chapter 50 introduction to ecology
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Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology. Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine…. Distribution. Abundance. Where do they live?. How many are there?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 50
Introduction to Ecology
Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine…
Distribution Abundance
Where do they live? How many are there?
250
200
150
100
50
0 m
Fin whale: Balaenoptera physalus
Distribution during Feb-Mar 2000-2001 from visual surveys
The distribution and abundance of organisms is determined by the interactions between organisms and their environment
Abiotic Biotic(nonliving components) (living components)
Relative importance of each component
End
StartEnd of spring
Summer
Start of fall
Dainet
Balaenoptera physalus Gulf of California population
BBCt
B. Tershy
500 species of cichliids from Lake Malawi in the last 1 million years
T. D. Kocher
First, trophic morphology; subsequently, sexual selection
Interactions between organisms and their environment that occur over a long enough period of time promote evolutionary change.
Nature 2005
Apparently, sexual selection
Hawaiian crickets, one of the highest rates of speciation
Organismalecology
coping
Populationecology
limiting factors
Community ecologyinterspecific interactions and diversity
Ecosystem ecologyenergy flow and chemical cycling
Landscape ecologyeffects on interactions at lower levels
Biosphere ecologyglobal effects
DISPERSALAccidental or deliberate
introduction
Fig. 50.8
BEHAVIOR/HABITAT SELECTIONAvoidance of certain areas
C. Roessler
BIOTIC FACTORSPredation, competition, parasitism, disease, pollination
Fig. 50.9
Effect on biological processes.Most organisms unable to regulate body temperature.
Aquatic: water balance.Terrestrial: desiccation.
Provides energy to photosynthetic organisms.Photoperiod: cuing of daily and seasonal cycles.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
TEMPERATURE, WATER, sunlight, wind Climate
Increases heat and water loss.Affects plant morphology.
Salinity, pH, rocks, soil, oxygen, density
Solar radiation and latitude
Fig. 50.11
Seasonal variations
Fig. 50.12
Seasonal effects on climate in the ocean
Upwelling index
Sea surface temperature
Productivity
Chlorophyll
Blue whale sightings
Monterey Bay
Krill backscatter
Data from D. Croll
Local effects on climate
Fig. 50.14
Aquatic Biomes
Largest component. Vertical stratification: light, temperature, salinity, density.Oceans (3% salt): rainfall, climate, wind. Give O2 and take CO2.Freshwater (< 1% salt): linked to soil and biota of terrestrial biomes.
Fig. 50.17
Ocean zonation
Fig. 50.22
Terrestrial Biomes
Fig. 50.24