CHAPTER 4

1754-1783 The Road to Independence

Chapter 4 Section 1

The French and Indian War

I. Summarize the causes of the French and Indian War.

A. Causes of War

1) France and Great Britain both claimed the land of

the Ohio Valley

2) French and Indians vs. British War (1754-1763)

a) final chapter in a long struggleb) George Washington, British 21

years old

I. Summarize the causes of the French and Indian War.

B. Rivalry between Britain and France

1) British colonists founded towns and planted crops2) French colonists established forts and traded with

Native Americans (Indians)3) When Britain and France battled in Europe, the

colonists fought in America4) In Europe, the war was called the Seven Years’

War

I. Summarize the causes of the French and Indian War.

C. Albany Plan of Union

1) Plan for a union of the colonies – Ben Franklin’s idea

2) Included a union with the Iroquois Nation

3) Would create a colonial central government

4) Rejected by the colonies

I. Summarize the causes of the French and Indian War.

D. Early British Defeats

1) Major battles in western Pennsylvania

2) British used militia – armed citizens soldiers

3) Daniel Boone and George Washington - British

II. Describe how the British won the French and Indian War.

A. British Prime Minister – highest official in a parliamentary government – William Pitt declared war on France

1) Raised taxes to fight the war

B. The Tide of War Turns1) British troops were better prepared2) British troops took control of Pittsburgh and Niagara3) French retreated to Canada4) Iroquois Nation supported the British

II. Describe how the British won the French and Indian War.

C. Fall of Quebec

1) British invaded Canada – New France – capital Quebec2) Siege of the city – to surround an enemy in order to force

surrender3) After the fall of Quebec, eastern North America was controlled

by the British

II. Describe how the British won the French and Indian War.

D. Treaty of Paris – 1763

1) Ended the French and Indian War 2) Signed by Britain, France, and Spain3) France agreed to give Britain:

a) Canadab) All land East of the Mississippi River except

New Orleans4) Spain agreed to give Britain:

a) Florida5) Britain agreed to give Spain:

a) Cuba

III. Analyze how the war weakened the colonists loyalty to Great Britain.

A. The colonists began to see themselves different from the British

B. Loss of respect for British military powerC. American colonists did not feel the

respect of BritainD. American colonists wanted to expand

and prosper on their own

Chapter 4 Section 2

Issues Behind the Revolution

I. Explain how and why British policies in the colonies changed after 1763.

A. Changing British Policy

1) King George III – King John Stewart, Prime Minister

George Grenville, Prime Minister

2) Proclamation of 1763

a) Pontiac’s Rebellion – Native American protest of British rule in the Great Lakes region

b) Proclamation of 1763 – closure of the region west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlers

I. Explain how and why British policies in the colonies changed after 1763.

B. Britain’s Financial Problems

1) To pay off war debts, the British parliament decided to tax

the American colonies.

2) The Sugar and Quartering Acts

a) Sugar Act – start of a new British policy designed to raise money

b) British Navy patrolled American coasts

c) Quartering Act – required colonists to provide housing and supplies for British troops

II. Summarize the causes and effects of the Stamp Act.

A. Stamp Act Congress

1) Stamp Act – tax on newspapers, legal documents, and printed materials – documents had to be stamped to prove tax paid

2) Stamp Act Congressa) stamp act effected every colonist in every

colonyb) NO TAXATION WITHOUT

REPRESENTATION

3) The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Libertya) boycott – refusal to buy certain goodsb) Samuel Adams – Sons of Liberty Bostonc) by 1765, most stamp distributors resigned or

fled

III. Describe how rising tensions in the colonies led to fighting at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.

A. Townshend Acts – tax on imports from Britain

1) Colonists continued to boycott

B. Boston Massacre

1) Sons of Liberty rebelled against British troops

2) African American, Crispus Attucks plus four more were shot

3) John Adams represented the soldiers at trial – two guilty –

thumbs branded

III. Describe how rising tensions in the colonies led to fighting at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.

C. Boston Tea Party

1) British East India Company was given rights to sell tea in

colonies without normal taxes

2) Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped tea into

Boston Harbor, 1773

D. Intolerable Acts

1) Punishment for Boston and Massachusetts

III. Describe how rising tensions in the colonies led to fighting at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.

E. First Continental Congress – 17741) Purpose was to unite the colonies in

response to the Intolerable Acts

2) Every colony, except Georgia, sent delegates to

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania3) Patrick Henry, “Give me Liberty, or Give me

Death”4) Samuel Adams – very rebellious5) George Washington – Virginia – leader6) John Jay – New York7) encouraged boycotts and organized militias

III. Describe how rising tensions in the colonies led to fighting at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.

F. Fighting at Lexington and Concord

1) American rebels became known as Patriots2) militia Patriots began to store weapons and

ammo3) Paul Revere’s ride – warned Lexington that

the British were coming to seize weapons

4) Minutemen – militia Patriots like Samuel Adams and

John Hancock5) shot heard around the world began the

American Revolution

Chapter 4 Section 3

Ideas Behind the Revolution

I. Describe the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.

A. Common Sense1) Two Levels

a. 1st – struggle for power between American

colonists and Great Britainb. 2nd – the idea of colonists rethinking,

the proper role of citizens, government, and

the relationship between the two

2) Americans learned to demand that government respect

citizens’ rights

3) Common Sense – pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

a. Argues that colonies should break their ties with

Britain

II. Identify the four parts of the Declaration of Independence.

A. Second Continental Congress – second gathering of representatives from the colonies

B. Olive Branch Petition – King George III refused a document asking for a peaceful settlement to the conflict between the colonies and Britain.

C. Drafting a Declaration1) Declaration of Independence – document stating the reasons

for the colonies break with Britain2) Thomas Jefferson was chief author

a) influenced by the Enlightenment – 18th century movement

that emphasized science and reason as the way of

improving societyb) influenced by John Locke

II. Identify the four parts of the Declaration of Independence.

D. Parts of the Declaration1) Introduction – preamble – explains purpose2) explains political ideas on which it was based

a) John Locke believed people formed governments to

protect their natural rightsb) natural rights are rights all people are born

withc) “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of

Happiness”d) people have the right to revolt and replace

government if government is not acting in the best

interest of the people

e) Rule of Law – government must make decisions based on

laws – not their personal choices

E. Declaration is adopted1) July 4, 1776 – delegates voted to approve

Chapter 4 Section 4

Fighting for Independence

I. Describe the siege of Boston and its outcome.

A. Fighting had begun in April 1775 Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776

B. Siege of Boston1) 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston2) Battle of Bunker Hill – Boston

a) Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill in north Boston were Patriots’

strategic high groundb) British attacked Breed’s Hill three times before

taking controlc) Bunker Hill – Patriots ran out of ammod) both were British victories but heavy cost

(causalities)- persons killed, wounded, or missing- over 1,000 British vs. 400 Patriots

I. Describe the siege of Boston and its outcome.

C. British leave Boston

1) Patriots placed cannons so that they could shell British

in the city and British ships in Boston harbor

2) Loyalists – people who remained loyal to Great

Britain

II. List the strengths and weaknesses of the British and American forces.

A. 1/3 Patriots, 1/3 Loyalists or Tories, 1/3 neutral

B. British1) Advantages

a) well equipped, disciplined, trained armyb) Navy – world’s finest – supply and transportc) Loyalists and Southern African Americansd) Native Americans favored Britishe) 30,000 “Hessians” mercenaries – foreign

soldiers who fight for pay2) Disadvantages

a) not a popular war in Europe – Europeans resented paying taxes

b) hostile territory – conditions in Americans

II. List the strengths and weaknesses of the British and American forces.

C. Americans

1) Advantagesa) fighting on their own territoryb) experience of George Washington

2) Disadvantagesa) lacked well equipped, stable, effective

fighting forceb) too many new recruits – experienced

soldiers would go home

III. Explain the importance of battles in the North between 1776 and 1777, including the American victory at Saratoga.

A. Fighting in the North1) Retreat from New York

a) forced out of New York into Pennsylvaniab) by winter 1776 – Patriots had almost collapsed

B. Trenton and Princeton1) Christmas 1776 – Washington led attack – led 2,400 troops across

the Delaware River2) Battle of Trenton – battle in which Washington surprised and

captured the Hessian force3) Left camp fires burning and moved at night to Princeton4) Surprised Gen. Cornwallis and captured Princeton5) Battles of Trenton and Princeton were important because they

boosted Patriot morale

III. Explain the importance of battles in the North between 1776 and 1777, including the American victory at Saratoga.

C. Victory at Saratoga

1) British attack from the Northa) Gen. Howe advanced the British into and

controlled Philadelphia

b) Gen. Burgoyne led British in northern New Yorkc) British were attempting to cut New England off

from other colonies

d) As Americans retreated, they slowed British progress

e) Battle of Saratoga – series of battles in which the Americans

attacked and defeated Burgoyne’s forces

f) TURNING POINT OF THE WARg) One effect of the victory: the French agreed to

openly support the Americans

Chapter 4 Section 5

Winning Independence

I. Explain the hardships the Americans endured during the war.

A. Hardships

1) Washington and his troops had a lack of cloths and food2) Winter 1777-78 at Valley Forge3) Financing the War

a) Continental Congress had no power to taxb) Continental money was not backed by gold

and silver 4) Disruptions of Trade

a) British blockade – isolate from outside contact by using

troops or warships to prevent people or

supplies from enteringb) Profiteering – selling scarce items at high

pricesc) Inflation – substantial increase in prices of

goods over a period of time

II. Describe the American victories in the West and South that led to an end to the war.

A. Fighting in the West1) Indiana and Illinois – ½ Indians – 17782) Patriot Colonel George Rogers Clark regained the Ohio

River ValleyB. Fighting in the South

1) Georgia and South Carolina – 1779 – mainly Loyalists/Tories

2) Americans vs. Americans3) British Gen. Lord Cornwallis began to invade

North Carolina4) Battle of Kings Mountain and Battle of

Cowpens – Cornwallis was defeated

5) Battle of Guilford Court House – Cornwallis advanced into

Virginia6) August 1781 – Cornwallis setup camp at

Yorktown – peninsula between York and James Rivers

II. Describe the American victories in the West and South that led to an end to the war.

C. Victory at Yorktown

1) Washington and French arrived from the North2) Patriots commanded by Lafayette cut off escape from the land3) French navy blocked British navy4) Battle of Yorktown – fighting that ended when Cornwallis

surrendered to Washington

II. Describe the American victories in the West and South that led to an end to the war.

D. Treaty of Paris (1783)1) The victory at Yorktown resulted in the signing of the treaty2) Signed two years later3) Great Britain, France, Spain, United States4) Treaty of Paris – formally ended the War for Independence

a) 6 Provisions1) Independence of the United States of

America2) USA – all land from New England to the

Mississippi River and north to the Great

Lakes3) Mississippi River western border with

Spanish territory

4) Florida back to Spain and served as southern

border5) British would remove troops6) Loyalists rights restored/Tories still

persecuted

III. Summarize the impact of the American Revolution.

A. 1776 – America formally declared independence1783 – Great Britain formally accepted independence

B. Greatest impact of the American Revolution was the spread of the idea of liberty and equality