chapter 4, sections 4 and 5
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Chapter 4, Sections 4 and 5. The Rise of Austria, Prussia and Russia. The Thirty Years’ War. Who? Catholics vs. Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire Eventually involved other European countries (France, Sweden, Netherlands, Poland and Spain) When? 1618-1648 Where? The Holy Roman Empire. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Thirty Years’ War• Who?
▫ Catholics vs. Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire
▫ Eventually involved other European countries (France, Sweden, Netherlands, Poland and Spain)
• When?▫ 1618-1648
• Where?▫ The Holy Roman Empire
Why?•Both religious and political reasons•Many states in the HRE had become
Protestant, but the HRE (Ferdinand II) tried to make states Catholic to increase his power
•“Defenestration of Prague”: the event that actually started the war▫Protestants threw 2 Catholic officials out a
window and they landed in manure▫This led to revolts and eventually an all-out war
•Other European nations became involved because they didn’t want the HRE to unite, which would throw off the balance of power
Outcome •Peace of Westphalia (1648)•France was the biggest winner because
they had biggest role in defeating HRE•The HRE and Hapsburg family biggest
losers•The Treaty did 2 things:
▫Guaranteed the rights of Calvinists to worship in the HRE
▫Ensured that the HRE would remain 300+ independent states and not unite
Habsburg Austria
•Goals after Thirty Years’ War:▫Reassert their power in Europe▫Gain lands to compensate for land lost in the war▫They did add Bohemia, Hungary, part of Italy and
part of Poland
•Challenges for Austrian Emperors:▫Their lands contained a very diverse group of
people of many different nationalities and cultures▫This would keep them from every truly becoming
Absolute Monarchs
War of Austrian Succession/Maria Theresa
•Emperor Charles VI died with no male heir
•Before he died he signed an agreement with other European monarchs stating his daughter would become Empress
•Other monarchs agreed, but tried to take advantage of her after his death
•War broke out after the King of Prussia invaded and took some of her lands
Prussia •Hohenzollern Family
▫Ruling family in Prussia▫Prussia was a central European nation that
was spread out across HRE▫Protestants
•Absolutism▫Like other nations, Prussian Kings ruled
absolutely by increasing military and limiting nobles’ rights
Prussia
•Junkers= Prussian nobles•Military:
▫To keep control of their lands Prussia developed a strong military
▫4th largest in Europe
Frederick William
•First Prussian ruler to have title of “King” in Prussia
•He increased the military
•Made Prussia a military state
Frederick II• Son of Frederick William
I
• Frederick II aka “Frederick the Great” because of his military campaigns
• Helped gain more land by taking over part of Poland and going to war with Maria Theresa of Austria
Russia• Time of Troubles:
▫ Period of anarchy after death of Ivan the Terrible who had no heir
• Romanov Dynasty▫ Ruling family from end of
Time of Troubles until Russian Revolution in 1917
• Peter the Great:▫ 1st Czar to rule with
absolute power
▫ Move Russia toward becoming a more modern nation
Peter the Great
•Travels west:▫1697▫To study Western
technology▫Learned about gov’t,
manners, factories and shipbuilding
▫Brought experts back to Russia with him
Peter the Great
• Westernization▫ Peter’s policy to adopt
Western ideas, technology and culture
▫ Beards, coats, women
• Absolutist policies:▫ Had to become absolute
monarch to get Russians to change
Absolutist Policies
• Boyars:▫ Russian nobles▫ Worked in gov’t and military
• Serfdom:▫ Policy of peasants being tied
to the land▫ Peter expanded this policy to
improve Russian agriculture and keep boyars happy
▫ Some serfs became soldiers or worked on roads, canals, etc.
Exile•Those who resisted
Peter’s changes were tortured, executed or exiled
•Those who were exiled were sent to Siberia
Expansion•Increased army to
expand Russian lands
•Warm-water port: ▫Major goal of Peter
was to obtain land along Black Sea
▫He never achieved that goal
Great Northern War
•War with Sweden•Peter won and
gained lands on Baltic Sea (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
•Better access to W. Europe
St. Petersburg
•Peter’s “window to the west”
•Designed in style of W. Europe
•Became a symbol of Peter’s goals to Westernize Russia
Catherine the Great
•German princess•Married heir to the
throne of Russia•She would eventually
become one of Russia’s great rulers
Peter III
•Weak ruler•Husband of Catherine•Murdered by nobles
(was she involved???)•After his death she
became Czarina
Expansion
•She went to war with Ottoman Empire
•Through war she gained warm water port on the Black Sea (Peter’s goal)