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Chapter 6Chapter 6
LearningLearning
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7
LearningLearning
LearningLearning – –
A lasting change in behavior or A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results mental processes that results from experiencefrom experience
(Habituation)
LearningLearning
Mere exposure effectMere exposure effect
Behavioral learning – (e.g. classical and operant conditioning)
Pavlov’s DogsPavlov’s Dogs
““Real” founder of BehaviorismReal” founder of Behaviorism Russian physiologist & Nobel Prize Russian physiologist & Nobel Prize
WinnerWinner
The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical Classical
ConditioningConditioning
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
Examples ofExamples ofUnconditioned StimuliUnconditioned Stimuli
foodfood salivationsalivation loud noise loud noise startlestartle light in eye light in eye pupil contractionpupil contraction puff of air in puff of air in eye blinkeye blink touching hot stove touching hot stove hand withdrawalhand withdrawal
The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical Classical
ConditioningConditioning
Unconditioned Unconditioned response (UCR)response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical Classical
ConditioningConditioning
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned Conditioned stimulus (CS)stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical Classical
ConditioningConditioning
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Conditioned response (CR)response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningPrior to conditioning
Conditioning
After conditioning
Neutral stimulus(tone)
(Orientation to soundbut no response)
UCS(food powder in mouth)
UCR(salivation)
Neutral stimulusCS (tone)
UCS(food powder)
+CR
(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR(salivation)
Learning to Learning to FearFear
Research suggests we can learn Research suggests we can learn fear through association.fear through association.
Watson and Raynor conditioned Watson and Raynor conditioned “Little Albert” to be afraid of white “Little Albert” to be afraid of white rats rats
Within days, Albert’s fear had Within days, Albert’s fear had generalized to other furry objects.generalized to other furry objects.
Conditioned Taste AversionsConditioned Taste Aversions
Taste-aversion learningTaste-aversion learning – – Biological tendency where Biological tendency where an organism an organism learnslearns to avoid to avoid foodfood
One trial learning*One trial learning*
Trial-and-error learningTrial-and-error learning – –
Learner gradually discovers Learner gradually discovers the correct response by the correct response by attempting many behaviorsattempting many behaviors
How Do We Learn How Do We Learn Behaviors by Operant Behaviors by Operant
Conditioning?Conditioning?
Thorndike’s Puzzle BoxThorndike’s Puzzle Box
http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm#Theory
Thorndike’s law of effectThorndike’s law of effect
The The consequenceconsequence, or effect, of a response , or effect, of a response will determine the tendency to respond in will determine the tendency to respond in the same way in the future (strengthened the same way in the future (strengthened or weakened).or weakened).
SatisfyingSatisfying vs. vs. UnsatisfyingUnsatisfying consequences consequences(No consequences)(No consequences)
Thorndike builds a FoundationThorndike builds a Foundation
Thorndike (1898) insisted that it was Thorndike (1898) insisted that it was “unnecessary to invoke reasoning” “unnecessary to invoke reasoning” to explain how the learning took to explain how the learning took place. place.
Thorndike’s law of effect formed the Thorndike’s law of effect formed the conceptual starting point for conceptual starting point for Skinner’s work in Skinner’s work in operant operant conditioningconditioning..
The Power of The Power of ReinforcementReinforcement
Positive reinforcersPositive reinforcers – –Stimulus presented after a Stimulus presented after a response that increases the response that increases the probability of that response probability of that response happening againhappening again
Negative reinforcersNegative reinforcers – – Removal of an unpleasant stimulusRemoval of an unpleasant stimulus
The Problem of The Problem of PunishmentPunishment
PunishmentPunishment – – An aversive stimulus which An aversive stimulus which decreases the probability of the decreases the probability of the response it followsresponse it follows
How does this differ from negative reinforcement?
Punishment vs. Negative Punishment vs. Negative ReinforcementReinforcement
Loud Noise Press Lever
Press Lever
Loud Noise Removed
Loud Noise Applied
Response ConsequenceNegative Reinforcement
Punishment
No Noise
Four Kinds of Four Kinds of ConsequencesConsequences
Positive Stimulus (Add)
Negative Stimulus (Subtract)
Increase Behavior
Decrease Behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Bonus for working hard leads to more hard work
Negative Reinforcement
Headache gone after aspirin leads to more aspirin use
Positive Punishment
Getting speeding ticket leads to less speeding
Negative Punishment
No Television leads to less staying out late
When Punishment FailsWhen Punishment Fails Teaches poor behavior not good Teaches poor behavior not good
behaviorbehavior Recipient responds with negative Recipient responds with negative
emotion (anxiety, fear, rage, distrust).emotion (anxiety, fear, rage, distrust). The effectiveness is often temporary.The effectiveness is often temporary. Punishment conveys little information.Punishment conveys little information. An action intended to punish may An action intended to punish may
instead be reinforcing.instead be reinforcing.
More effective if* (Swift, Consistent, More effective if* (Swift, Consistent, Sufficient, with explanation)Sufficient, with explanation)
Alternatives to Alternatives to PunishmentPunishment
ExtinctionExtinction
Reinforcing preferred activitiesReinforcing preferred activities Premack principlePremack principle
• Prompting and shaping
Schedules of Schedules of ReinforcementReinforcement
Ratio schedulesRatio schedules – – Provide reward after a certain Provide reward after a certain number of responsesnumber of responses
Interval schedulesInterval schedules – – Provide reward after a certain time Provide reward after a certain time intervalinterval
Fixed Ratio (FR)Fixed Ratio (FR)
Fixed Interval (FI)Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Ratio (VR)Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval (VI)Variable Interval (VI)
Social Learning: Social Learning: Challenge to Challenge to BehaviorismBehaviorism
Social learningSocial learning – –
Form of cognitive learning where Form of cognitive learning where new responses are acquired by new responses are acquired by watching (and the consequences) watching (and the consequences)
(Albert Bandura)(Albert Bandura)
Kids Who Watch Lots of TV:Kids Who Watch Lots of TV:
Have higher petty delinquencyHave higher petty delinquency More likely to be in serious fights/or to More likely to be in serious fights/or to
hurt someone badlyhurt someone badly Conflicts with parents that include Conflicts with parents that include
fightingfighting Perceive aggression to be effective Perceive aggression to be effective
and are more willing to use physical and are more willing to use physical forceforce
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Intrinsic and Extrinsic ReinforcementReinforcement
Intrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement Intrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing provided by the mere act of performing the behavior.the behavior.
Extrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement Extrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement provided by some provided by some consequenceconsequence that is that is external to the behavior.external to the behavior.
External reinforcers may undermine External reinforcers may undermine internal reinforcers**internal reinforcers**
Are Rewards always Are Rewards always reinforcing?reinforcing?
Overjustification effectOverjustification effect – –
The process by which extrinsic rewards The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes can sometimes displacedisplace internal internal motivationmotivation
-informative value vs. random consequence