chapter 6 language. i.intro a. languages ii.where are english speakers distributed? a. origin and...
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Chapter 6
Language
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LanguageI. Intro
A. LanguagesII. Where are English Speakers
Distributed?A. Origin and diffusion of English
1. Intro2. English colonies3. Origin of English in
England
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Language
B. Dialects of English1. Dialects in England2. Differences between British & American English3. Dialects in the United States
C.Dialects in the United States1. Settlement in the United States
1. NE.2. Southeastern3. Mid-Atlantic
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Language
b. Current Dialect differences in the east
D. Pronunciation Differences1. Diffusion
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English Speaking Countries
Fig. 5-1: English is an official language in 50 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.
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Invasions of England
5th - 11th
centuries
Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.
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Old & Middle English Dialects
Fig. 5-3: The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.
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Dialects in the Eastern U.S.
Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types (Fig. 4-9).
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III. Why is English Related to other Languages?
A. Indo-European Branches1. Germanic branch2. Indo-Iranian branch
a. Indic (Eastern)b. Iranian (Western)
3. Balto-Slavic brancha. East Slavic and Balticb. West and South
Slavic
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4. Romance brancha. Origin and Diffusion b. Romance Language
Dialectsc. Distinguishing between
dialects and languages
B. Origin and diffusion of Indo-European
1. Kurgan and Anatolian theories
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Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.
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Russian Sign
Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries
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Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.
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South Asian Languages & Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.
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Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.
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Signs in Barcelona, Spain
Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).
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Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.
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Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.
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Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.
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IV. Where are other language Families Distributed?
A. Classification of languagesB. Distribution of language families
1. Sino-Tibetan language family2. Other East and Southeast Asian
language familiesC. Languages of the Middle East and
Central Asia
1. Afro-Asiatic language family2. Altaic and Uralic language
families
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D. African language families1. Intro2. Niger-Congo3. Nilo- Saharan4. Khoisan
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Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 50 million speakers are named.
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Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.
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Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.
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Chinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.
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Language Families of
Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.
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Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
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V. Why do people preserve local languages?
A. Preserving language diversity1. Intro
2. Hebrew: reviving extinct languages3. Celtic: preserving endangered
languages4. Multilingual states5. Isolated languages
B. Global dominance of English1. English as a lingua franca2. Diffusion to other languages
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Ireland Road Signs
Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).
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Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.
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Bookstore in Brussels,
Belgium
The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).
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Jerusalem Street sign
A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, 2001. The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English
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Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.
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French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.
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Online Population, 1996 - 2005
Fig. 5-1.1: English is still the largest language on the internet, but there has been rapid growth in many others, especially Chinese.
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E-Commerce Languages
2000 & 2004
Fig 5-1.2: English and English-speaking countries still dominate e-commerce, but other languages are growing rapidly.
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French Signs in Québec City
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Spanish Signs in New York City