Chapter 31 Lesson 2: Chapter 31 Lesson 2: CancerCancer

By: Lily NikolichBy: Lily NikolichSeptember 7, 2007September 7, 2007

IntroductionIntroduction• 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001

• 1.3 million new cases diagnosed1.3 million new cases diagnosed

• 1 in 4 deaths from cancer1 in 4 deaths from cancer

• Early detection/improvements in Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for technology have improved prognosis for manymany

An Overview of CancerAn Overview of Cancer• Variations in RatesVariations in Rates

– Rates have large variations among populationsRates have large variations among populations– 444.6 per 100,000 African Americans444.6 per 100,000 African Americans– 402.1 per 100,000 Whites402.1 per 100,000 Whites– 272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics– 279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders– 152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans

An Overview of CancerAn Overview of Cancer• What is Cancer?What is Cancer?

– Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cellsUncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

– NeoplasmsNeoplasms are results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular are results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development development

– Malignant tumorsMalignant tumors are a neoplasmic mass that are dangerous and are a neoplasmic mass that are dangerous and harmfulharmful

An Overview of CancerAn Overview of Cancer

• Risks for Cancer-LifestyleRisks for Cancer-Lifestyle– Smoking and drinking among greatest Smoking and drinking among greatest

--Smoking is the leading cause of preventable Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world todaydeath in the world today

– Nutrition/exercise Nutrition/exercise

--Cancer is more common among people who are Cancer is more common among people who are overweightoverweight

<<Figur<<Figure e 13.2>>13.2>>

Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths—2005 Estimates

Figure 13.2

What Causes Cancer?What Causes Cancer?• Biological FactorsBiological Factors

– Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition – Research is inconclusive – Research is inconclusive

– Reproductive and hormonal risksReproductive and hormonal risks – Breast cancer is much more – Breast cancer is much more common in most Western countries then developing countries. -- WHY???common in most Western countries then developing countries. -- WHY???

What Causes Cancer?What Causes Cancer?• Occupational and Environmental FactorsOccupational and Environmental Factors

– Asbestos, nickel, chromateAsbestos, nickel, chromate– Radioactive substancesRadioactive substances

• Social and Psychological FactorsSocial and Psychological Factors– Stress has been implicated in increasing Stress has been implicated in increasing

susceptibility levels to several types of cancer.susceptibility levels to several types of cancer.– Decrease negative emotionsDecrease negative emotions

What Causes Cancer?What Causes Cancer?• Chemicals in FoodChemicals in Food

– Sodium nitrateSodium nitrate– Clostridium botulismClostridium botulism

• Viral FactorsViral Factors– Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirusHerpes-related virus and human papillomavirus

• Medical FactorsMedical Factors– Diethylstibestrol (DES)Diethylstibestrol (DES)– ChemotherapyChemotherapy

<<Insert Table 13.1>>

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer• Classifications of CancerClassifications of Cancer

– CarcinomasCarcinomas– SarcomasSarcomas– LymphomasLymphomas– LeukemiasLeukemias

• Lung CancerLung Cancer– Killed 164,000 in 2000Killed 164,000 in 2000– Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all

lung cancers could be avoided by not smokinglung cancers could be avoided by not smoking

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer

• Breast CancerBreast Cancer– One in 8 womenOne in 8 women– Risk increases with ageRisk increases with age– Risk factors supported by researchRisk factors supported by research– Prevention (self-exam and mammography)Prevention (self-exam and mammography)– TreatmentTreatment

Breast Self-ExaminationBreast Self-Examination

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Figure 13.3

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer• Colon and Rectum CancerColon and Rectum Cancer

– 33rdrd most common in men and women most common in men and women– 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed135,400 in 2001 diagnosed– Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal

bleedingbleeding

• Prostate CancerProstate Cancer– Most common in males todayMost common in males today– 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002– Estimated 30,200 men will dieEstimated 30,200 men will die

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer• Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers BewareSkin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware

– 1.3 million cases of skin cancer1.3 million cases of skin cancer– Treatable: basal or squamousTreatable: basal or squamous– Virulent: malignant melanomaVirulent: malignant melanoma– ABCD rule about melanomaABCD rule about melanoma

• What are three ways you can safely What are three ways you can safely enjoy the sun and outdoorsenjoy the sun and outdoors??

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer

• Testicular CancerTesticular Cancer– Ages 17-34 at greatest riskAges 17-34 at greatest risk– Cause is unknownCause is unknown– Undescended testicles present a great riskUndescended testicles present a great risk– How and when should men examine their How and when should men examine their

testicles?testicles?

Testicular Self-ExaminationTesticular Self-Examination

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Figure 13.4

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer• Ovarian CancerOvarian Cancer

– 44thth leading cause of death in young women leading cause of death in young women– Enlargement of abdomen common signEnlargement of abdomen common sign– Prevention: annual pelvic examsPrevention: annual pelvic exams

• Endometrial (Uterine) CancerEndometrial (Uterine) Cancer– Pap test for early detectionPap test for early detection– Risk: early onset of intercourseRisk: early onset of intercourse– Warning: abnormal bleedingWarning: abnormal bleeding

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer• Cancer of the PancreasCancer of the Pancreas

– ““Silent” diseaseSilent” disease– 29,700 cases in 200229,700 cases in 2002– Only 4% surviveOnly 4% survive– Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat dietContributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

Types of CancerTypes of Cancer

• LeukemiaLeukemia– Cancer of blood-forming tissuesCancer of blood-forming tissues– Leads to the creation of immature white blood cellsLeads to the creation of immature white blood cells– Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight lossSymptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss– Can be acute or chronicCan be acute or chronic

Facing CancerFacing Cancer

• Detecting CancerDetecting Cancer– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)– Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT

scan)scan)– Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe)Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe)– Self-exam and check-upsSelf-exam and check-ups

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Table 13.3

Facing CancerFacing Cancer

• New Hope in Cancer TreatmentsNew Hope in Cancer Treatments– Surgery to remove tumorSurgery to remove tumor– ChemotherapyChemotherapy– Researching genes and cell mutationsResearching genes and cell mutations

Facing CancerFacing Cancer

• Talking with Your Doctor about CancerTalking with Your Doctor about Cancer– Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trialsAsk questions about type, treatment, clinical trials– Ask about surgeryAsk about surgery– Ask why one treatment is preferredAsk why one treatment is preferred– Get all your optionsGet all your options

Facing CancerFacing Cancer

• Life After CancerLife After Cancer– Laws reduce insurance discriminationLaws reduce insurance discrimination– Less isolationLess isolation– Assistance is availableAssistance is available– Support groupsSupport groups

Seven Ways to Reduce the Risk Seven Ways to Reduce the Risk of Cancerof Cancer

1.1. Be physically activeBe physically active2.2. Achieve and maintain a healthful Achieve and maintain a healthful

weightweight3.3. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and

whole grainswhole grains4.4. Reduce the amount of fat in the foods Reduce the amount of fat in the foods

you eat, particularly from animal you eat, particularly from animal sources, to no more than 30 percent sources, to no more than 30 percent of your total daily calorie intakeof your total daily calorie intake

Reducing the Risk of CancerReducing the Risk of Cancer

5.5. Limit your time in the sun. Use Limit your time in the sun. Use sunscreen when exposed to the sun sunscreen when exposed to the sun for any length of timefor any length of time

6.6. Avoid using all forms of tobacco and Avoid using all forms of tobacco and alcoholalcohol

7.7. Know your body and recognize the Know your body and recognize the warning signs of cancer. Visit your warning signs of cancer. Visit your doctor immediately if you suspect a doctor immediately if you suspect a problemproblem

The EndThe End

Any Questions?Any Questions?