chapter 4 - russia and neighboring countries (add)[1]

8/3/2019 Chapter 4 - Russia and Neighboring Countries (Add)[1]

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Chapter 4


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Russia and Neighboring Countries


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Figure 4.1


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INTRODUCTION Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Soviet

Union

Disintegrated in 1991

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Economic Union between of 12 of 15 former Soviet republics

Similar economic needs and policies

Diverse culture and ethnicity

Sub-regions

Slavic countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova

Southern Caucasus: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbiajan Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Uzbekistan


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Figure 4.2


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NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

MIDLATITUDECONTINENTAL

INTERIORSCLIMATES

SOUTHERNMOUNTAIN

WALL

PLATEUS,PLAINS AND

MAJOR RIVERVALLEYS

DESERT,GRASSLAND,FOREST AND

TUNDRA

NATURAL

RESOURCES


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Natural Environment Northerly location andcontinentality(extreme cold and hot)

Southern Mountain Wall

Caucasus Mountain (7,400 m) Plateaus, Plains and Major River Valleys

Plateaus - East Belarus, Ukraine and ends at Ural Mountain

Plains - North Black, Caspian and Aral Seas

Don River, Volga River, Ob, Yenisey, Lena Transportation, hydroelectricity, industrial and domestic usage.

Desert, Grassland, Forest, and Tundra

Desert east of Caspian Sea

North steppe grassland, fertile black soils (chernozems),

Southern Poland eastward through Ukraine Further north - deciduous forest, fertile brown soils, farming

Northward and eastward birch, pine, fir and spruce, northernconiferous forest (taiga)

Tundra eastern and central Siberia, frozen ground (permafrost)


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Figure 4.3


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Figure 4.5a


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Figure 4.5b


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Figure 4.6


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Figure 4.23


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Natural Environment

Environmental Problems

Oil Pollution

Frequent oil pipelines breaks and leakages

Pollution at Norilsk

Metallurgical Industry release pollutants in the air

Nuclear pollution

Aral Sea Contraction

Bad planning from the bureaucrats

Threatened Fisheries Black Sea, environmental degradation from industry

pollutants

Global Environmental Policies

Kyoto Protocol


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Figure 4.7


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Abandoned Nuclear Reactor


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Crossroads, Imperialism, and Cultural

Diversity Political evolution of Russia up to World War I

Eastern Slavs Rus (800s -Eastern Slav with the Vikings, Balts and Finno-Ugric)

Muscovy (Prince Vladimir-Suzdal conquered and consolidatedRus territories) 1480very powerful, Ivan IV adopted the word Czar

Expand territories Peter the Great, Catherine the Great and Alexander I The Russian Empire

Russification Czar remained in power but the real power is the creation of efficient

government The rise of nationalism, developed Russification to enforce minorities to be

more Russian.

The Soviet Union Competing for Control by the Bolsheviks that believe in

Communist principle. 1922 Lenin established USSR

Abolished monarchy and dejected capitalism and religion entities


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Figure 4.11


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Crossroads, Imperialism, and CulturalDiversity Five-Year Plan

1928, it is called collectivization and industrialization

Small firms are merged, the government is the owner of thecollectives and farmers became employees

Command economy

Central Planning World War II

Victory in war, annex the Baltic countries and Moldova

Beat the Hitler army

Stalin moderated some its policies

Created Warsaw Pact and Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance COMECOM, CMEA) to counter NATO and theMarshall Plan (economic aids from the USA)


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Global Changes and Local Responses

Cold War between Soviet Union and the western countriesespecially the USA

Communism at an Economic Standstill

The Stalin economy was rigid so it became inefficient

Perestroika & Glasnost Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (internationalopenness)

Against the Communist ideas, causing political turmoil

Companies exist but without noncompetitive environment

Lack of capitalist banking and financial system, poor transportationand communication system


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Figure 4.14


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Figure 4.15


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Human Rights

Gulags & theGreat Terror(Slave Labor

Campestablished by

theBolsheviks)

Solzhenitsyn &Sakharov,

humanitarian

War inChechnya,

human right

abuse, ethniccleansing

Status ofwomen, equal

opportunities


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Global Changes and Local

Responses

Population Distribution and Patterns Greatest concentration in western Russia,

East of Urals: along Transportation-SiberianRailroad to Lake Baikal, Vladivostok.

Caucasus Mountain, uneven distribution During Russian imperial and Soviet:

Ethnic Russians in the Near Abroad,

encouraged to move to other republics

Most Armenians & Azerbaijanis do not live in theirrespective countries


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Figure 4.18


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Figure 4.10


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Figure 4.19


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Global Changes and LocalResponses

Population Dynamics Slavic countries: declining populations, except

Southern Caucasus

Urbanization

Areas that lack good agricultural land

Areas that emphasize urban-industrial development

Urban landscapes

Secret cities Nuclear industry, biologic warfare research, missile

and weapon design


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Figure 4.22


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The Slavic Countries

Countries

Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova

Not entirely Slavic but many Slavs live there and it istied closely to the Slavic countries

Economic hardship Transition from Communism to Capitalism

Foreign Investment and Trade

1990s, corruption, poor infrastructure andbureaucracy prevent FDI


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Figure 4.26


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The Slavic Countries

Political Divisions

Republics, krays, oblasts, federal cities, okrugs Autonomous political units

North European and Middle Volga-Urals

North Caucasus

Siberia and the Far East

Territories of the Far North

Heartland and Hinterland in Russia

Heartland lies west of Urals

Hinterland includes Kaliningrad, along Baltic Sea, Murmansk,

east of Urals, Siberia. Science, Sports, and Society

Establishment of sport centers, universities, free health care


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Economic Activities

Ukraine ironand steelmaking

Heavy Industries

Oil and gas

Automotive,power

generation andconsumer goods

Services


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The Southern Caucasus

Countries

Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan

Rugged, mountainous region

Oil resources

Culture

Very diverse

Christianity: Georgians & Armenians

Islam: Azerbaijanis (Shia)


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Figure 4.32


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The Southern Caucasus

Ethnic Peace and Conflict

Georgia: Ossetians & Abkhaz

The problem with trust

Persecution of Armenians & the Armeniangenocide

Armenia & Azerbaijan

Nagorno-Karabakh, autonomous territory

Largest conflict, clashes of culture


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Economic Development

Agriculture

Limited industrial development

Heavily dependent on other Soviet republics

1991, altering and increasing its industrial

and service sector in order to reducedependency Tourism Activities

Oil producers

Pipelines Develop trading relationship with other countries

like Iran, Turkey etc


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Central Asia

Countries

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (Turkestan)

The countries occupy strategic geopolitical

positions Landlocked

Arid & semiarid climates dominate

Islam Silk Road


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Figure 4.36


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Central Asia

Resistance to Russification

People: Ethnic Conflict

Soviet definition of boundaries

Fergana Valley

Titular groups & ethnic minorities


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Central Asia

Economic Development

Historical orientation toward Russia

Drop in GDP following independence

Oil

Natural gas

Cotton

Water

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