chapter 4 skin and body membranes function of body membranes line or cover body surfaces protect...
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CHAPTER 4
Skin and Body Membranes
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Function of Body Membranes
Line or cover body surfaces Protect body surfaces Lubricate body surfaces
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Classification of Body Membranes Epithelial Membranes – are simple
organs– Cutaneous membranes– Mucous membrane– Serous membrane
Connective Tissue Membranes
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Cutaneous Membrane Cutaneous
Membrane = skin– A dry membrane
because it is exposed to air
– Outermost protective boundary
Superficial Epidermis– Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium Underlying Dermis
– Mostly dense connective tissue
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Mucous Membranes “Wet” or moist
membranes Surface Epithelium
– Type of epithelium depends on its location
Has a layer of underlying loose connective tissue called the lamina propria
Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface– Respiratory, Digestive, and
Reproductive organs Adapted for absorption or
secretion
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Serous Membranes Serous Membranes = “Serosa” Surface simple squamous epithelium
with underlying areolar connective tissue
Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
Serous membranes occur in pairs:– Parietal = lines the cavity wall– Visceral = covers the outside of the organ
contained in the cavity
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Serous Membranes
Serous layers are separated by serous fluid which helps to reduce friction between organs.
Specific Serous Membranes:– Peritoneum = covers the abdominal cavity– Pleura = surrounds the lungs– Pericardium = surrounds the heart
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Connective Tissue Membrane
Synovial Membrane– Made of connective tissue only– Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
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Synovial Membrane
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Integumentary System
Components include:– Skin = cutaneous membrane– Sweat glands– Oil glands– Hairs– Nails
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Integumentary System
Protects deeper tissues from:– Mechanical Damage– Chemical Damage– Bacterial Damage– Thermal Damage– UV Radiation– Drying Out
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Integumentary System
The skin aids in:– Heat Regulation– Excretion of urea and uric acid– Synthesizing vitamin D
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Skin Structure Has 3 layers:
– Epidermis = outermost layer• Stratified squamous epithelium• Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
– Dermis = middle layer• Dense connective tissue• Firmly connected to epidermis
– Hypodermis = aka “subcutaneous” tissue; deep to the dermis
• Not part of the skin• Anchors skin to underlying organs• Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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Skin Structure
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Layers of the Epidermis Stratum Basale
– Layer lying next to the dermis and is undergoing mitosis
Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum
– Occurs only in thick skin Stratum Corneum
– 20 to 30 cell layers thick– Shingle-like dead cells– Have a totally “new” epidermis every 25-45 days
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Melanin
Pigment produced by melanocytes Color is yellow to brown to black Found mostly in the stratum basale Amount produced depends upon
genetics and the exposure to sunlight
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Layers of the Dermis
Papillary Layer– Have projections called dermal papillae– Contain pain receptors (Meissner’s
corpuscles) and capillary loops Reticular Layer
– Deepest skin layer– Contains blood vessels, glands, and
pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
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Normal Skin Color Determinants
Melanin = yellow, brown, or black pigments
Carotene = orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
Hemoglobin = red coloring from blood cells in the dermis capillaries; oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
Sebaceous Glands = produce oil– Acts as a lubricant for skin and kills
bacteria– Most have ducts that empty into hair
follicles– Glands are activated at puberty
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Accessory Organs of the Skin Sweat Glands = widely distributed in
skin– 2 types:
• Eccrine = open via duct to pore on skin surface
• Apocrine = ducts empty into hair follicles– Composition of sweat:
• Mostly water, some metabolic waste• Only in apocrine glands – fatty acids &
proteins
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– Function:• Helps get rid of excessive heat• Excretes waste products• Its acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
– Odor is from associated bacteria
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
Hair – produced by hair follicle– Consists of hard
keratinized epithelial cells
– Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
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Hair
– Has a central medulla, a cortex that surrounds it, and a heavily keratinized cuticle on the outside of the cortex
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Hair
– Arrector Pili = muscle that contracts when we are cool to give the appearance of “goose bumps” because it is attached to the hair follicle
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
Nails = scale-like modifications of the epidermis that are heavily keratinized– Have a lack of pigment that makes them
colorless– Stratum basale extends beneath the nail
bed so that the nail grows
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Nails
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Infections (page 107):– Athlete’s Foot = caused by fungal infection– Boils & Carbuncles = caused by bacterial
infection– Cold Sores = caused by a virus– Contact Dermatitis = exposures cause an
allergic reaction– Impetigo = caused by bacterial infection– Psoriasis = cause is unknown but is
triggered by trauma, infection, and stress
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Burns (pages 108 – 109) Tissue damage and cell death caused
by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Dangers of burns include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock
“Rule of Nines” is a way to determine the extent of burns– Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation and each area represents about 9%
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Severity of Burns 1st Degree Burns = only epidermis is
damaged– Skin is red and swollen
2nd Degree Burns = epidermis and upper dermis are damaged– Skin is red with blisters
3rd Degree Burns = destroys entire skin layer– Burn is gray-white or black
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Burns
Burns are considered critical if:– Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns– Over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns– There are 3rd degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet
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Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer = most common type of cancer; abnormal cell mass; 2 types:– Benign – does not spread– Malignant – metastasized (moves) to other
parts of the body
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least malignant Most common type arises from stratum
basale
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Arises from stratum spinosum Metastasizes to lymph nodes
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Malignant Melanoma
Most deadly of skin cancers Cancer of melanocytes Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
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Detection of Skin Cancer
Uses ABCD rule:– A = Asymmetry
• 2 sides of pigmented mole do not match
– B = Border irregularity• Borders of mole are not smooth
– C = Color• Different colors in pigmented area
– D = Diameter• Spot is larger than 6mm in diameter