chapter 4: latin america. diversity amid globalization, 3rd ed.: rowntree, lewis, price &...
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Chapter 4: Latin America
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd ed.: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 2
Learning Objectives
Understand connections between population and environmental systems and resourcesDiscuss impacts of European colonization on the population and economy of the regionExamine role of Latin America in the contemporary global economy
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Key ConceptsNeotropical DiversityDeforestationAltitudinal ZonationEl NiñoUrban PrimacyRural-to-Urban MigrationLand Tenure and ReformRemittancesTransnationalism
Colombian ExchangeSyncretic ReligionsMachismo/MarianismoTreaty of TordesillasRegional Trade BlocksIndigenous OrganizationsMaquiladorasDependency TheoryNeoliberalism
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Setting the Boundaries
From the Rio Grande to Tierra del Fuego
Most of Central America and South America
Shared Colonial History: Iberian Countries
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Latin America
Figure 4.1
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Environmental GeographyNeotropical Diversity: tropical ecosystems of the Americas that evolved in relative isolation and support diverse and unique flora and fauna
Tropical Ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere
Figure 4.2Southern Venezuela
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Environmental Issues – Overview
Figure 4.4
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Environmental Issues (cont’d)
Mexico City
What aspects of physical and human geography combine to produce air pollution in this city?
Figure 4.5
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Environmental Issues (cont’d)
These satellite images were taken of Rondonia, Brazil in 1975 and 1992
What differences do you see between these two time periods?
Figure 4.7
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Environmental Issues (cont’d)
Cochabamba, Bolivia
How is this landscape related to changes in agricultural productivity?
Figure 4.8
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Physical Setting - Topography
Figure 4.3
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Topography – Western Mountains and Eastern Shields
The AndesUplands of Mexico and Central AmericaThe Shields
Large upland areas of exposed crystalline rockBrazilian and Patagonian Shields
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.12
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Topography – River Basins and Lowlands
Figure 4.13
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Climate
Figure 4.15
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Altitudinal ZonationFigure 4.16
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El NiñoPeriodically, the flourishing fish populations commonly found off the west coast of Peru South America are replaced by the sight of dead fish littering the water and beaches.
Unusual weather conditions occur around the globe as jet streams, storm tracks and monsoons are shifted.
Such disarray is caused by a warm current of water that appears every three to seven years in the eastern Pacific Ocean called El Niño.
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La NiñaLa Niña is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, as compared to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific
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Population and Settlement
Figure 4.17
- Urban Primacy
- Megalopolis
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Demographic Indicators – Urban Population
Note variation in % Urban across the region
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Contrasting Settlement Landscapes in Latin America
Figure 1.25a Figure 1.25b
Peruvian Andes - VillageVenezuela – Spanish
Colonial Town
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Urban Form
Reflects colonial origins and contemporary growth
Figure 4.18
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“City of God”: Squatter Settlements in Latin America
Figure 4.3.2 – Rio de Janeiro
Figure 4.19 – Lima, Peru
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Squatter Settlements (cont’d)
Importance of the informal sector
Regional NamesRanchosFavelasBarrios jovenesPueblo nuevos
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Rural Settlement
Latifundia
Minifundia
Agrarian Reform
Agricultural Frontiers
Figure 4.21 - How does this photo relate to the images of Rondonia, Brazil?
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Population Growth and Movements
Rapid growth: 1960s and 1970s
Flows within and outside of Latin America
Figure 4.20
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Population Movements (cont’d)
Rural-to-Urban Migration
European Migration
Asian Migration
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23
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Latin American ImmigrationTransnationalism
Social and economic links between home and host countriesOutcome of globalization
Remittances (Figure 4.39 at left)
Monies sent homeImportant flow of capital into region
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Cultural Diversity - Historic
Demographic Collapse and Indigenous Populations
Colombian Exchange
Figure 4.25 – Machu Picchu
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Cultural Diversity - Contemporary
Complex ethnic patternsPersistence of indigenous languageSyncretic religionsMachismo and Marianismo
Interactions between European, African and Indigenous Populations
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Geopolitical Framework
Treaty of TordesillasRevolutionary Movements and IndependencePersistent Border ConflictsTrends Toward Democracy
Figure 4.29
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Regional Organizations
- Supranational: Trade Blocks
- Subnational: Ethnicity/Ideology
Figure 4.32
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Insurgencies and Drug TraffickingFigure 4.33
Figure 4.34
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Development Strategies
Informal Sector in PeruHigh Tech in Costa Rica
Figure 4.36Figure 4.35
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Development Strategies (cont’d)
Primary Export Dependency Oil Production
Figure 4.37 Figure 4.38
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Figure 4.6.1 Figure 4.6.2a
Figure 4.6.2b
Maquiladora Cities – Contrasts in Wealth and Poverty
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Latin America in the Global Economy
Dependency Theory: this theory says expansion of European capitalism created Latin America’s condition of underdevelopment (1960s); these countries are vulnerable to changes in the global market; trade within Latin America provides another path to development
Neoliberal Policies: neoliberal policies stress privatization, export production, direct foreign investment, and few restrictions on imports; Chile has seen good growth using this strategy
Dollarization: the process by which a country adopts, either in whole or in part, the U.S. dollar as its official currency; Panama adopted this policy in 1904, Ecuador in 2000
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Social Development