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Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth EditionREECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN
Chapter 6
Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.0-2
Describe how chemical
energy transforms to
kinetic energy
Contrast the three
stages of cellular
respiration
Identify when fermentation occurs Connect
Metabolic Pathways
Chapter 6 Objectives
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
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Figure 6.1
Sunlight
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis in
chloroplasts Organic
moleculesCellularrespiration inmitochondria
ATP powers most
cellular work
Heat
energy
CO2 + H2O + O2
ATP
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Figure 6.2-0
Lungs
Transported in
bloodstream
Muscle cells carrying out
Breathing
Glucose + O2 ➞ CO2 + H2O + ATP
Cellular Respiration
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
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Figure 6.3
Glucose Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
Water
HeatATPH2O6CO26O26C6H12O6
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Cellular Respiration
6.4 CONNECTION: The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities
• Read page 91 and be prepared to discuss
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.4-1
Activity
Running (8–9 mph)
Dancing (fast)
Bicycling (10 mph)
Swimming (2 mph)
Walking (4 mph)
Walking (3 mph)
Dancing (slow)
Driving a car
Sitting (writing)
kcal consumed per hour
by a 67.5-kg (150-lb) person*
*Not including kcal needed for
body maintenance
979
510
490
408
341
245
204
61
28
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Figure 6.4-2
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood vessel Muscle cell
Mitochondria
Fuel
(glucose)
Oxygen
(O2)
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Mitochondrion
Fuel (glucose)
Oxygen
Water
Carbon
dioxide
ATP
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Figure 6.5a
Loss of hydrogen atoms
(becomes oxidized)
Gain of hydrogen atoms
(becomes reduced)
(Glucose)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + Heat
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Figure 6.5b
Becomes oxidized+ 2 H
+ 2 HBecomes reduced
NAD+ NADH H+
(carries)
2 electrons)+2 H+ 2
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Figure 6.5c
NAD+
H+
NADHEnergy released
and available
for making
2
2
O2
2
H2O
−2
1
ATP
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You should now be able to
1. Compare the processes and locations of cellular
respiration and photosynthesis.
2. Explain how breathing and cellular respiration
are related.
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Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
STAGES OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Figure 6.0-2
Describe how chemical
energy transforms to
kinetic energy
Contrast the three
stages of cellular
respiration
Identify when fermentation occurs Connect
Metabolic Pathways
Chapter 6 Objectives
6.6 Overview:
• Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Stage 2: Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
• Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.6-0
Electrons carried by NADH FADH2
ATP
ATPATP
Glycolysis
Glucose PyruvatePyruvate
OxidationCitric Acid
Cycle
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
OxidativePhosphorylation
(Electron transportand chemiosmosis)
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
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Figure 6.7a
Glucose
2 ADP
2 Pyruvate
ATP2
NADH
NAD+
+2 H+
+2
2
2P
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Figure 6.7b
Enzyme Enzyme
ADP
Substrate Product
P
P P
ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation: transfer of a phosphate group
from a substrate to ADP, producing ATP
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Figure 6.7c-1-1
Glucose
1
31
2
3
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASEStep
P
ATP
ADP
Steps – Glucose
is energized, using ATP.
ATP
ADP
P
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Figure 6.7c-1-2
Glucose
1
31
2
3
4
4
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
(G3P)
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASEStep
P
ATP
ADP
Step A six-carbon
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon
intermediates.
ATP
ADP
P
PP
P P
Steps – Glucose
is energized, using ATP.
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GlucoseATPMitochondrion
Only the carbon skeleton is shown to keep things simple. The first
step is called glycolysis, and it takes place outside the mitochondria.
To begin the process, some energy has to be invested.
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Next, the molecule is split in half.
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Figure 6.7c-2-1
55 5
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
(G3P)
P
NAD+ NAD+
NADH NADH
+ H+ + H+
P
PP
P P P P
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Step A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
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Figure 6.7c-2-2
55 5
6 9
7
8 8
7
6 6
9 9
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
(G3P)
ATP
ADP
P
ATPATP
ATP
ADP
ADP ADP
H2O H2O
NAD+ NAD+
NADH NADH
+ H+ + H+
P
PP
P P P P
P
P
P
P
P
P
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP)
Pyruvate
Step A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
Steps – ATP
and pyruvate are
produced.
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Electron carrier (NADH)
Now, the molecule NAD+, an electron carrier, picks up electrons and hydrogen
atoms from the carbon molecule, becoming NADH. Keep track of the electron
carriers—they play an important role by transporting electrons to reactions in
the mitochondria.
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ATP Pyruvic acid
In the final steps of glycolysis, some ATP is produced, but not much—for every
glucose molecule, only two net ATPs are produced outside the mitochondrion.
However, glycolysis has produced pyruvic acid, which still has a lot of energy
available.
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Figure 6.8
Pyruvate
NAD+ NADH + H+
1
2
3
Coenzyme ACO2
CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A
The link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
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Pyruvic acid
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
Follow this pyruvic acid molecule into a
mitochondrion to see where most of the
energy is extracted.
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Carbon dioxide
As the molecule enters the mitochondrion, one carbon is
removed, forming carbon dioxide as a by-product.
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Electron carrier (NADH)
Electrons are stripped, forming NADH.
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Acetyl CoACoenzyme A attaches to the 2-
carbon fragment, forming acetyl
CoA.
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Figure 6.6-0
Electrons carried by NADH FADH2
ATP
ATPATP
Glycolysis
Glucose PyruvatePyruvate
OxidationCitric Acid
Cycle
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation
OxidativePhosphorylation
(Electron transportand chemiosmosis)
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.9a
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD+
NADH
+ 3 H+
CO2
CoA
CoA
Acetyl CoA
2
3
3FADH2
FAD
ATP PADP +
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Figure 6.9b-1CoA
CoA
Acetyl CoA
2 carbons enter cycle
Oxaloacetate
Step
Acetyl CoA stokes
the furnace.
1
1
Citric Acid Cycle
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Figure 6.9b-2
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
CoA
CoA
Acetyl CoA
ATP
PADP +
CO2
+ H+
2 carbons enter cycle
Citrate
leaves cycle
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Succinate
Oxaloacetate
leaves cycle
Step
Acetyl CoA stokes
the furnace.
Steps –
NADH, ATP, and CO2
are generated during
redox reactions.
1
1
2
32
3NAD+
NADH
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Figure 6.9b-3
Citric Acid Cycle
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
CO2
CoA
CoA
Acetyl CoA
FADH2
FAD
ATP
PADP +
CO2
+ H+
+ H+
NAD+
NADH
H2O
2 carbons enter cycle
Citrate
leaves cycle
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
leaves cycle
Step
Acetyl CoA stokes
the furnace.
Steps –
NADH, ATP, and CO2
are generated during
redox reactions.
Steps –
Further redox reactions
generate FADH2 and
more NADH.
1
1
2
3
5
6
4
6
2
3
4
NAD+
NADH
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Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A is removed and the remaining 2-carbon skeleton is
attached to an existing 4-carbon molecule that serves as the starting
point for the citric acid cycle.
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Carbon dioxide
The new 6-carbon chain is partially broken down, releasing
carbon dioxide.
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Electron carrier (NADH)
Several electrons are captured by electron carriers …
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Carbon dioxide
… and more carbon dioxide is released. The carbon dioxide that you
exhale comes from the reactions of cellular respiration.
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ATP
Two ATPs are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of
glucose. At this point, only a small number of ATPs have been
produced.
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Electron carrier (FADH2)
However, more energy is available in the electrons that are
being transported by electron carriers.
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Coenzyme AElectron carrier (NADH)
While the citric acid cycle starts another round, let’s follow an
electron carrier to the next step in the process.
Slide
49 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
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Electron Transport
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons.
Slide
50 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
Oxygen
Slide
51 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
Water
Slide
52 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
Energy moves hydrogen ions (H+) across the
membrane.
Slide
53 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
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Electron Transport
H+ ions fill intermembrane space
Slide
54 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
Matrix negatively charged.
Slide
55 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
ATP
synthase
ATP synthases.
Slide
56 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
H+ ions cause ATP synthase to spin
ATP
synthase
Channel
Slide
57 of 37
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and
Electron Transport
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Electron Transport
Form ATP.
ATP
ATP
synthase
Channel
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.10a
OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
Q
FADH2 FAD
ATPPADP +
H+
NAD+NADH
H2O
O2
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Cyt c
−2
1+ 2
II
III
I
ATP
synthase
Protein
complex
of electron
carriers
Mobile
electron
carriersIntermem-
brane
space
Inner mito-
chondrial
membrane
Mito-
chondrial
matrix
Electron
flow
Electron Transport Chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
IV
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.10b
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Rotor
Internal
rod
Catalytic
knob
ATP
ADP
P
H+
+
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron transport chain
Electron carrier
(NADH)
Electrons
Oxygen Electrons
Hydrogen ions
As electrons move along each step of the chain, they give up a bit of energy. The
oxygen you breathe pulls electrons from the transport chain …
Water
and water is formed as a by-product.
Hydrogen ions
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Area of high
hydrogen ion
concentration
ATP synthaseATP
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
The process you’ve just observed, cellular respiration, generates
10 million ATPs per second in just one cell.
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Figure 6.0-1
Brown fat generates only heat, not ATP.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.11
Lean group Overweight/
obese group
Avera
ge a
cti
vit
y o
f b
row
n f
at
Activity level of brown fat of lean and overweight/obese
participants after cold exposure
6.11 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Interrupting cellular respiration can have both harmful and beneficial effects
• Page 99
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6.11 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Interrupting cellular respiration can have both harmful and beneficial effects
• Page 99
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.12
NADH FADH2
CO2
Maximum
per glucose:
+ 2ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose2
Pyruvate
PyruvateOxidation2 Acetyl
CoA
Citric Acid
Cycle
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
by oxidative
phosphorylation
OxidativePhosphorylation
(electron transportand chemiosmosis)
CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION
2NADH2 NADH6 + 2
+ 2ATP
+ about28 ATP
About
32 ATP
O2
H2O
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You should now be able to
1. Provide the overall chemical equation for
cellular respiration.
2. Explain how the human body uses its daily
supply of ATP.
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Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
5. Explain how the energy in a glucose molecule
is released during cellular respiration.
6. Explain how redox reactions are used in
cellular respiration.
7. Describe the general roles of dehydrogenase,
NADH, and the electron transport chain in
cellular respiration.
8. Compare the reactants, products, and energy
yield of the three stages of cellular respiration.
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Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
FERMENTATION: ANAEROBIC
HARVESTING OF ENERGY
Figure 6.0-2
Describe how chemical
energy transforms to
kinetic energy
Contrast the three
stages of cellular
respiration
Identify when fermentation occurs Connect
Metabolic Pathways
Chapter 6 Objectives
Animation: Fermentation Overview
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.13aGlucose
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
2 ATP2 NADH
2 NAD+
+ 2 P
Gly
co
lys
is
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
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Figure 6.13bGlucose
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
2 ATP 2 NADH
2 NAD+
+ 2 P
Gly
co
lys
is
2 Pyruvate
2 Ethanol
2 CO2
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.13c-1
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Figure 6.13c-2
6.14 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth
• Read page 102
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6.14 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth
• Read page 102
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and suggests that this process
had an early evolutionary origin. Since atmospheric oxygen was
not available in significant amounts during the early stages of
Earth’s history, and glycolysis does not require oxygen, it is likely
that this chemical pathway was used by the prokaryotes in
existence at that time. We are often focused on the evolution of
large, readily apparent structures such as wings and teeth may
have never considered the evolution of cellular chemistry.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
9. Describe the special function of brown fat.
10. Compare the reactants, products, and energy
yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation.
11. Distinguish between strict anaerobes and
facultative anaerobes.
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Figure 6.0-2
Describe how chemical
energy transforms to
kinetic energy
Contrast the three
stages of cellular
respiration
Identify when fermentation occurs Connect
Metabolic Pathways
Chapter 6 Objectives
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.15-1
Food
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids
Amino
groups
Glucose G3P Pyruvate
GlycolysisAcetyl
CoA
Citric
Acid
Cycle
ATP
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.16-1
Cells, tissues,
organisms
ATP needed
to drive
biosynthesis
CarbohydratesFatsProteins
SugarsGlycerolFatty
acidsAmino acids
Amino
groups
Pyruvate G3P Glucose
Glucose SynthesisAcetyl
CoA
Citric
Acid
Cycle
ATP
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Figure 6.16-2
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• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/how-body-
uses-fat
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ACT question
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Figure 6.UN01
Glucose Oxygen Carbon
dioxideWater
HeatATPH2O6CO26O26C6H12O6 +
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
9. Explain how carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
are used as fuel for cellular respiration.
© 2015 Pearson
Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.UN03
Cellular
respiration
glucose and
organic fuels
cellular work
chemiosmosis
H+ gradient
ATP (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
generates has three stages oxidizes
uses
produce
some
produces
manyenergy for
by a process called
uses
H+ diffuse
through
ATP synthase
pumps H+ to create
uses
to pull
electrons downto
C6H12O6
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.UN04
Co
lor
inte
nsit
y
a. Time b. Time c. Time
0.30.2
0.1 0.1
0.1
0.20.2
0.3
0.3
Testing your knowledge, question 15
Clicker Questions for
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth EditionREECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN
Chapter 6
Updated by Shannon Datwyler
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest
energy from food molecules. In what form is that energy available
to power cell work?
a) heat and light
b) glucose molecules
c) fat molecules
d) ATP molecules
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Answer
Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest
energy from food molecules. In what form is that energy available
to power cell work?
a) heat and light
b) glucose molecules
c) fat molecules
d) ATP molecules
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of
fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of
energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the
following would “burn off” around a pound of fat, assuming your
normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your
calorie intake?
a) running 7 miles
b) swimming 2 miles
c) walking 27 miles
(3 miles per hour)
d) running 40 miles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Answer
Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of
fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of
energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the
following would “burn off” around a pound of fat, assuming your
normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your
calorie intake?
a) running 7 miles
b) swimming 2 miles
c) walking 27 miles
(3 miles per hour)
d) running 40 miles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
The figure below represents an overview of the different processes
of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly identifies the
different processes in the correct order?
a) 1. Glycolysis, 2. electron transport chain, 3. citric acid cycle
b) 1. Glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport chain
c) 1. Citric acid cycle, 2. electron transport chain, 3. glycolysis
d) 1. Electron transport chain, 2. glycolysis, 3. citric acid cycle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Answer
The figure to the right represents an overview of the different
processes of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly
identifies the different processes in the correct order?
a) 1. Glycolysis, 2. electron transport chain, 3. citric acid cycle
b) 1. Glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport chain
c) 1. Citric acid cycle, 2. electron transport chain, 3. glycolysis
d) 1. Electron transport chain, 2. glycolysis, 3. citric acid cycle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept Check
The figure represents an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular
respiration when different macromolecules are digested for energy production.
Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain
directly?
a) The electron transport chain is
too deeply embedded in
the mitochondria.
b) The electron transport chain
only receives electrons carried
by reduced electron carrier
molecules such as NADH.
c) The electron transport chain
only receives electrons carried
by oxidized electron carrier
molecules such as NAD+.
d) The electron transport chain
does not produce ATP.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Answer
The figure represents an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular
respiration when different macromolecules are digested for energy production.
Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain
directly?
a) The electron transport chain is
too deeply embedded in
the mitochondria.
b) The electron transport chain
only receives electrons carried
by reduced electron carrier
molecules such as NADH.
c) The electron transport chain
only receives electrons carried
by oxidized electron carrier
molecules such as NAD+.
d) The electron transport chain
does not produce ATP.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biology and Society
Obesity is a serious problem in the United States. This problem is growing the fastest in the under 30 age group. Some link this obesity to fast foods that are high in fat and others link it to the increased consumption of fructose sweetened soft drinks. Do you think that today’s students consume more soft drinks than they should?
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Average number soft drinks consumed daily
Age 1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 1999-2000
6-11 4 7 11 15
12-19 6 5 11 15
Disagree Agree
Strongly A B C D E Strongly
Biology and Society
Do you think that your diet is primarily a healthy diet?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Disagree Agree
Strongly A B C D E Strongly
Biology and Society
There is some preliminary evidence that appears to indicate that a
diet that barely provides enough calories for maintenance could
extend your lifespan. This is called a calorie restricted diet. Would
you consider this type of diet to increase your potential life
span?
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Disagree Agree
Strongly A B C D E Strongly
Biology and Society
One quick indicator of possible obesity is the Body Mass Index.
Here is the formula for the body mass index:
BMI = [Weight in Pounds/(Height in Inches)2] x 703
Calculate your BMI and enter where you fit in the following
table—remember it is anonymous.
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BMI Below 18.5 18.5-24.9 25.0-29.9 30.0 and
above
Weight Status A.
Underweight
B.
Normal
C.
OverweightD.
Obese