chapter six: social groups and formal organizations
TRANSCRIPT
Social Groups and Formal Organizations2
Chapter Chapter OverviewOverview
Social Groups
Bureaucracies
Social Groups
Bureaucracies
Group Dynamics Group Dynamics
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
Aggregate – People who temporarily share a space but don’t see themselves as belonging together
Category - People who share common characteristics
3
Aggregates and Aggregates and CategoriesCategories
(What is not a group) (What is not a group)
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
Social GroupsSocial Groups
Social Groups1.Two or more people
2.Interact in patterned ways
3.Feeling of unity
4.Shared interests
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
P
rimary Groups – Charles Cooley referred to primary groups as “the springs of life”
E
ssential to our emotional well being
T
end to be smaller than other groups
V
ery impersonal
W
e can be our true self
E
nduring
R
elationship focus: “END-IN-ITSELF”5
Social GroupsSocial Groups
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
S
econdary Groups
People come together on the basis of a mutual interest M
ore formal than primary groupsO
ften largeM
embers interact on the basis of statusesF
ail to meet the need for intimacyW
eak tiesT
emporary
Relationship focus: “MEANS-TO-END”6
Social GroupsSocial Groups
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
M
any different voluntary associations today in the United States
O
rganized on Basis of Mutual Interest
T
he Inner Circle and Iron Law of Oligarchy
How organizations come to be dominated by a self-perpetuating elite.
7
Social Groups Social Groups (Voluntary Associations)(Voluntary Associations)
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
I
n-Groups – People feel a loyalty towards their in-groupsO
ut-Groups – People of the in-group dislike out-groupsP
ositive consequence of in-groups: People feel a sense of
belonging•L
oyaltyN
egative consequence of in-groups and out-groups: Intense
rivalries can develop “
We vs. Them” mentalityE
thnocentrism8
Social GroupsSocial Groups
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
R
eference Groups – Groups that we use to evaluate ourselves
R
eference Groups will change as we go through the life course
S
ocialization
C
omparison
“RELATIVE DEPRIVATION”
•"RELATIVE GRATIFICATION"
9
Social Groups Social Groups
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
P
eople Connect Online
O
nline Chat Rooms
C
an be impersonal and fail to meet the needs of intimacy
10
Social Groups Social Groups (Electronic Communities)(Electronic Communities)
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
Social NetworksP
eople who are linked to one another through friends, family, acquaintances, etc.
A bank of social relationships
It is like a snowball effect
Milgram Study 1967 “Small World Phenomenon”
Criticisms
J. Kleinfeld replicated the research (2002)
Socially Diverse Society
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
F
ive Characteristics of BureaucraciesC
lear Cut Levels (Hierarchy)D
ivision of LaborW
ritten RulesW
ritten Communication and RecordsI
mpersonality 12
Bureaucracies Bureaucracies (Weber)(Weber)
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
T
ake on a Life of their OwnS
uffers from Goal Displacement –When the old goal is reached in a bureaucracy
and a new goal is created to keep the bureaucracy running R
ationalization of Society Bureaucracies with so many rules, regulations, and emphasis on results, would
increasingly take over our lives.
R
ed TapeB
ureaucratic Alienation Marx—Worker’s Alienation Weber—Iron Cage 13
Perpetuation of Perpetuation of BureaucraciesBureaucracies
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
How groups influence us and how we affect groups
Dyads – Two people
Most intense or intimate of all groups Most unstable
Triads – Three People
Interaction becomes less intense and intimate Stronger and more stable
As a group increases in size it becomes more formal and more stable
Coalitions may begin to form
Greater Diffusion of Responsibility may occur in larger groups – “Someone else will take care of it”
As a group gets larger, smaller groups may form
Groupthink may occur- collective tunnelvision
Darley & Latane (Diffusion of Responsibility) 14
Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
L
eaders are People Who Influence Others’ Behaviors, Opinions,
and Attitudes
1.I
nstrumental Leader – a leader who keeps the group on track
towards meeting its goals
2.E
xpressive Leader – tries to life the groups morale through
motivation (can also be an instrumental leader) 16
Leadership –Leadership –Two Types of LeadersTwo Types of Leaders
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
1)A
uthoritarian – One who gives orders and instructions
with little to no information
2)D
emocractic – Tried to gain a group consensus
3)L
assiez-Faire – Totally hands off leader, lets the group
leadT
he leadership style will change as the situation changes
17
Leadership – Leadership – Three Leadership StylesThree Leadership Styles
Social Groups and Formal Organizations
Asch study
Studied the effects of peer pressure
Used a set of cards
6 stooges and a non-stooge
Milgram study
Studied the affects of authority figures
Teacher and a learner
Controversial experiment
18