chapter 6 section 3 grasslands, desert, & tundra
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6
Section 3
Grasslands, Desert, & Tundra
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Objectives• Describe the difference between
tropical and temperate grasslands.
• Describe the climate in a chaparral biome.
• Describe two desert animals and the adaptations that help them survive.
• Describe one threat to the tundra biome.
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Grasslands- Savanna• Savannas - grasses and scattered trees
and shrubs that are found in tropical and subtropical habitats- dry climate (east Africa and western India)
• Receive little precipitation: wet season and dry season
• Most animals active during wet season
• Grass fires help restore nutrients to soil during dry season
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Plants of the Savanna• Most rain falls during wet season- plants
must be able to survive periods without water
• Some plants have large horizontal root systems to help them survive dry season and grow quickly after a fire
• Grasses have adaptations to conserve water; Some trees shed leaves
• Most vegetation has thorns for protection from herbivores
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Savanna Plants
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Animals of the Savanna• Grazing herbivores (elephant) follow the
rain to areas of new grass and fresh watering holes- predators stalk these animals for food
• Animals give birth during the rainy season- food is abundant and increases the survival rate
• Some species reduce competition for food by eating vegetation at different heights - vertical feeding pattern
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Savanna animals
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Grasslands- Temperate (Prairie)
• Temperate grasslands -communities dominated by grasses, few trees, and characterized by hot summers and cold winters, with intermediate rainfall
• Have the most fertile soil of any biome
• Few natural temperate grasslands remain-many have been replaced by farms growing crops such as corn, soybeans, and wheat
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Grasslands- Temperate (Prairie)
• Located on the interior of continents where too little rain falls for trees to grow and include the prairies of North America
• Heavy precipitation is rare, allowing the hot temperatures in the summer to make the grasslands susceptible to fires
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Grasslands- Temperate (Prairie)- Plants
• Root system of prairie grasses form dense layers- survive drought and fire allowing the plants to come back from year to year
• Few trees because of the lack of rainfall, fire, and constant winds
• Amount of rainfall in the area determines types of plants that will grow
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Grasslands- Temperate (Prairie)- Animals
• Grazing animals: bison and pronghorn antelope- have large, flat teeth for chewing the coarse prairie grasses
• Prairie dogs, owls, and badgers, live protected in underground burrows that protect them from predators
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Grasslands- Temperate (Prairie)- Threats
• Farming and overgrazing
• Crops cannot hold the soil in place as well as native grasses because the roots of crops are shallow and erosion occurs
• Erosion also occurs as the grasses are constantly eaten and trampled
• Constant use can change these grasslands into desert-like biomes
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Grasslands- Chaparral
• Chaparral - temperate woodland biome with broad leafed evergreen shrubs and is located in areas with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters
• Located in the middle latitudes, about 30° north and south of the equator
• Primarily in coastal areas that have Mediterranean climates
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Grasslands- Chaparral Plants
• Evergreen shrubs and small trees that tend to grow in dense patches: Manzanita, scrub oak, and herbs (sage & bay)
• Plants have small, leathery leaves that contain oils that promote burning, allowing natural fires to destroy competing trees
• Well adapted to fire
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Grasslands- Chaparral Animals
• Adaptation: camouflage, shape or coloring that allows an animal to blend into its environment
• Animals: quail, lizards, chipmunks, and mule deer have a brownish gray coloring that lets them move through the brush without being noticed
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Grasslands- Chaparral Threats
• Humans tend to develop lands of the chaparral for commercial and residential use because these biomes get a lot of sun, are near the oceans, and have a mild climate year round
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Deserts• Deserts - regions that have little or no
vegetation, long periods without rain, and extreme temperatures
• Hot & cold deserts- driest places on Earth
• Often located near large mountain ranges because mountains can block the passage of moisture-filled clouds, limiting precipitation
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Desert Plants• Have adaptations for obtaining and
conserving water, which allows the plants to live in dry, desert conditions.
• Succulents- (cactuses) have thick, fleshy stems and leaves that conserve water
• Many plant roots spread out just under the surface to absorb as much rain as possible
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Desert Animals• Animals adapted to prevent water loss
• Reptiles- thick, scaly skin that prevents water loss
• Amphibians - estivating, or burying themselves in the ground and sleeping through the dry season
• Insects - covered with body armor that helps retain water
• Most animals are nocturnal
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Tundra• Tundra - located in the Arctic or Antarctic
and is characterized by very low winter temperatures, short, cool summers, and vegetation that consists of grasses, lichens, and perennial herbs
• Summers are short, so only the top few centimeters of soil thaw
• Permafrost - permanently frozen layer of soil
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Tundra Plants• Mosses and lichens cover rocks
• Soil is thin, so plants have wide shallow roots to help anchor
• Most flowering plants are short to avoid the wind and gain heat
• Woody plants and perennials have evolved dwarf forms that grow flat along the ground
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Tundra Animals• Millions of migratory birds breed in the
summer when food is abundant
• Caribou migrate in search of food and water
• Predators such as wolves prey on migratory caribou, deer, and moose
• Rodents burrow underground- stay active
• Arctic foxes and snowshoe hares lose their brown summer coat for white fur
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Tundra Threats• One of the most fragile biomes on the
planet
• Food chains are relatively simple so they are easily disrupted
• Oil was located here- oil exploration, extraction, and transport
• Pollution caused by spills or leaks of oil and other toxic materials may poison the food and water sources of organisms
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What are the differences?
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REVIEW!!!• Describe the difference between
tropical and temperate grasslands.
• Describe the climate in a chaparral biome.
• Describe two desert animals and the adaptations that help them survive.
• Describe one threat to the tundra biome.