european imperialism 1880-1920 chapter 14, sections 1-4

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European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

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Page 1: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

European Imperialism 1880-1920

Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Page 2: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism• Imperialism is the extension of a

nation’s power over other lands– 1800s brought new focus

• Two forms:– Indirect Rule – Local rulers allowed

to maintain position– Direct Rule – Local rulers removed,

replaced w/leaders from mother country

• Motives?– Search for raw materials like

cloves, pepper, tea, and silk– Nations wanted to gain advantage

over rival nations– National prestige– White Man’s Burden –

responsibility to civilize “primitive” people

Page 3: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Southeast Asia• Britain

– Singapore• Major stopping point for trade going to

China

– Burma• Land route to South China• Difficult terrain caused this plan to fail

• France– Vietnam

• Forced leaders to accept French protection, making it a protectorate, to defend it from Britain

– Thailand• Fought over between France and

Britain• Leaders promoted European education• Allowed to remain independent as a

“buffer state” between the two nations

Page 4: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Cont’d• United States

– Philippines• Acquired through Spanish-American War• Gave U.S. a launching point to trade

w/China

• Economies– Colonies developed raw materials and

sent to mother country– Mother country used industry to

create and sell products– Did not want colonies gaining industry– What kind of benefits could come for

the mother country? The colony?

• Resistance– At first – peasant revolts, uprisings– Later – educated native peoples

brought up through European rule began to use nationalism to resist

Page 5: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Africa• West Africa (Britain, France,

Germany)– Slave trade had died out– Peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil to

trade– Gold Coast the primary target

• British annex, or incorporate into their state

• North Africa (Britain, France, Italy)– Egypt had gained independence in 1805

• Led by Muhammad Ali• Growing economy led to construction of

Suez Canal connecting Mediterranean and Red Seas

– British see importance of Suez Canal, buy Egypt’s share• Egyptians are mad, revolt• British stop revolts, take Egypt as a

protectorate in 1914

Page 6: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Africa Cont’d• Central Africa (Britain, Belgium,

France)– David Livingstone, a British explorer,

traveled the jungles of Central Africa• Henry Stanley sent to find Livingstone,

continued his work when he passed away

– King Leopold II of Belgium pushed for colonization of the area• Hired Henry Stanley to help• Set up settlements in the Congo

• East Africa (Britain, Germany)– Britain wanted territory to stretch from

South Africa to Egypt– Germany wanted an empire like other

European powers– Berlin Conference (1884-1885) divided

the land between the two• No African representatives allowed to

attend

Page 7: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Africa Cont’d• South Africa

– Boers were original Dutch settlers– British seized lands during Napoleonic

Wars, invited citizens (1880-1881)– Boers, sick of British rule, move to area

above Vaal River• Put the indigenous, or native, peoples on

reservations

– Boers constantly fighting native groups

• Boer Wars– First was 1880-1881– Second (1899-1902) saw British take Boer

lands– Cecil Rhodes, in charge of British South

Africa, wants Boer lands because of diamonds and gold

– To make Boers happy British allow limited self government and only whites and few blacks with property could vote

Page 8: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Imperialism in Africa Cont’d• Colonial Rule in Africa

– Most countries relied on indirect rule• Less costs, effort• Also kept one family in power, preventing

change

– Some used direct rule• Official from mother country at top• Helped govern alongside indigenous

peoples

• Rise of African Nationalism– European educational programs

created a new group of African leaders– Suppression by colonial rulers led to

resentment• Africans could only work certain jobs,

make certain amount of money• Few voting or political rights

– Out of this came national pride and a desire to rule themselves (nationalism)

Page 9: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Colonialism in India• Background

– British had taken Mogul Empire during period of internal weakness

– To rule, British had soldiers, forts, and sepoys, or hired Indian soldiers

– British ruled through a viceroy, or a governor that acted as the monarch

• Sepoy Mutiny– Began when British gave sepoys new bullets

greased with cow and pig fat• Cow sacred to Hindu, pig taboo to Muslims• Sepoys attacked and killed 50 European men,

women, and children

– Indians outnumbered British 230,000 to 40,000, but Muslims and Hindu would not work together• British win

– Queen Victoria named Empress of India in 1876• India becomes “Crown Jewel” of British Empire

Page 10: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Colonialism in India Cont’d• Positives of British rule

– Order and stability– Education, military– Railroads, telegraph, postal service

• Negatives of British rule– Education and military only covered

top 10% of population– British industries beat Indian industries

(cotton vs food)– Use of zamindars increased

• Indian culture under British rule– Educators, authors, and political and

social leaders emerged to challenge British

– Novels, poems, and teachings encouraged continued Indian cultural practices

Page 11: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Colonialism in India Cont’d

• Indian nationalist movement– Primarily upper class,

educated Indian citizens– 1885 – Indian National

Congress (INC) meets to call for a share in governing• Separation of Hindu and

Muslim beliefs caused problems

– 1915 – Return of Mohandas Gandhi from Britain and South Africa• Peaceful calls for action would

end British reign in India

Page 12: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Fall of Nationalism in Latin America• Background

– Creoles, or descendants of Europeans and native Latin Americans encourage equal rights

– Peninsulares maintained Spanish and Portuguese power and practices

– Napoleon’s victories in Europe weakened their power in Central America

– 1804 – Haiti is first to declare freedom when slaves rise up against French rulers

• Revolt in Mexico– Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811) starts revolution– Sept. 16, 1810 – Uprising occurs but is

squashed, Hidalgo is ordered to die– 1821 – Creoles and Peninsulares work together

to overthrow Spanish, set up government…Agustin de Iturbide is selected as leader

Page 13: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d

• Revolt in South America– Jose de San Martin (Argentina) and

Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) fighting to get Spanish out of South America

– By 1824, most of South America free of European control

• U.S. Intervention– Concert of Europe still wants to go

back and take LA– U.S. Prez James Monroe issues

Monroe Doctrine, warning against any European interference in Western Hemisphere

– Britain works as an ally with U.S., using it’s navy to keep other nations from entering LA

Page 14: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d

• Challenges of building nations– Not sure of new boundaries,

nations go to war– Poor roads, bridges, railroad tracks,

made travel difficult– Small amount of families owned

most land

• Caudillos– Strong leaders ruling by military

force– Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and

Benito Juarez of Mexico

• New Imperialism– Spain and Portugal replaced by

Britain and U.S.

Page 15: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d

• Political change– U.S. responsible for political

leaders changing, countries rebelling• Looking out for U.S. interests

– Landed elite held more power than lower classes

• Economy– Middle class began to grow

• Spread of industry, more jobs

– Still a large gap between rich and poor

Page 16: European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

Exit Slip

• Define imperialism

• Describe the Sepoy Mutiny