chapter 6 groups and formal organization
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 GroupsTRANSCRIPT
GroupsGroups
Ch. 6, Sec. 1&2, pp. 171-179Ch. 6, Sec. 1&2, pp. 171-179
What are the “in” and “out” groups at CHS as you see them? Which do you belong? Do you have a reference group you hope to be in someday?
GroupGroupComposed of people who are in Composed of people who are in regular contact with each otherregular contact with each other
Share ways of thinking, feeling, Share ways of thinking, feeling, behavingbehaving
Have interests in commonHave interests in common
Take into account one another’s Take into account one another’s feelingsfeelings
Create outsiders and insidersCreate outsiders and insiders
Groups vs. Social CategoriesGroups vs. Social CategoriesWHAT GROUPS AREN’TWHAT GROUPS AREN’T
Social CategorySocial Category Women, High School SeniorsWomen, High School Seniors
Social AggregateSocial Aggregate Ticket line at a concert, AudienceTicket line at a concert, Audience
Primary GroupPrimary GroupComposed of people who:Composed of people who: are emotionally closeare emotionally close know each other wellknow each other well seek each other’s companyseek each other’s company
The most important setting for The most important setting for socializationsocialization Learn norms, values, beliefsLearn norms, values, beliefs
Characteristics of PrimaryCharacteristics of Primary
Primary groups have Primary groups have primary primary relationshipsrelationships which are intimate, which are intimate, fulfilling, and caringfulfilling, and caring
Primary groups develop because the Primary groups develop because the groups are small, with face to face groups are small, with face to face contactcontact
Functions of Primary GroupsFunctions of Primary Groups
Emotional SupportEmotional Support
Socialization (Teaches)Socialization (Teaches)
Encourage Conformity (Pressure)Encourage Conformity (Pressure)
Secondary GroupsSecondary GroupsImpersonal and goal orientedImpersonal and goal orientedInvolves only a portion of a person’s life Involves only a portion of a person’s life Exists for a specific purposeExists for a specific purposeGoal is to accomplish a task not Goal is to accomplish a task not necessarily develop friendshipnecessarily develop friendship
Reference GroupReference GroupGroups we use to evaluate ourselves Groups we use to evaluate ourselves Acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and Acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and
norms. norms.
Might not be a member but may want Might not be a member but may want to be one. to be one.
Not always a positive influenceNot always a positive influence
IN vs. OUTIN vs. OUTIn GroupIn Group-- Requires loyalty and its norms exclude Requires loyalty and its norms exclude
others.others.
Out GroupOut Group Opposition, antagonistic, or competition Opposition, antagonistic, or competition
to IN-Groupto IN-Group
Boundaries-clothing, special words, Boundaries-clothing, special words, greetingsgreetingsOne cannot exist without the otherOne cannot exist without the other
Social NetworksSocial Networks
All of a persons social relationshipsAll of a persons social relationships
Lack boundaries to be a groupLack boundaries to be a group
Provide:Provide: Sense of BelongingSense of Belonging Advice/helpAdvice/help Professional NetworkingProfessional Networking
How does having strong social networks How does having strong social networks help prevent school violence? How may help prevent school violence? How may “in” and “out” groups help promote “in” and “out” groups help promote violence?violence?
Types of Social Types of Social InteractionInteraction
Ch.6, Sec. 3, pp.181-189Ch.6, Sec. 3, pp.181-189
CooperationCooperation
Individuals or groups combine Individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goaltheir efforts to reach some goal
ConflictConflictIndividuals or groups that work Individuals or groups that work against each other for a larger share against each other for a larger share of the rewardsof the rewards
Beating the opponent is essential, Beating the opponent is essential, maybe more important than the goalmaybe more important than the goal
Benefits of ConflictBenefits of Conflict
Encourages cooperation and Encourages cooperation and unity within opposing groupsunity within opposing groups
Draws attention to social inequityDraws attention to social inequity
Changes to norms, beliefs, and Changes to norms, beliefs, and valuesvalues
Social ExchangeSocial Exchange
Occurs when one person Occurs when one person voluntarily does something for voluntarily does something for another expecting a reward in another expecting a reward in returnreturn
ReciprocityReciprocity-do for others as they -do for others as they have done for youhave done for you
CoercionCoercion
Individuals or groups are forced to Individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of the other give in to the will of the other groups or individualsgroups or individuals
Opposite of social exchangeOpposite of social exchange
Domination is the keyDomination is the key
Conformity Conformity
Behavior matches group Behavior matches group expectationsexpectations
GroupthinkGroupthink
Conformity to group beliefs created by Conformity to group beliefs created by group pressuregroup pressure
Caused by the difficulty of going Caused by the difficulty of going against the group against the group
Discourage members from expressing Discourage members from expressing concern about group decisionsconcern about group decisions
Formal Organizations Formal Organizations
Ch. 6, Sec. 4, pp. 190-196Ch. 6, Sec. 4, pp. 190-196
Formal OrganizationsFormal Organizations
Formal OrganizationsFormal Organizations-created to -created to achieve one or more long-term goalsachieve one or more long-term goals
BureaucraciesBureaucracies-formal organization -formal organization based on rationality and efficiency based on rationality and efficiency
Characteristics of a BureaucracyCharacteristics of a Bureaucracy
Division of Labor (Specialization)Division of Labor (Specialization)
Power-ability to control othersPower-ability to control others
Rules & Procedures are the Rules & Procedures are the framework for decision-makingframework for decision-making
Written records and filesWritten records and files
Promotion based on merit-jobs are Promotion based on merit-jobs are filled on the basis of techinical and filled on the basis of techinical and professional qualificationsprofessional qualifications
Advantages of BureaucraciesAdvantages of Bureaucracies
RationalizationRationalization-emphasis of -emphasis of knowledge, reason, and planning knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and rather than tradition and superstitionsuperstition
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Status is more important than the Status is more important than the personperson occupying the status occupying the status
Individuals are expendableIndividuals are expendable
Informal OrganizationsInformal Organizations
Groups within a formal Groups within a formal organization in which personal organization in which personal relationships are guided by relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal that are not part of the formal organizationorganization
Iron Law of OligarchyIron Law of Oligarchy
Power becomes concentrated in Power becomes concentrated in the hands of few members they the hands of few members they longer they are aroundlonger they are around
Will lead to Will lead to oligarchyoligarchy, rule by a , rule by a few, within the organizationfew, within the organization
3 Factors lead to Oligarchy3 Factors lead to Oligarchy
Organizations need a hierarchy of Organizations need a hierarchy of authority to delegate decision makingauthority to delegate decision making
Advantages at the top allow them to Advantages at the top allow them to consolidate power (loyal staff)consolidate power (loyal staff)
Other members give in to those in Other members give in to those in chargecharge