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Allison Porter

Chapter 6

1. Know the differences between an incidence and a prevalence rate. May makeus define them or match with an example?

1. Incidence rate is number of NEW cases reported during a specifictime period divided by the population.1. It is a rate: will probably be shown as a percentage

2. Prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease in apopulation

1. It is a proportion or percent (but NOT a rate) (will probablyuse the word proportion)

2. Know what a risk factor is.1. A risk factor makes a disease more likely. May make us match the

disease with the risk factor?

1. Lung cancer: smoking2. Coronary heart disease: high-fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking,obesity3. Hypertension: high sodium intake, lack of exercise, stress,

obesity, smoking, high fat intake

4. Breast Cancer: first degree relative5. Colorectal Cancer: high fat and low fiber diet6. Diabetes (II): high carbohydrate diet and obesity

2. Relative risk: May have to do math? Or define?1. Incidence rate of those exposed to risk factor divided by

incidence rate of those not exposed

3. Recurrence Risk: (multifactorial diseases) change a lot due to genefrequencies and environmental/lifestyle factors differing amongpopulations May have to list things that make it higher or lower?

1. Higher:1. More than 1 family member affected2. Expression in proband is more severe3. Proband is of less commonly affected sex

2. Lower:1. In more remotely related relatives

3. Understand the effect of nature (environment) and genes on diseases. Mayhave to match or could be multiple choice where you have to pick one.

1. Polygenic: due to multiple genes2. Multifactorial: due to genes and environmental/lifestyle factors3. Quantitative: traits measured on continuous numeric scale

4. Understand the role of genes and environment on the occurrence of: Mayhave to match or maybe it will be an essay?

1. Coronary Heart Disease1. Environment: high fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity2. Genes: autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia

2. Diabetes:

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1. Type 1: insulin dependent1. Onset before 40, higher incidence with offspring of

diabetic fathers

2. Type II:1. Environment: high carb diet, obesity

3. Alcoholism:1. 3-5 x higher with alcoholic parent2. Also environmental risk

4. Familial Hypercholesterolemia1. Autosomal dominant. Look at age of occurrence, how many are

affected, are there any women?

5. Breast Cancer:1. Genes: Risk increases if woman has first degree relative with it,

if relative is young, and if cancer is bilateral. Chromosomes 13

and 17 have been linked to breast cancer.

6. Colorectal Cancer:1. Genes: some genes2. Environment: high fat and low fiber diet

7. Obesity: a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and type II diabetes1. Genetic connection2. Environmental lifestyle3. (No specific examples