Chapter 6

Motivation

Topics

What is motivation? Maslow's Theory

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory

What is Motivation?

Motivation is having the encouragement to do something.

A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal such as becoming a professional writer or a more short-term goal like learning how to spell a particular word

As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e.g., anger, grief, and happiness).

Maslow's Theory

Human beings have wants and desires, which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs can influence behavior, satisfied needs cannot.

The needs, listed from basic (lowest, earliest) to most complex (highest, latest) are as follows:

1. Physiological (food, sleeping…etc).2. Safety and security (shelter, job security).3. Love (belonging needs)4. Self esteem( الذات .(status) (اشباع5. Self-actualization (being distinguished).

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, while others lead to dissatisfaction.

1. Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, and

2. Hygiene factors; (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe(اضافى)benefits which give positive satisfaction, although dissatisfaction results from their absence.

McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory

He classified human needs into:

1. Need for achievement

2. Need for power

3. Need for affiliation(اندماج) The achievement theory was found to be

useful for motivating type A personality and those who seek power in organizations.

Theory X and Theory Y:

Theory X:1. This theory reflects a pessimistic philosophy of

management towards people at work. It is based on these assumptions:

2. People do not like work by their nature and they will avoid working if they can.

3. People have low ambition and they avoid bearing responsibility. They prefer to be guided by others.

4. They seek security at work as their most preferred priority.

Theory X and Theory Y

Theory Y: This theory reflects an optimistic philosophy of management towards people at work. It is based on these assumptions:

1. People are not lazy by their nature and they are not against achieving the organization’s goals.

2. They are ready to carry responsibility and if possible they will seek it.

3. The management should provide the necessary elements of production and create the right climate for achieving work.

4. The management should try exploring the individuals’ abilities and to deploy them towards achieving the organization’s goals.

Applications of Motivation

In Education: Motivation in education can have several effects on how students learn and their behavior towards subject matter .

It can:1. Direct behavior toward particular goals 2. Lead to increased effort and energy 3. Increase initiation of, and persistence in, activities 4. Enhance cognitive processing 5. Determine what consequences are reinforcing 6. Lead to improved performance.

Applications of Motivation

Money (theory x) Praise (theory Y): motivated people are: Motivated employees always look for

better ways to do a job. Motivated employees are more quality

oriented. Motivated workers are more productive

Applications of Motivation

Scientific management approach:1. Scientific method of doing work. 2. Planning tasks. 3. Standardization. 4. Specialization and division of labor. 5. Time and motion studies.

Human Relations Model: focuses more on morale and social needs.