chapter 5 microbial nutrition. the common nutrient requirements macroelements (macronutrients) –c,...
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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Microbial NutritionMicrobial Nutrition
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The Common Nutrient The Common Nutrient RequirementsRequirements
MacroelementsMacroelements (macronutrients) (macronutrients)– C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and FeC, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe– required in relatively large amountsrequired in relatively large amounts
MicronutrientsMicronutrients ( (trace elementstrace elements))– Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and CuMn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu– required in trace amountsrequired in trace amounts– often supplied in water or in media often supplied in water or in media
componentscomponents
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Autotroph and HeterotrophAutotroph and Heterotroph
All organisms require Carbon, Hydrogen, and All organisms require Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Carbon is needed for the backbone of all Oxygen. Carbon is needed for the backbone of all organic molecules.organic molecules.
In addition all organisms require a source of In addition all organisms require a source of electrons. Electrons are involved in oxidation-electrons. Electrons are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in the cell, electron transport reduction reactions in the cell, electron transport chains, and pumps that drive molecules against a chains, and pumps that drive molecules against a concentration gradient on cell membranes.concentration gradient on cell membranes.
Organic molecules that supply, carbon, hydrogen, Organic molecules that supply, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are reduced and donate electrons for and oxygen are reduced and donate electrons for biosynthesis.biosynthesis.
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Requirements for Carbon, Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygenHydrogen, and Oxygen
often satisfied togetheroften satisfied together– carbon source often provides H, O and carbon source often provides H, O and
electronselectrons
autotrophsautotrophs– use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal
carbon sourcecarbon source
heterotrophsheterotrophs– use organic molecules as carbon sourcesuse organic molecules as carbon sources
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AutotrophsAutotrophs
CO2 is used by many microorganisms CO2 is used by many microorganisms as the source of Carbon. as the source of Carbon.
AutotrophsAutotrophs have the capacity to reduce have the capacity to reduce it , to form organic molecules. it , to form organic molecules.
Photosynthetic bacteria are Photosynthetic bacteria are PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs that are able to fix that are able to fix CO2 and use light as their energy CO2 and use light as their energy source.source.
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HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
Organisms that use organic molecules as their Organisms that use organic molecules as their source of carbon are source of carbon are Heterotrophs. Heterotrophs. The most The most common heterotrophs use organic common heterotrophs use organic compounds for both energy and their source compounds for both energy and their source of carbon.of carbon.
Microorganisms are versatile in their ability to Microorganisms are versatile in their ability to use diverse sources of carbon. use diverse sources of carbon. Burkholderia Burkholderia cepaciacepacia can use over 100 different carbon can use over 100 different carbon compounds. compounds. Methylotrophic bacteria utilize methanol, Methylotrophic bacteria utilize methanol, methane, and formic acid.methane, and formic acid.
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Comparison of Nutritional Comparison of Nutritional ModesModes
Major Nutritional Types of Microorganisms
Major Nutritional Type Source of Energy, Hydrogen, electrons, and Carbon
Representative microorganisms
Photolithotrophic autotrophy
Light energyInorganic hydrogen/electron( H+/e-) donorCO2 carbon source
AlgaePurple and green sulfur bacteriaCyanobacteria
Photoorganotrophic heterotrophy
Light energyOrganic H+/e- donorOrganic carbon source or CO2
Purple and Green non-sulfur bacteria
Chemolithotrophic autotrophy
Chemical energy source – inorganicOrganic H+/e- donorCO2 carbon source
Sulfur oxidizing bacteriaNitrifying bacteriaIron oxidizing bacteria
Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy
Chemical energy source( organic)Organic( H+/e-) donorOrganic carbon source
Most non photosynthetic bacteria including pathogens. ProtozoansFungi
Study table adapted from Microbiology, Prescott, Chapter Five.
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Photolithotrophic autotrophsPhotolithotrophic autotrophs
Use light energy and have CO2 as their carbon Use light energy and have CO2 as their carbon source.source.
Cyanobacteria uses water as the electron donor Cyanobacteria uses water as the electron donor and release oxygenand release oxygen
Purple and green sulfur bacteria use inorganic Purple and green sulfur bacteria use inorganic donors like hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide for donors like hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide for electronselectrons
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Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophsChemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
Use organic compounds as sources of Use organic compounds as sources of energy,hydrogen, electrons and carbonenergy,hydrogen, electrons and carbon
Pathogenic organisms fall under this category of Pathogenic organisms fall under this category of nutritionnutrition
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PhotoorganoheterotrophsPhotoorganoheterotrophs
Common inhabitants of polluted streams. These Common inhabitants of polluted streams. These bacteria use organic matter as their electron bacteria use organic matter as their electron donor and carbon source.donor and carbon source.
They use light as their source of energyThey use light as their source of energy
Important ecological organismsImportant ecological organisms
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Chemolithotrophic autotrophsChemolithotrophic autotrophs
AutotrophsAutotrophs
Oxidize reduce inorganic compounds such as iron, Oxidize reduce inorganic compounds such as iron, nitrogen, or sulfur molecules nitrogen, or sulfur molecules
Derive energy and electrons for biosynthesisDerive energy and electrons for biosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is the carbon sourceCarbon dioxide is the carbon source
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Requirements for NitrogenRequirements for Nitrogen
Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of amino acids that Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of amino acids that compose the structure of proteins, purines and pyrimidines the compose the structure of proteins, purines and pyrimidines the bases of both DNA and RNA, and for other derivative molecules bases of both DNA and RNA, and for other derivative molecules such as glucosamine.such as glucosamine.
Many microorganisms can use the nitrogen directly from amino Many microorganisms can use the nitrogen directly from amino acids. The amino group ( NH2) is derived from ammonia acids. The amino group ( NH2) is derived from ammonia through the action of enzymes such as glutamate through the action of enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase.dehydrogenase.
Most photoautotrophs and many nonphotosynthetic Most photoautotrophs and many nonphotosynthetic microorganisms reduce nitrate to ammonia and assimilate microorganisms reduce nitrate to ammonia and assimilate nitrogen through nitrate reduction. A variety of bacteria are nitrogen through nitrate reduction. A variety of bacteria are involved in the nitrogen cycle such as involved in the nitrogen cycle such as RhizobiumRhizobium which is able which is able to use atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to ammonia. to use atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to ammonia. ( Found on the roots of legumes like soy beans and clover) ( Found on the roots of legumes like soy beans and clover) These compounds are vital for the Nitrogen cycle and the These compounds are vital for the Nitrogen cycle and the incorporation of nitrogen into plants to make nitrogen incorporation of nitrogen into plants to make nitrogen comounds.comounds.
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PhosphorousPhosphorous
Phosphorous is present in Phosphorous is present in phospholipids( membranes), Nucleic acids( phospholipids( membranes), Nucleic acids( DNA and RNA), coenzymes, ATP, some DNA and RNA), coenzymes, ATP, some proteins, and other key cellular proteins, and other key cellular components. components.
Inorganic phosphorous is derived from the Inorganic phosphorous is derived from the environment in the form of phosphates. environment in the form of phosphates. Some microbes such as Some microbes such as E. coliE. coli can use can use organophosphates such as hexose – 6-organophosphates such as hexose – 6-phosphates . phosphates .
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MixotrophyMixotrophy
Chemical energy – source organicChemical energy – source organic
Inorganic H/e- donorInorganic H/e- donor
Organic carbon sourceOrganic carbon source
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Requirements for Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
SulfurSulfurNeeded for synthesis of important Needed for synthesis of important molecules (e.g., amino acids, nucleic molecules (e.g., amino acids, nucleic acids)acids)Nitrogen supplied in numerous waysNitrogen supplied in numerous waysPhosphorus usually supplied as inorganic Phosphorus usually supplied as inorganic phosphatephosphateSulfur usually supplied as sulfate via Sulfur usually supplied as sulfate via assimilatory sulfate reductionassimilatory sulfate reduction
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Sources of nitrogenSources of nitrogen
organic moleculesorganic molecules
ammoniaammonia
nitrate via assimilatory nitrate nitrate via assimilatory nitrate reductionreduction
nitrogen gas via nitrogen fixationnitrogen gas via nitrogen fixation
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Growth FactorsGrowth Factors
organic compoundsorganic compounds
essential cell components (or their essential cell components (or their precursors) that the cell cannot precursors) that the cell cannot synthesizesynthesize
must be supplied by environment if must be supplied by environment if cell is to survive and reproducecell is to survive and reproduce
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Classes of growth factorsClasses of growth factors
amino acidsamino acids– needed for protein synthesisneeded for protein synthesis
purines and pyrimidinespurines and pyrimidines– needed for nucleic acid synthesisneeded for nucleic acid synthesis
vitaminsvitamins– function as enzyme cofactorsfunction as enzyme cofactors
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Amino acids
Proteins
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Bases of nucleic acidsBases of nucleic acids
Adenine and guanine Adenine and guanine are purinesare purines
Cytosine, thymine, Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are and uracil are pyrimidinespyrimidines
Also found in energy Also found in energy triphosphates( ATP triphosphates( ATP and GTPand GTP))
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Practical importance of Practical importance of growth factorsgrowth factorsdevelopment of quantitative growth-development of quantitative growth-response assays for measuring response assays for measuring concentrations of growth factors in a concentrations of growth factors in a preparationpreparation
industrial production of growth industrial production of growth factors by microorganisms factors by microorganisms
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Uptake of Nutrients Uptake of Nutrients by the Cellby the Cell
Some nutrients enter by Some nutrients enter by passive passive diffusiondiffusion
Most nutrients enter by:Most nutrients enter by:– facilitated diffusionfacilitated diffusion– active transportactive transport– group translocationgroup translocation
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Passive DiffusionPassive Diffusion
molecules move from region of molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower higher concentration to one of lower concentration because of random concentration because of random thermal agitationthermal agitation
HH22O, OO, O22 and CO and CO22 often move across often move across membranes this waymembranes this way
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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
Similar to Similar to passive diffusionpassive diffusion– movement of molecules movement of molecules is notis not energy energy
dependentdependent– direction of movement is from high direction of movement is from high
concentration to low concentration. concentration to low concentration. With the concentration gradientWith the concentration gradient
– size of concentration gradient impacts size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptakerate of uptake
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Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion
http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type
=ENZYME&object=GLPF-MONOMER. These proteins exist in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and protists.
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Facilitated diffusion…Facilitated diffusion…
Differs from passive diffusion Differs from passive diffusion – uses carrier molecules (uses carrier molecules (permeasespermeases))– smaller concentration gradient is required for smaller concentration gradient is required for
significant uptake of moleculessignificant uptake of molecules– effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and
amino acidsamino acids
more prominent in eucaryotic cells than in more prominent in eucaryotic cells than in procaryotic cellsprocaryotic cells
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Figure 5.1
•rate of facilitateddiffusion increasesmore rapidly andat a lowerconcentration
•diffusion ratereaches a plateau when carrier becomessaturated
carrier saturationeffect
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Figure 5.2
note conformational changeof carrier
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Active TransportActive Transport
energy-dependent processenergy-dependent process– ATP or proton motive force usedATP or proton motive force used
moves molecules against the moves molecules against the gradientgradient
concentrates molecules inside cellconcentrates molecules inside cell
involves carrier proteins (permeases)involves carrier proteins (permeases)– carrier saturation effect is observedcarrier saturation effect is observed
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TransportersTransporters
“Molecular Properties of Bacterial Multidrug
Transporters” – Monique Putnam, Hendrik van Veen, and Wil Konings – PubMed Central. Full Text available .
Microbiol Mol Biol Review. 2000 December; 64 (4): 672–693
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ABC transportersABC transporters
ATP-binding ATP-binding cassette cassette transporterstransporters
observed in observed in bacteria, bacteria, archaea, and archaea, and eucaryoteseucaryotes
Figure 5.3
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Figure 5.4
antiport
symport
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Group TranslocationGroup Translocationmolecules are molecules are modified as modified as they are they are transported transported across the across the membranemembrane
energy-energy-dependent dependent processprocess
Figure 5.5
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Fe uptake in pathogensFe uptake in pathogens
The ability of pathogens to obtain iron from The ability of pathogens to obtain iron from transferrins, ferritin, hemoglobin, and other transferrins, ferritin, hemoglobin, and other iron-containing proteins of their host is iron-containing proteins of their host is central to whether they live or diecentral to whether they live or dieSome invading bacteria respond by Some invading bacteria respond by producing specific iron chelators - producing specific iron chelators - siderophores that remove the iron from the siderophores that remove the iron from the host sources. Other bacteria rely on direct host sources. Other bacteria rely on direct contact with host iron proteins, either contact with host iron proteins, either abstracting the iron at their surface or, as abstracting the iron at their surface or, as with heme, taking it up into the cytoplasm with heme, taking it up into the cytoplasm
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Iron and signallingIron and signalling
Iron is also used by pathogenic bacteria as Iron is also used by pathogenic bacteria as a signal molecule for the regulation of a signal molecule for the regulation of virulence gene expression. This sensory virulence gene expression. This sensory system is based on the marked differences system is based on the marked differences in free iron concentrations between the in free iron concentrations between the environment and intestinal lumen (high) environment and intestinal lumen (high) and host tissues (low)and host tissues (low)
ListeriaListeria Pathogenesis and Molecular Virulence Determinants Pathogenesis and Molecular Virulence Determinants
José A. Vázquez-Boland,1,2* Michael Kuhn,3 Patrick Berche,4 Trinad Chakraborty,5 José A. Vázquez-Boland,1,2* Michael Kuhn,3 Patrick Berche,4 Trinad Chakraborty,5 Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal,1 Werner Goebel,3 Bruno González-Zorn,1 Jürgen Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal,1 Werner Goebel,3 Bruno González-Zorn,1 Jürgen Wehland,6 and Jürgen Kreft3Wehland,6 and Jürgen Kreft3
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Pathogens and Iron uptakePathogens and Iron uptake
Burkholderia cepaciaBurkholderia cepacia
Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuni
Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa
E. coliE. coli
Listeria monocytogenesListeria monocytogenes
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Iron UptakeIron Uptakeferric iron is very ferric iron is very insoluble so uptake insoluble so uptake is difficultis difficultmicroorganisms use microorganisms use siderophores to aid siderophores to aid uptakeuptakesiderophore siderophore complexes with ferric complexes with ferric ionioncomplex is then complex is then transported into celltransported into cell
Figure 5.6
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ListeriosisListeriosis
One involves the direct transport of One involves the direct transport of ferric citrate to the bacterial cell ferric citrate to the bacterial cell
Another system involves an Another system involves an extracellular ferric iron reductase, extracellular ferric iron reductase, which uses siderophores which uses siderophores
The third system may involve a The third system may involve a bacterial cell surface-located bacterial cell surface-located transferrin-binding proteintransferrin-binding protein
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Iron bacteria in the Iron bacteria in the environmentenvironment
There are several non-disease producing There are several non-disease producing bacteria which grow and multiply in water bacteria which grow and multiply in water and use dissolved iron as part of their and use dissolved iron as part of their metabolism. They oxidize iron into its metabolism. They oxidize iron into its insoluble ferric state and deposit it in the insoluble ferric state and deposit it in the slimy gelatinous material which surrounds slimy gelatinous material which surrounds their cells. their cells. These filamentous bacteria grow in stringy These filamentous bacteria grow in stringy clumps and are found in most iron-bearing clumps and are found in most iron-bearing surface waters. They have been known to surface waters. They have been known to proliferate in waters containing iron as low proliferate in waters containing iron as low as 0.1 mg/l. as 0.1 mg/l.
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Culture MediaCulture Media
preparations devised to support preparations devised to support the growth (reproduction) of the growth (reproduction) of microorganismsmicroorganisms
can be liquid or solidcan be liquid or solid– solid media are usually solidified with solid media are usually solidified with
agaragar
important to study of important to study of microorganismsmicroorganisms
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Synthetic or Defined MediaSynthetic or Defined Media
all all components components and their and their concentrations concentrations are knownare known
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Complex MediaComplex Media
contain some contain some ingredients of ingredients of unknown unknown composition composition and/or and/or concentrationconcentration
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Some media componentsSome media components
peptonespeptones– protein hydrolysates prepared by partial protein hydrolysates prepared by partial
digestion of various protein sourcesdigestion of various protein sources
extractsextracts– aqueous extracts, usually of beef or yeastaqueous extracts, usually of beef or yeast
agaragar– sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify liquid sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify liquid
mediamedia
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Types of MediaTypes of Media
general purpose mediageneral purpose media– support the growth of many microorganismssupport the growth of many microorganisms– e.g., tryptic soy agare.g., tryptic soy agar
enriched mediaenriched media– general purpose media supplemented by blood general purpose media supplemented by blood
or other special nutrientsor other special nutrients– e.g., blood agare.g., blood agar
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Types of media…Types of media…
Selective mediaSelective media– Favor the growth of some Favor the growth of some
microorganisms and inhibit growth of microorganisms and inhibit growth of othersothers
– MacConkey agarMacConkey agarselects for gram-negative bacteriaselects for gram-negative bacteria
Inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteriaInhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria
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Beta Hemolysis
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Types of media…Types of media…
Differential mediaDifferential media– Distinguish between different groups Distinguish between different groups
of microorganisms based on their of microorganisms based on their biological characteristicsbiological characteristics
– Blood agarBlood agarhemolytic versus nonhemolytic bacteriahemolytic versus nonhemolytic bacteria
– MacConkey agarMacConkey agarlactose fermenters versus nonfermenterslactose fermenters versus nonfermenters
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Selective and differential media
Selects for Gram –
Differentiates between bacteria based upon fermentation of lactose( color change)
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Organism
Salt Tolerance
Mannitol Fermentation
1. S. aureus
Positive - growth
Positive (yellow)
2. S. epidermidis
Positive*- growth
Negative( color does not change) – no fermentation of mannitol with production of acid
3. M. luteus
Negative
N/A**
http://www.austin.cc.tx.us/microbugz/20msa.html
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Web References on Media
http://www.jlindquist.net/generalmicro/102diff.html - General Reference
http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/macconk.htm - MacConkey Agar
http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/micro/hemolys.html - Blood Agar
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The Spread Plate and The Spread Plate and Streak PlateStreak Plate
Involve spreading a mixture of cells Involve spreading a mixture of cells on an agar surface so that individual on an agar surface so that individual cells are well separated from each cells are well separated from each otherother
Each cell can reproduce to form a Each cell can reproduce to form a separate separate colonycolony (visible growth or (visible growth or cluster of microorganisms)cluster of microorganisms)
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Figure 5.7
1. dispense cells ontomedium in petri dish
2. - 3. sterilize spreader
4. spread cellsacross surface
Spread-plate techniqueSpread-plate technique
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Figure 5.8
inoculatingloop
Streak plate techniqueStreak plate technique
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Isolation of Pure CulturesIsolation of Pure Cultures
Pure culturePure culture– population of cells arising from a single population of cells arising from a single
cellcell
Spread plateSpread plate, , streak platestreak plate, and , and pour pour plateplate are techniques used to isolate are techniques used to isolate pure culturespure cultures
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The Pour PlateThe Pour Plate
Sample is diluted several timesSample is diluted several times
Diluted samples are mixed with liquid Diluted samples are mixed with liquid agaragar
Mixture of cells and agar are poured Mixture of cells and agar are poured into sterile culture dishesinto sterile culture dishes
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Figure 5.9
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Colony Morphology and GrowthColony Morphology and Growthindividual individual species form species form characteristic characteristic coloniescolonies
Figure 5.10b
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Terms1. Colony shape and size: round, irregular, punctiform (tiny)2. Margin (edge): entire (smooth), undulate (wavy), lobate (lobed)3. Elevation: convex, umbonate, flat, raised4. Color: color or pigment, plus opaque, translucent, shiny or dull5. Texture: moist, mucoid, dry (or rough).
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Figure 5.10a
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Colony growthColony growth
Most rapid at edge of colonyMost rapid at edge of colony– oxygen and nutrients are more available oxygen and nutrients are more available
at edgeat edge
Slowest at center of colonySlowest at center of colony
In nature, many microorganisms In nature, many microorganisms form biofilms on surfacesform biofilms on surfaces