chapter 5 – the skeletal system support the body protect soft organs allow movement due to...
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Chapter 5 – The Skeletal SystemChapter 5 – The Skeletal System
Support the bodySupport the body
Protect soft organsProtect soft organs
Allow movement due Allow movement due to attached skeletal to attached skeletal musclesmuscles
Store minerals and Store minerals and fatsfats
Blood cell formationBlood cell formation
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal systemParts of the skeletal system– Bones (skeleton)Bones (skeleton)– JointsJoints– CartilagesCartilages– LigamentsLigaments
Two subdivisions of the skeletonTwo subdivisions of the skeleton– Axial skeletonAxial skeleton– Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton
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Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
The adult skeleton has 206 bonesThe adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissueTwo basic types of bone tissue– Compact boneCompact bone
– Spongy boneSpongy bone
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Classification of Bones Based of ShapeClassification of Bones Based of Shape
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Long bonesLong bones– Typically longer than Typically longer than
they are widethey are wide– Have a shaft with Have a shaft with
heads at both endsheads at both ends– Contain mostly Contain mostly
compact bonecompact bone– ExampleExample::
FemurFemur
HumerusHumerus
Shaft
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Short bonesShort bones– Generally cube-shapeGenerally cube-shape– Contain mostly Contain mostly
spongy bonespongy bone– ExampleExample::
CarpalsCarpals
TarsalsTarsals
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Flat bonesFlat bones– Thin, flattened, and Thin, flattened, and
usually curvedusually curved– Two thin layers of Two thin layers of
compact bone compact bone surround a layer of surround a layer of spongy bonespongy bone
– ExampleExample: : SkullSkull
RibsRibs
SternumSternum
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Irregular bonesIrregular bones– Irregular shapeIrregular shape– Do not fit into other Do not fit into other
bone classification bone classification categoriescategories
– ExampleExample: : Vertebrae Vertebrae
Hip bonesHip bones
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
DiaphysisDiaphysis– ShaftShaft– Composed of compact Composed of compact
bonebone
Epiphysis Epiphysis – Ends of the boneEnds of the bone– Composed mostly of Composed mostly of
spongy bonespongy bone
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
PeriosteumPeriosteum– Outside covering of Outside covering of
the diaphysis (shaft)the diaphysis (shaft)– Fibrous connective Fibrous connective
tissue membranetissue membrane
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Articular cartilageArticular cartilage– Covers the external surface of the epiphysesCovers the external surface of the epiphyses– Made of hyaline cartilageMade of hyaline cartilage– Decreases friction at joint surfacesDecreases friction at joint surfaces
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Epiphyseal plateEpiphyseal plate– Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone (a.k.a. = growth plate)growing bone (a.k.a. = growth plate)
Epiphyseal lineEpiphyseal line– Remnant of the epiphyseal plateRemnant of the epiphyseal plate– Seen in adult bonesSeen in adult bones
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity Medullary cavity – Cavity inside of the Cavity inside of the
shaftshaft– Contains yellow Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat) in marrow (mostly fat) in adultsadults
– Contains red marrow Contains red marrow (for blood cell (for blood cell formation) in infantsformation) in infants
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Bone MarkingsBone Markings
Surface features of bonesSurface features of bones– Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligamentsand ligaments– Passages for nerves and blood vesselsPassages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markingsCategories of bone markings– Projections or processesProjections or processes — grow out from the — grow out from the
bone surfacebone surface– Depressions or cavitiesDepressions or cavities — indentations — indentations
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Bone Surface MarkingsBone Surface Markingsprojections where muscles, tendons, ligaments attachprojections where muscles, tendons, ligaments attach
– tuberosity – tuberosity – large rounded projectionlarge rounded projection
– spinous process (or spine) – spinous process (or spine) – sharp,sharp, slender, pointed projectionslender, pointed projection
– trochanter – trochanter – very large, bluntvery large, blunt irregular shaped projectionirregular shaped projection
– crest – crest – narrow ridge of bonenarrow ridge of bone
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Bone Surface MarkingsBone Surface Markings
Projections that help to form Projections that help to form jointsjoints– Head – Head – bony expansionbony expansion at the end of a long neckat the end of a long neck– Facet – Facet – smooth, almostsmooth, almost flat surfaceflat surface– Condyle – Condyle – rounded rounded
projectionprojection
– Ramus – Ramus – armlike arm of armlike arm of bonebone
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Bone Surface MarkingsBone Surface MarkingsDepressions and openings for blood vessels Depressions and openings for blood vessels and nerves to pass throughand nerves to pass through– Foramen – Foramen – round orround or
oval opening in a boneoval opening in a bone– Meatus – Meatus – canal-likecanal-like
– Fossa – Fossa – shallow depressionshallow depression
mostly to form a jointmostly to form a joint
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian system)Osteon (Haversian system)– A unit of bone containing central canal and A unit of bone containing central canal and
matrix ringsmatrix rings
Central (Haversian) canalCentral (Haversian) canal– Opening in the center of an osteonOpening in the center of an osteon– Carries blood vessels and nervesCarries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canalPerforating (Volkman’s) canal– Canal perpendicular to the central canalCanal perpendicular to the central canal– Carries blood vessels and nervesCarries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
LacunaeLacunae– Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)– Arranged in concentric ringsArranged in concentric rings
LamellaeLamellae– Rings around the central canalRings around the central canal– Sites of lacunaeSites of lacunae
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b–c
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Canaliculi Canaliculi – Tiny canalsTiny canals– Radiate from the central canal to lacunaeRadiate from the central canal to lacunae– Form a transport system connecting all bone Form a transport system connecting all bone
cells to a nutrient supplycells to a nutrient supply
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b
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Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
Osteocytes—mature bone cellsOsteocytes—mature bone cells
Osteoblasts—bone-forming cellsOsteoblasts—bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cellsOsteoclasts—bone-destroying cells– Break down bone matrix for remodeling and Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium in response to parathyroid release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormonehormone
Bone remodeling is performed by both Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclastsosteoblasts and osteoclasts