chapter 30 how animals move

BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 30How Animals Move

Modules 30.2 – 30.6


• Three major functions

– Support

– Movement

– Protection of internal organs

30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection

SKELETAL SUPPORT


• Three main types of skeletons

– Hydrostatic skeleton

– Exoskeleton

– Endoskeleton


• Hydrostatic skeleton

– fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

– cushions organs from shock

– Provides body shape

– Provides support for muscle action

– Earthworms, hydras, and jellies have hydrostatic skeletons


• The hydrostatic skeleton of a hydra

Figure 30.2A


• Exoskeleton

– Rigid external skeleton

– hard or leathery


– The shells of mollusks

– The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of chitin

Figure 30.2B, C

Shell (exoskeleton)

Mantle


• Endoskeleton

– Most echinoderms, including sea stars and sea urchins, have an endoskeleton of hard plates beneath their skin

Figure 30.2D


– Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage or combo of cartilage and bone

Figure 30.2E


Figure 30.3A


• Bones - several kinds of living tissues

– fibrous connective tissue covers bones

– Cartilage at the end of bones cushions joints

• Bone tissues – surrounded by blood vessels and nerves

30.5 Bones are complex living organs


• A human humerus

Figure 30.5

Cartilage

Spongybone(contains redbone marrow)

Compact bone

Central cavity

Yellowbone marrow

Fibrousconnectivetissue

Bloodvessels

Cartilage


• Muscles pull on bones

• Tendons: muscles to bone

30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement

MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND MOVEMENT


Figure 30.7

Biceps contracted,triceps relaxed(extended)

Triceps

Tendon

Biceps

Triceps

Tricepscontracted,biceps relaxed

Biceps


• Muscles perform work only when contracting


• Skeletal muscle - voluntary body movements

• Cardiac muscle pumps blood

• Smooth muscle - lines walls of internal organs ex. stomach

20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement


Figure 20.6

Unit ofmusclecontraction

A. SKELETAL MUSCLE

Musclefiber

Nucleus

B. CARDIAC MUSCLE

Musclefiber

Nucleus

Junction betweentwo cells

C. SMOOTH MUSCLE

Muscle fiberNucleus


Figure 30.8

Skeletal muscle


30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments

Figure 30.9A

Sarcomere

Dark band

Relaxedmuscle

Z Z

Contractingmuscle

Fully contractedmuscle


Figure 30.9B

ATP binds to myosin head, which is releasedfrom an actin filament.

1

2

3

4

Hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head.

The myosin head attaches to an actin bindingsite.

The power stroke slides the actin (thin)filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Thick filament (myosin)

Thin filament(actin)

Myosinhead

Z line


• Motor neurons carry AP that initiate muscle contraction

• A motor unit consists of a neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

• Strength of muscle contraction depends on number of motor units activated

30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction


Spinal cord

Motorunit 1

Motorunit 2

Nerve

Motor neuroncell body

Motor neuronaxon

Neuromuscularjunctions

Muscle

Tendon

Bone

Muscle fibers(cells)

Nuclei

Figure 30.10A


• neuromuscular junctions

– A neuron releases neurotransmitter acetycholine

– Acetycholine triggers AP in muscle fiber

– Calcium released from ER

– Calcium initiates muscle contraction


Figure 30.10B

Motor neuronaxon

Action potential Mitochondrion

Tubule

Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

Myofibril

Plasma membrane

Sarcomere

Ca2+ releasedfrom ER

BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition


Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 25Control of the Internal

Environment

Modules 25.1 – 25.4


Figure 29.3A

Heat Lighttouch

Pain Cold (Hair) Lighttouch

Epidermis

Dermis

Nerve Touch Strongpressure


• Pain receptors

– Sense dangerous stimuli

• Thermoreceptors

– Detect heat or cold

• Mechanoreceptors

– Respond to mechanical energy (touch, pressure, and sound)

29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli


• Bears don’t technically hibernate

– They do enter a dormant state, when their body temperature drops by several degrees

– Endotherms:

– derive most of their body heat from metabolism

– Ectothermic- warm themselves mainly by absorbing heat from their surroundings

Body Temperature


– Thermoregulation maintains body temperature within a tolerable range


• Body temperature regulation requires adjustment to heat gained from or lost to an animal’s environment

25.1 Heat is gained or lost in four ways

THERMOREGULATION

Figure 25.1

Convection Radiation

Evaporation

Conduction


• Blood flow to the skin affects heat loss

Figure 25.2B

Top view of shark

Blood vesselsof gills

Heart

Artery and veinunder the skin Dorsal aorta

Capillary networkwithin muscle

Skin

Artery

Vein


Too hot /too cold

• When body temp goes up:

- blood vessels widen (release heat – looks flushed)

- sweat glands – sweat evaporates heat

• When body temp goes down:

- blood vessels constrict

- shivering


• Basking in the sun

• Sitting in the shade

• Bathing

• Burrowing or huddling

• Migrating

25.3 Behavior often affects body temperature

Figure 25.3


• reduced activity and lowered metabolic rate

– Hibernation in cold weather

25.4 Reducing the metabolic rate saves energy

Figure 25.4

chapter 30 how animals move

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