chapter 6: stacks stack applications stack implementations cs 240 35
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6: Stacks
STACK APPLICATIONS
STACK IMPLEMENTATIONS
CS 240 1
CS 240 2
The stack abstract data type is essentially a list using the LIFO (last-in-first-out) policy for adding and removing elements.The principal stack operations: Create an empty stack.
Copy an existing stack. Destroy a stack.Determine whether a
stack is empty. Add a new element to a stack.Remove the most recently
added element from a stack.Retrieve the most recently added element from a stack.
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When running a program that uses functions, a stack is used to keep track of the function calls, including the status of the variables in each function.
Stack Application:Run-Time Stack
void swap(int &u, int &v){ int temp = u; u = v; v = temp;}
void reorder(int &a, int &b, int &c){ if ((b <= a) && (b <= c)) swap(a,b); else if ((c <= a) && (c <= b)) swap(a,c); if (c <= b) swap(b,c);}
a: 20
b: 30
c: 10
void main(){ int x = 20; int y = 30; int z = 10; if ((x > y) || (y > z)) reorder(x,y,z); cout << x << y << z;}
u: 20
v: 10
temp:20
x: 20
y: 30
z: 10
u: 10
v: 20
a: 10
c: 20
x: 10
z: 20
void swap(int &u, int &v){ int temp = u; u = v; v = temp;}
u: 30
v: 20
temp:30
u: 20
v: 30
b: 20
y: 20
c: 30
z: 30
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Stack Application:Infix-to-Postfix Conversion
Following these rules, then, the infix expression 7 + 6 - 3 * ( 5 + 8 / 2 ) is converted into the postfix expression 7 6 + 3 5 8 2 / + * -
When this is found in the
infix expression...
… do this!
Beginning of infix expression
Push a # onto the stack
Operand Append it to the postfix expression
Right parenthesisRepeatedly pop the stack, appending each entry to the postfix expression,
until a left parenthesis is popped (but not output)
End of infix expression
Repeatedly pop the stack, appending each entry to the postfix expression
Left parenthesis Push it onto the stack
* or / operatorRepeatedly pop the stack, appending all popped * and / operators to the end of the postfix expression, until something else is popped; push this last item
back onto the stack, followed by the new * or / that was encountered
+ or - operator
Repeatedly pop the stack, appending all popped +, -, *, and / operators to the end of the postfix expression, until something else is popped; push this
last item back onto the stack, followed by the new + or - that was encountered
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Stack Application:Postfix Expression Evaluation
Following these rules, then, with the postfix expression 7 6 + 3 5 8 2 / + * - yields:
Following these rules, then, with the postfix expression 7 6 + 3 5 8 2 / + * - yields:
7 7
6
13 13
3
13
3
5
13
3
5
8
13
3
5
8
2
13
3
5
4
13
3
9
13
27
-14
When this is encountered in the postfix expression... … do this!
Operand Push it onto the stack
OperatorPop the stack twice, perform the operation on the two
popped operands, and push the result back onto the stack
End of postfix expression Pop the stack once; the popped value is the final result
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Stack Application:Graphical TransformationsWhen graphically manipulating 2D and 3D objects, it’s often convenient to use a stack to manipulate them at the origin and then translate them to their appropriate locations.
translate
rotate
scale
translate
rotate
scale
translate
translate
rotate
translate
By carefully applying the transformations in the correct order (via the stack), the image is altered in the desired fashion.
translate
scale
rotate
translate
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Stack Implementation Alternatives
An Array ImplementationPositives
Avoids pointers (uses top index)
Trivial implementationNegatives
×Size must be declared in advance A Linked List Implementation
PositivesDynamically allocates
exactly the right amount of memory
Straightforward (if not quite trivial) implementation
Negatives
×Those wonderful pointers
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
b a
c b a
b a
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Linked List Implementation of Stack
// Class declaration file: stack.h// Linked List implementation of the// stack ADT – inherits from LinkedList.
#ifndef STACK_H#include "LinkedList.h"
class stack : protected LinkedList { public: // Class constructors stack(); stack(const stack &s);
// Member functions bool isEmpty(); void push(const elementType &item); elementType pop(); elementType retrieve(); };#define STACK_H#endif
The stack class “inherits” from the LinkedList class, so all LinkedList members are accessible to any
stack.
This derived class has a “protected” access specifier, indicating that the public and protected members of
LinkedList are considered protected in the stack class.
If the access specifier were “private”, then the public and protected
members of LinkedList are considered private in the derived class.
If the access specifier were “public”, then the public and protected
members of LinkedList are considered public and protected (respectively) in
the derived class.Let’s assume that the getNode and head
members in LinkedList were declared protected, not private!
Let’s also assume that the elementType typedef occurred in the LinkedList definition!
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// Class implementation file: stack.cpp// Linked List implementation of the// stack ADT – inherits from LinkedList.
#include "Stack.h"#include "LinkedList.h"#include <assert.h>// Default constructor: //// Inherited from LinkedList. //stack:: stack(): LinkedList(){}
// Copy constructor: //// Inherited from LinkedList. //stack:: stack(const stack &s): LinkedList(s){}
// Empty function: returns a boolean //// value that indicates whether or //// not the stack is empty. //bool stack:: isEmpty(){ return head == NULL;}
// Push function: inserts item at //// the top of the stack. //void stack:: push(const elementType &elt){ nodePtr newHead = getNode(elt); assert(newHead != NULL); newHead->next = head; head = newHead; return;}
// Pop function: removes and returns the //// top stack entry (if there is one). //elementType stack:: pop(){ elementType elt; nodePtr oldHead; assert(head != NULL); oldHead = head; elt = head->item; head = head->next; delete oldHead; return elt;}
// On_top function: returns (w/o removing) //// the top stack entry (if there is one). //elementType stack:: retrieve(){ elementType elt; assert(head != NULL); elt = head->item; return elt;}