle• Generate force
• Packed with mitochondria
• Overdeveloped cytoskeleton
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Nerve Cell• Send messages
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Guard Cells• Open and close the stomata
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Levels of Organization
Cells Tissues Organs
Organ Systems
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Tissues• Group of similar cells that perform
specific function
• Ex.) smooth muscle
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Organ• Group of tissues that work
together to perform a specific function
• Ex.) stomach
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Organ System• Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function
• Ex.) digestive system
• This organization creates a division of labor that makes multicellular life possible
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Biological Organization