Chapter 4Cell Structure and Function

Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

CELL THEORY1. All living things are made of cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and

function in living things.

3. Cells come from the reproduction of

existing cells.

(CELL= the basic unit of life)

WHICH IS BIGGER?

_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria

Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES

_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism

(= basic unit of __________)3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells

CELL THEORY CELL SIZE

___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)

Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC

HYDROPHILIC

HYDROPHOBIC

Oil and water don’t mix!

Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

CELL MEMBRANE

Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell)

Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________(can go part way in or all the way through)

PERIPHERAL

INTEGRAL

Recognize “self”

GLYCOPROTEINS

GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS

WHAT DOES IT DO?

• Controls what enters and leaves cell

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE(semi-permeable)

CELL MEMBRANE Made of __________________ and ______________

HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________

Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through)

OTHER MOLECULES:GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that

“recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS STEROIDS (lipids)

CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles)

ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)

CYTOSOL – gel-like goo

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html

Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

NUCLEUS

Largest organelle

in animal cells

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS

Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane

= NUCLEAR ENVELOPE(nuclear membrane)

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

NUCLEUS

NUCLEAR PORES

Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus

Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO?

•Contains genetic material (DNA)

DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES

in dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO?

• Control center of cell

Image from:

Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do

Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS

Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS

• Makes RNA for ribosomes

Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg

NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUSSurrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE) CONTROL CENTER OF CELLCONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells.DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

CYTOSKELETON• Gives cell shape & support

• Help move organelles around

Made of PROTEINS called

MICROFILAMENTS

& MICROTUBULES

Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm

CYTOSKELETON

MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)

• Looks like “little sausages”

Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/mitochondrion2.gif

MITOCHONDRIA

Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

Has its own DNA

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Burns glucose to release energy

Stores energy as ATP

“Powerplant of cell”

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Image by: Riedell

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ ______________________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy as ______

Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMImage from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH

Network of hollow tubules

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)

Moves substances around inside cell

= “Intracellular highway”Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html

Has RIBOSOMESattached

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Has RIBOSOMESattached

• Transports molecules to other parts of cell

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)

• Has NO ribosomes attached

Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

•Makes steroids

•Regulates calcium

•Destroys toxic substances

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER(no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)

Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________”

Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________,

breaks down _________________

RIBOSOMES

• Made of PROTEINS and RNA

• Protein factory for cell

Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

Image by: RIedell

RIBOSOMES

Can be attached to Rough ER

OR

free in cytoplasm

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

RIBOSOMES

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

• Pancake like membrane stacks

•Packages molecules for transport out of cell

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES

• Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes

Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html

•Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES

Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES

Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES

CENTRIOLES

Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLESMade of PROTEINS called

MICROTUBULES

Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

CENTRIOLES

FLAGELLA & CILIA

Made ofPROTEINS called MICROTUBULES

(9 + 2 arrangement)

Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

FLAGELLA

Help in cell movement

CILIA

Move cell itself

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

CILIA

Move substances past cells

Image from: http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg

CILIA• Many

• short

FLAGELLA•Few•Long

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

CILIA FLAGELLA

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?

• Cell wall

• HUGE vacuoles

• Chloroplasts

• No centrioles

CELL WALLSupports and

protects cell

Outside of cell membrane

Made of polysaccharide _______________CELLULOSE

VACUOLES

Storage space

Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif

VACUOLES

• Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste

Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLSNO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg

VACUOLES

CHLOROPLASTS• Use energy from

sun to make glucose for food

CHLOROPLASTS• Surrounded by

DOUBLE membrane

• Thylakoid stacks contain enzymes for photosynthesis

•Contains own DNA

CHLOROPLAST

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?

• Cell wall

• NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

• DNA is circular

• No membrane bound organelles

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…

ITS MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES

than Plant cell walls!

NO CELLULOSE!Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA

Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane

NO cell wall Cell wall made ofCELLULOSE

Cell wall made ofPROTEINS

Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes

Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

DNA in chromosomes

DNA in chromosomes

DNA is a circular ring

No chloroplasts Chloroplasts No chloroplasts

Small vacuoles Really big vacuole No vacuoles

Has lysosomes Lysosomes rare No lysosomes

SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST

The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986

The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986