156

Chapter 3 Table A3.2.1 UK ROD papers with given numbers of authors, 1989-2000 (numbers and percentages)

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5+ YEAR 1 2 3 4 5+

1989 3803 5945 5317 3792 5283 1989 15.8 24.6 22.0 15.7 21.9

1990 3953 5995 5420 3918 6009 1990 15.6 23.7 21.4 15.5 23.8

1991 3928 5909 5510 4036 6483 1991 15.2 22.8 21.3 15.6 25.1

1992 3758 5904 5576 4451 7353 1992 13.9 21.8 20.6 16.5 27.2

1993 3728 6074 5884 4642 7993 1993 13.2 21.4 20.8 16.4 28.2

1994 4028 6251 6009 4757 8858 1994 13.5 20.9 20.1 15.9 29.6

1995 4038 6334 6301 5069 9465 1995 12.9 20.3 20.2 16.2 30.3

1996 4147 6544 6191 5170 10095 1996 12.9 20.4 19.3 16.1 31.4

1997 4112 6283 6067 4998 10472 1997 12.9 19.7 19.0 15.7 32.8

1998 4006 6101 6119 5045 11060 1998 12.4 18.9 18.9 15.6 34.2

1999 3844 5948 6017 5133 12079 1999 11.6 18.0 18.2 15.5 36.6

2000 3753 6104 6058 5169 12888 2000 11.0 18.0 17.8 15.2 37.9

Table A3.2.2 UK ROD papers with given numbers of addresses, 1989-2000 (numbers and percentages)

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5+ YEAR 1 2 3 4 5+

1989 12844 7086 2788 935 487 1989 53.2 29.4 11.5 3.9 2.0

1990 13046 7617 2911 1044 677 1990 51.6 30.1 11.5 4.1 2.7

1991 12833 7896 3242 1144 751 1991 49.6 30.5 12.5 4.4 2.9

1992 12907 8250 3586 1321 978 1992 47.7 30.5 13.3 4.9 3.6

1993 13353 8624 3901 1373 1070 1993 47.1 30.5 13.8 4.8 3.8

1994 13745 9199 4053 1597 1309 1994 46.0 30.8 13.6 5.3 4.4

1995 13865 9644 4441 1790 1467 1995 44.4 30.9 14.2 5.7 4.7

1996 13842 9927 4760 1932 1686 1996 43.1 30.9 14.8 6.0 5.2

1997 13485 9606 4787 2171 1889 1997 42.2 30.1 15.0 6.8 5.9

1998 12957 9795 5236 2229 2114 1998 40.1 30.3 16.2 6.9 6.5

1999 12704 9779 5490 2523 2525 1999 38.5 29.6 16.6 7.6 7.6

2000 12712 10232 5543 2651 2834 2000 37.4 30.1 16.3 7.8 8.3

157

Table A3.2.3 UK ROD papers with foreign addresses, 1989-2000 (numbers and percentages)

Foreign with US add

with EU add

All ROD

Other add

UK only

Foreign with US add

with EU add

Other add

1989 3885 1288 1560 24140 1037 20255 1989 16.09 5.34 6.46 4.30

1990 4305 1340 1898 25295 1067 20990 1990 17.02 5.30 7.50 4.22

1991 4810 1545 2080 25866 1185 21056 1991 18.60 5.97 8.04 4.58

1992 5476 1836 2501 27042 1139 21566 1992 20.25 6.79 9.25 4.21

1993 5982 1893 2642 28321 1447 22339 1993 21.12 6.68 9.33 5.11

1994 6777 2189 3107 29903 1481 23126 1994 22.66 7.32 10.39 4.95

1995 7458 2382 3386 31207 1690 23749 1995 23.90 7.63 10.85 5.42

1996 8428 2678 3996 32147 1754 23719 1996 26.22 8.33 12.43 5.46

1997 8772 2806 4203 31938 1763 23166 1997 27.47 8.79 13.16 5.52

1998 9499 2995 4603 32331 1901 22832 1998 29.38 9.26 14.24 5.88

1999 10163 3212 5013 33021 1938 22858 1999 30.78 9.73 15.18 5.87

2000 10882 3547 5304 33972 2031 23090 2000 32.03 10.44 15.61 5.98

Table A3.2.4 Countries with which UK co-authored biomedical papers in 1989-2000

Country 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total % All ROD 24141 25296 25866 27043 28319 29904 31209 32146 31939 32331 33022 33972 355188 100 USA 1288 1340 1545 1836 1893 2189 2382 2678 2806 2995 3212 3547 27711 7.80 GERMANY 367 432 456 565 598 764 797 976 1133 1202 1312 1419 10021 2.82 FRANCE 289 400 393 485 583 692 747 889 938 997 1099 1136 8648 2.43 ITALY 239 292 365 431 397 540 571 671 698 826 880 939 6849 1.93 NETHERLANDS 227 260 288 413 439 514 573 625 697 812 851 935 6634 1.87 CANADA 251 241 269 306 373 370 468 510 540 543 607 617 5095 1.43 AUSTRALIA 189 232 290 283 336 380 419 476 490 601 561 646 4903 1.38 SWEDEN 168 221 224 286 255 320 282 416 421 507 551 519 4170 1.17 SWITZERLAND 160 207 210 229 269 318 348 421 402 404 493 457 3918 1.10 SPAIN 87 107 151 236 232 297 322 390 369 480 516 507 3694 1.04 JAPAN 102 133 162 207 228 301 351 379 397 426 440 517 3643 1.03 BELGIUM 108 149 160 204 201 266 293 338 354 389 470 459 3391 0.95 DENMARK 98 120 145 219 206 239 243 285 304 334 376 390 2959 0.83 FINLAND 50 68 74 101 89 109 129 156 207 183 233 282 1681 0.47 IRELAND 56 72 75 93 94 113 138 188 198 193 227 249 1696 0.48 NORWAY 47 66 62 81 80 94 107 137 159 173 166 189 1361 0.38 BRAZIL 41 69 80 85 86 110 109 142 145 161 159 190 1377 0.39 AUSTRIA 40 38 60 62 69 89 94 147 130 171 190 180 1270 0.36 GREECE 53 39 65 76 67 86 81 120 120 128 155 181 1171 0.33 NEW-ZEALAND 58 53 66 84 66 79 111 104 102 112 138 188 1161 0.33 ISRAEL 53 58 60 63 89 78 83 99 129 105 126 157 1100 0.31 SOUTH-AFRICA 50 45 41 50 50 68 74 85 113 121 122 170 989 0.28 RUSSIA (incl. USSR) 39 52 39 48 59 47 62 78 91 130 144 204 993 0.28 PEOPLES-R-CHINA 21 30 34 41 57 44 59 71 84 120 134 198 893 0.25 RUSSIA 0 0 2 9 57 85 105 124 118 147 132 127 906 0.26 INDIA 51 49 63 64 59 71 78 77 83 80 95 107 877 0.25 PORTUGAL 20 29 24 34 51 45 70 91 90 115 133 117 819 0.23 HUNGARY 32 41 35 52 50 61 68 84 88 113 93 103 820 0.23 POLAND 19 21 35 55 41 49 72 72 84 86 107 119 760 0.21 KENYA 36 25 38 44 58 51 64 86 64 73 76 67 682 0.19

158

THAILAND 31 32 33 36 38 42 49 44 37 58 74 67 541 0.15 CZECH-REPUBLIC 0 0 1 8 14 52 55 65 76 75 82 92 520 0.15 HONG-KONG 19 23 24 47 60 63 69 76 68 62 55 0 566 0.16 SINGAPORE 9 14 25 37 32 27 38 48 29 40 50 55 404 0.11 GAMBIA 20 21 31 28 40 31 29 31 45 36 43 33 388 0.11 TURKEY 8 4 13 23 13 22 28 30 48 45 68 70 372 0.10 MEXICO 11 6 6 10 20 25 29 31 42 44 48 69 341 0.10 NIGERIA 25 25 30 23 26 37 27 31 30 29 26 26 335 0.09 ARGENTINA 2 9 7 8 15 24 19 20 41 41 42 57 285 0.08 TANZANIA 7 18 18 11 29 25 32 24 27 17 25 29 262 0.07 TAIWAN 7 6 6 4 13 16 19 21 31 34 42 33 232 0.07 SAUDI-ARABIA 13 15 8 18 28 27 24 13 19 25 20 32 242 0.07 SOUTH-KOREA 1 3 6 4 9 7 17 19 26 20 49 47 208 0.06 SLOVAKIA 0 0 0 2 8 20 19 17 29 44 40 35 214 0.06 MALAYSIA 11 12 12 21 7 17 11 14 24 25 27 23 204 0.06 ZIMBABWE 8 13 12 13 18 17 24 21 25 25 20 21 217 0.06 PAKISTAN 11 8 7 13 11 12 15 19 22 21 26 35 200 0.06 EGYPT 17 13 19 13 12 18 13 22 15 14 24 16 196 0.06 CHILE 6 5 5 11 9 17 21 23 19 17 26 25 184 0.05 ICELAND 11 13 9 7 13 11 16 16 21 17 24 18 176 0.05 YUGOSLAVIA 23 34 19 29 6 6 11 13 4 9 9 12 175 0.05 MALAWI 12 4 6 7 13 12 13 10 10 14 15 34 150 0.04 BULGARIA 4 10 6 6 6 18 16 12 17 26 19 23 163 0.05 JAMAICA 3 17 10 11 15 28 15 17 18 12 8 13 167 0.05 GHANA 5 5 9 9 8 10 16 13 17 24 19 26 161 0.05 SRI-LANKA 8 24 13 16 11 16 4 11 6 17 11 19 156 0.04 SLOVENIA 0 0 0 2 12 13 22 11 21 17 31 21 150 0.04 BANGLADESH 6 14 5 7 9 15 14 7 13 18 13 23 144 0.04 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 21 24 34 30 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 0.04 UGANDA 0 7 5 6 6 12 12 9 14 17 23 25 136 0.04 UKRAINE 0 1 1 3 9 12 13 20 16 22 15 24 136 0.04 U-ARAB-EMIRATES 0 0 5 5 8 13 15 21 17 18 16 13 131 0.04 IRAN 4 2 5 1 14 8 7 6 12 26 25 21 131 0.04 ETHIOPIA 4 7 5 9 12 15 10 12 13 7 7 24 125 0.04 SUDAN 9 11 10 14 9 10 4 7 8 12 12 11 117 0.03 ZAMBIA 3 10 10 5 4 5 12 12 12 13 9 17 112 0.03 VENEZUELA 3 5 11 9 4 7 6 10 10 15 11 14 105 0.03 INDONESIA 10 3 9 2 9 9 17 9 11 9 10 16 114 0.03 KUWAIT 18 22 5 7 2 3 3 7 7 10 10 6 100 0.03 USSR 13 17 36 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 0.03 VIETNAM 1 1 0 6 4 6 8 13 8 15 14 23 99 0.03 CROATIA 0 0 0 2 13 10 13 7 17 16 13 10 101 0.03 ROMANIA 2 0 3 4 3 4 7 14 16 11 14 16 94 0.03 COLOMBIA 2 6 4 6 4 9 9 7 11 5 14 23 100 0.03 PAPUA-N-GUINEA 19 7 7 6 4 10 12 11 12 6 6 6 106 0.03 CAMEROON 5 2 2 4 5 9 5 10 6 7 9 15 79 0.02 PERU 2 3 4 2 5 7 10 5 7 10 12 12 79 0.02 JORDAN 6 0 5 2 3 3 7 8 3 14 14 12 77 0.02 PHILIPPINES 6 5 4 1 5 9 7 10 4 11 13 8 83 0.02 URUGUAY 0 2 1 2 5 7 7 7 7 11 7 13 69 0.02 NEPAL 1 1 4 6 3 8 4 7 7 6 6 11 64 0.02 MALTA 3 2 5 0 3 2 7 10 9 12 4 4 61 0.02 ESTONIA 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 4 9 14 16 53 0.01 SENEGAL 0 1 0 1 2 6 15 3 4 7 8 8 55 0.02 OMAN 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 10 12 15 56 0.02 ECUADOR 2 1 1 5 4 4 9 6 9 3 2 8 54 0.02 CUBA 1 3 0 3 6 6 7 2 2 4 5 6 45 0.01

159

SIERRA-LEONE 2 4 7 6 6 9 4 9 4 0 1 1 53 0.01 LUXEMBOURG 0 1 2 2 1 7 7 5 5 4 7 8 49 0.01 BURKINA-FASO 4 2 2 4 7 2 3 4 7 6 4 3 48 0.01 GABON 1 2 4 1 3 2 6 3 4 4 6 6 42 0.01 CYPRUS 2 1 0 1 0 1 6 2 3 9 1 9 35 0.01 LEBANON 2 1 1 2 2 4 0 1 6 2 8 13 42 0.01 COTE-IVOIRE 0 1 1 4 3 5 2 9 7 6 4 4 46 0.01 LITHUANIA 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 5 3 7 9 11 39 0.01 TRINID-AND-TOBAGO 2 3 3 5 6 1 3 3 4 2 5 4 41 0.01 BOLIVIA 0 3 4 1 1 0 4 3 7 8 9 5 45 0.01 COSTA-RICA 0 0 2 3 2 7 6 9 0 4 2 5 40 0.01 MOROCCO 4 1 1 4 1 2 6 4 4 8 4 1 40 0.01 BYELARUS 0 0 0 1 7 3 5 7 2 3 8 6 42 0.01 GUATEMALA 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 6 4 3 4 5 34 0.01 MAURITIUS 0 2 2 1 5 2 1 3 1 6 3 4 30 0.01 LATVIA 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 3 4 3 3 10 32 0.01 PANAMA 0 2 0 0 5 1 6 1 5 3 2 2 27 0.01 TUNISIA 3 0 0 3 1 3 4 4 3 6 5 2 34 0.01 MALI 2 0 1 0 0 3 4 2 7 5 4 1 29 0.01 ZAIRE 1 4 2 2 2 7 2 1 6 1 2 1 31 0.01 IRAQ 4 5 2 2 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 22 0.01 LIBYA 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 0 2 3 1 1 19 0.01 ALGERIA 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 4 4 0 4 1 21 0.01 BARBADOS 1 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 22 0.01 SYRIA 3 3 0 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 3 0 22 0.01 NICARAGUA 1 1 2 0 3 0 3 4 2 1 2 2 21 0.01 BENIN 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 4 4 1 3 16 0.00 MOZAMBIQUE 2 2 2 0 0 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 19 0.01 YEMEN 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 1 2 4 1 1 17 0.00 ARMENIA 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 0 2 10 0.00 MALAGASY-REPUBL 2 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 12 0.00 BURMA 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 13 0.00 BAHRAIN 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 1 13 0.00 BOTSWANA 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 12 0.00 REP-OF-GEORGIA 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 2 11 0.00 MONGOL-PEO-REP 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 1 0 3 13 0.00 ST-LUCIA 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 2 1 1 0 0 12 0.00 RWANDA 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 3 0 1 0 1 11 0.00 W-IND-ASSOC-ST 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 11 0.00 GUINEA-BISSAU 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 11 0.00 QATAR 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 0.00 HONDURAS 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 10 0.00 NAMIBIA 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 9 0.00 CENT-AFR-REPUBL 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 6 0.00 NIGER 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 8 0.00 CONGO 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 7 0.00 MACEDONIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 0.00 KAZAKHSTAN 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 5 0.00 MOLDOVA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 0.00 VANUATU 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 7 0.00 AZERBAIJAN 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 6 0.00 CAMBODIA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 0.00 DOMINICAN-REP 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0.00 SWAZILAND 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 5 0.00 TOGO 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 0.00 BOSNIA-&-HERCEG 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 4 0.00

160

ERITREA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 0.00 GUADELOUPE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 0.00 NEW-CALEDONIA 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0.00 SOMALIA 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.00 UZBEKISTAN 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0.00 ALBANIA 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0.00 BAHAMAS 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0.00 BERMUDA 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0.00 EQUAT-GUINEA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 0.00 FIJI 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 0.00 MAURITANIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 0.00 MONACO 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0.00 NETH-ANTILLES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 4 0.00 AFGHANISTAN 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.00 BHUTAN 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.00 BRUNEI 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.00 CHAD 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0.00 CONGO-PEOPL-REP 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.00 FR-POLYNESIA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0.00 FRENCH-GUIANA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.00 GREENLAND 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0.00 GUINEA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0.00 GUYANA 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.00 HAITI 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.00 LAOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.00 MARSHALL-ISLAND 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0.00 PARAGUAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0.00 SEYCHELLES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 0.00 SOLOMON-ISLANDS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0.00 TAJIKSTAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.00 TURKMENISTAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 BELIZE 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0.00 KYRGYZSTAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.00 LESOTHO 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.00 LIECHTENSTEIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.00 MARTINIQUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 MYANMAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 REUNION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.00 YEMEN-ARAB-REP 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.00 BURUNDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.00 DOMINICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 FALKLAND ISLANDS 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.00 GRENADA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.00 MACAO 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.00 MICRONESIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 SAO-TOME-&-PRINCIPE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.00 ST-VINCENT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 TUVALU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.00 VATICAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.00

161

Table A3.3.1 UK postcode areas and numbers of biomedical papers originating from them, 1989-200

Code Posttown 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total % of total

AB Aberdeen 407 464 491 481 550 596 605 673 627 722 706 710 7032 1.56 AL St Albans 244 252 240 236 225 267 261 297 282 259 271 316 3150 0.70 B Birmingham 915 970 967 988 1081 1123 1163 1110 1119 1203 1289 1341 13269 2.94 BA Bath 126 158 164 191 222 226 234 242 225 208 234 259 2489 0.55 BB Blackburn 9 10 15 16 15 15 20 17 20 22 16 33 208 0.05 BD Bradford 114 93 120 114 84 113 108 132 133 153 154 162 1480 0.33 BH Bournemouth 33 39 42 40 50 56 52 56 72 74 76 63 653 0.14 BL Bolton 14 9 5 13 16 12 27 17 25 26 28 20 212 0.05 BN Brighton 224 194 216 226 253 290 279 288 281 293 267 298 3109 0.69 BR Bromley 195 204 211 188 213 197 244 148 56 30 25 35 1746 0.39 BS Bristol 675 745 773 858 843 941 1030 1042 1089 1105 1158 1236 11495 2.55 BT Belfast 376 467 459 524 587 612 624 672 589 674 657 759 7000 1.55 CA Carlisle 9 11 15 11 16 16 10 18 13 26 25 16 186 0.04 CB Cambridge 1620 1700 1688 1837 2028 2116 2393 2274 2227 2231 2429 2506 25049 5.56 CF Cardiff 662 706 671 716 706 772 822 870 896 877 908 953 9559 2.12 CH Chester 28 30 34 46 41 39 37 39 27 38 47 82 488 0.11 CM Chelmsford 123 126 105 153 172 207 222 205 249 250 290 367 2469 0.55 CO Colchester 43 61 34 54 65 85 81 73 82 77 99 104 858 0.19 CR Croydon 7 14 9 9 25 20 25 31 22 22 21 38 243 0.05 CT Canterbury 123 103 132 142 147 213 200 205 219 260 209 254 2207 0.49 CV Coventry 125 119 132 157 180 158 200 225 266 272 294 324 2452 0.54 CW Crewe 15 17 13 10 8 14 17 8 18 18 14 16 168 0.04 DA Dartford 15 17 18 17 16 16 30 27 24 23 37 32 272 0.06 DD Dundee 391 402 438 534 563 573 580 597 672 649 695 680 6774 1.50 DE Derby 20 20 33 31 32 37 45 70 49 55 50 83 525 0.12 DG Dumfries &

Galloway 9 8 6 12 9 16 15 15 20 16 14 19 159 0.04

DH Durham 73 58 76 72 84 64 94 103 105 123 94 118 1064 0.24 DL Darlington 19 11 13 9 17 20 15 16 14 13 22 19 188 0.04 DN Doncaster 11 10 17 20 22 19 16 17 17 21 24 21 215 0.05 DT Dorchester 8 3 4 5 4 7 11 7 13 13 9 13 97 0.02 DY Dudley 12 20 15 18 23 19 21 17 16 18 22 18 219 0.05 E London E 443 461 484 596 597 571 548 544 586 619 558 614 6621 1.47 EC London EC 609 645 612 675 710 755 722 607 639 717 611 706 8008 1.78 EH Edinburgh 1227 1267 1326 1426 1500 1590 1638 1615 1652 1724 1722 1746 18433 4.09 EN Enfield 148 158 181 183 190 196 186 177 163 152 145 193 2072 0.46 EX Exeter 82 109 107 120 145 165 175 156 198 196 203 214 1870 0.41 FK Falkirk 47 64 82 78 93 90 115 118 136 132 134 154 1243 0.28 FY Fylde

(Blackpool) 9 10 7 7 4 9 10 22 16 10 8 15 127 0.03

G Glasgow 1163 1244 1246 1340 1338 1432 1372 1417 1457 1441 1593 1618 16661 3.70 GL Gloucester 42 38 38 45 41 54 77 52 63 77 76 75 678 0.15 GU Guildford 288 287 252 254 306 321 335 364 309 375 385 358 3834 0.85 GY Guernsey &

Alderney 1 1 3 5 0.00

HA Harrow 454 419 431 379 326 305 254 255 255 238 275 294 3885 0.86 HD Huddersfield 13 22 27 15 7 23 32 28 18 25 33 23 266 0.06 HG Harrogate 9 25 17 17 26 27 6 15 18 14 19 16 209 0.05

162

HP Hemel Hempstead

74 71 94 64 66 70 83 64 65 79 65 88 883 0.20

HR Hereford 5 6 7 4 10 16 9 9 6 13 13 16 114 0.03 HS Western Isles

(Harris) 1 1 0.00

HU Hull 88 75 56 91 67 76 112 125 142 130 153 167 1282 0.28 HX Halifax 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 3 6 24 0.01 IG Ilford 3 5 4 4 5 7 5 8 6 4 4 8 63 0.01 IM Isle of Man 1 1 1 2 5 7 3 4 6 7 6 5 48 0.01 IP Ipswich 19 34 26 20 37 40 44 53 42 47 46 58 466 0.10 IV Inverness 15 16 13 29 6 11 25 20 18 28 36 39 256 0.06 JE Jersey 5 2 1 1 2 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 37 0.01 KA Kilmarnock 48 62 61 66 88 87 98 82 99 95 97 73 956 0.21 KT Kingston upon

Thames 148 163 141 120 162 154 139 172 151 134 152 167 1803 0.40

KW Orkney Isles (Kirkwall)

1 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 16 0.00

KY Kirkcaldy 119 122 115 136 147 149 154 206 193 218 199 194 1952 0.43 L Liverpool 744 716 803 794 838 902 977 1022 1008 963 986 1041 10794 2.40 LA Lancaster 61 58 65 75 56 84 84 104 100 127 115 142 1071 0.24 LD Llandrindod

Wells 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 27 0.01

LE Leicester 526 544 577 601 659 821 861 924 837 867 876 1041 9134 2.03 LL Llandudno 65 72 104 82 94 108 126 158 153 145 146 183 1436 0.32 LN Lincoln 7 8 10 8 16 13 11 9 10 12 11 14 129 0.03 LS Leeds 676 652 650 672 705 726 832 878 923 968 974 1038 9694 2.15 LU Luton 12 19 14 17 20 25 21 24 24 34 19 24 253 0.06 M Manchester 1122 1145 1157 1282 1371 1349 1496 1543 1540 1579 1707 1691 16982 3.77 ME Medway 34 39 39 48 50 58 54 44 47 50 62 54 579 0.13 MK Milton Keynes 90 104 95 144 123 146 152 172 176 217 234 218 1871 0.42 ML Motherwell 24 27 23 29 19 39 28 40 31 32 26 40 358 0.08 N London N 80 93 81 73 102 78 95 98 113 111 124 131 1179 0.26 NE Newcastle 610 661 687 747 838 811 819 925 828 856 890 988 9660 2.14 NG Nottingham 597 615 639 652 717 805 824 863 932 914 967 1059 9584 2.13 NN Northampton 20 25 22 27 22 34 40 33 59 62 52 57 453 0.10 NP Newport 41 39 31 41 36 35 27 32 38 30 29 35 414 0.09 NR Norwich 187 256 254 290 315 362 433 475 465 495 486 513 4531 1.01 NW London NW 961 1046 1044 1090 1155 1190 1229 1202 1210 1326 1300 1304 14057 3.12 OL Oldham 10 15 12 13 6 5 15 13 23 23 22 23 180 0.04 OX Oxford 1585 1674 1715 1858 1858 1984 2109 2288 2318 2332 2395 2468 24584 5.46 PA Paisley 24 16 20 27 28 27 31 24 39 36 30 28 330 0.07 PE Peterborough 76 80 84 69 82 69 48 72 59 105 108 106 958 0.21 PH Perth 9 9 8 3 9 7 10 7 10 11 10 15 108 0.02 PL Plymouth 68 65 82 81 93 120 132 125 168 151 142 174 1401 0.31 PO Portsmouth 86 75 93 95 99 137 137 155 111 134 162 182 1466 0.33 PR Preston 35 47 43 54 48 65 75 75 84 73 94 104 797 0.18 RG Reading 264 290 322 300 403 472 505 490 460 508 572 536 5122 1.14 RH Redhill 78 87 107 88 94 110 112 105 108 95 89 111 1184 0.26 RM Romford 24 22 32 48 41 44 36 31 42 32 46 63 461 0.10 S Sheffield 487 539 623 665 692 779 761 842 895 880 942 994 9099 2.02 SA Swansea 101 79 93 89 101 113 152 158 154 170 174 167 1551 0.34 SE London SE 1439 1453 1627 1709 1749 1830 1858 1918 1987 1980 2057 2257 21864 4.85 SG Stevenage 86 86 94 104 135 129 199 234 235 262 297 262 2123 0.47 SK Stockport 202 235 209 258 219 245 214 273 197 195 191 229 2667 0.59 SL Slough 105 132 158 156 164 160 156 153 145 158 153 139 1779 0.39 SM Sutton 248 281 300 335 287 305 320 304 286 337 288 324 3615 0.80 SN Swindon 18 30 25 27 25 39 34 43 32 36 42 23 374 0.08

163

SO Southampton 424 470 472 524 556 608 666 660 664 726 693 737 7200 1.60 SP Salisbury 107 124 138 145 141 111 120 122 113 108 119 118 1466 0.33 SR Sunderland 28 40 28 24 31 38 39 57 55 70 76 77 563 0.12 SS Southend on

Sea 14 15 9 11 15 16 17 25 10 12 16 13 173 0.04

ST Stoke on Trent 104 105 114 124 157 142 195 230 242 238 271 271 2193 0.49 SW London SW 1286 1435 1502 1588 1609 1677 1683 1720 1750 1782 1863 1885 19780 4.39 SY Shrewsbury 73 78 83 73 86 113 119 124 107 127 107 136 1226 0.27 TA Taunton 13 12 11 11 22 16 33 32 26 19 32 34 261 0.06 TD Tweed

(Galashiels) 6 2 4 4 4 5 6 2 6 7 4 8 58 0.01

TF Telford 5 4 3 3 7 3 4 5 15 14 63 0.01 TN Tunbridge

Wells 32 36 45 41 62 55 67 62 68 69 64 90 691 0.15

TQ Torquay 5 7 10 11 12 13 14 13 17 16 21 31 170 0.04 TR Truro 8 12 12 16 14 16 5 16 22 29 25 39 214 0.05 TS Teesside 43 41 42 54 60 51 70 80 94 68 89 102 794 0.18 TW Twickenham 132 117 102 113 97 133 150 139 148 171 150 190 1642 0.36 UB Uxbridge 137 192 195 205 244 288 264 199 224 234 237 253 2672 0.59 W London W 1784 1897 1928 1993 1959 2110 2238 2274 2141 1950 1955 1945 24174 5.36 WA Warrington 25 32 31 52 44 51 62 61 54 62 52 55 581 0.13 WC London WC 2182 2358 2337 2471 2615 2726 2812 3187 3143 3175 3262 3351 33619 7.46 WD Watford 21 30 17 22 8 35 25 26 16 23 31 25 279 0.06 WF Wakefield 20 23 13 8 15 11 17 25 33 16 13 25 219 0.05 WN Wigan 13 10 13 13 23 14 15 24 18 20 15 10 188 0.04 WR Worcester 13 12 11 8 20 9 13 13 15 15 20 14 163 0.04 WS Walsall 7 7 7 3 2 15 10 9 11 15 16 18 120 0.03 WV Wolverhampton 9 15 18 37 30 25 33 26 30 38 45 57 363 0.08 YO York 115 101 130 155 188 196 226 273 288 345 365 351 2733 0.61 ZE Shetland Isles

(Lerwick) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 0.00

Table A.3.3.2a Leading UK producers of biomedical papers by postcode area, 1989-2000 Postcode Post town Institution Size code

AB Aberdeen University of Aberdeen * * * Rowett Research Institute * * Aberdeen Royal Infirmary * B Birmingham University of Birmingham * * * * Queen Elizabeth Hospital * * Aston University * * Birmingham Heartlands Hospital * BA Bath University of Bath * * BD Bradford University of Bradford * * BN Brighton University of Sussex * * * BR Bromley Wellcome Research Labs * * BS Bristol University of Bristol * * * *

164

Bristol Royal Infirmary * Southmead Hospital * Frenchay Hospital * BT Belfast Queen’s University Belfast * * * University of Ulster * * Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland * Royal Victoria Hospital * Belfast City Hospital * CB Cambridge University of Cambridge * * * * * Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC) * * * Addenbrookes Hospital * * * Babraham Institute (BBSRC) * * CF Cardiff University of Wales (Cardiff) * * * University of Wales College of Medicine * * * University Hospital of Wales * CM Chelmsford Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals * * Merck Sharp Dohme Ltd * CO Colchester University of Essex * CT Canterbury University of Kent * * Pfizer Ltd * CV Coventry University of Warwick * * DD Dundee University of Dundee * * * * Scottish Crop Research Institute * DH Durham University of Durham * E London (East) Royal London Hospital * * University of London Queen Mary * * EC London (East

Central) St Bartholomew’s Hospital * * *

Moorfields Eye Hospital * * City University * EH Edinburgh University of Edinburgh * * * * * Western General Hospital * * * Royal Infirmary * * Medical Research Council (several) * Roslin Institute (BBSRC) * Royal Edinburgh Hospital *

165

Moredun Research Institute * EN Enfield National Institute of Biological Standards and Control * Imperial Cancer Research Fund * EX Exeter University of Exeter * * FK Falkirk University of Stirling * * G Glasgow University of Glasgow * * * * University of Strathclyde * * * Glasgow Royal Infirmary * * Western Infirmary * Southern General Hospital * GU Guildford University of Surrey * * HA Harrow Northwick Park Hospital * Mount Vernon Hospital * HU Hull University of Hull * KY Kirkcaldy University of St Andrews * * L Liverpool University of Liverpool * * * * Royal Liverpool University Hospital * Liverpool John Moores University * LA Lancaster University of Lancaster * LE Leicester University of Leicester * * * Leicester Royal Infirmary * * Leicester General Hospital * Loughborough University * LL Llandudno University of Wales (Bangor) * LS Leeds University of Leeds * * * * St James’s University Hospital * * Leeds General Infirmary * * M Manchester University of Manchester * * * * Christie Hospital * * Manchester Royal Infirmary * * Hope Hospital (Salford) * St Mary’s Hospital for Women and Children * Withington Hospital * Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital * MK Milton Keynes Open University * NE Newcastle on Tyne University of Newcastle upon Tyne * * * *

166

Newcastle General Hospital * * Royal Victoria Infirmary * * Freeman Road Hospital * * NG Nottingham University of Nottingham (including campus in LE postcode area) * * * * University Hospital (Nottingham) * * Queens Medical Centre * * Nottingham City Hospital * * NR Norwich John Innes Centre (BBSRC) * * * University of East Anglia * * NW London (North

West) Royal Free Hospital * * *

National Institute of Medical Research * * * Central Public Health Laboratory * * University of London (several) * OX Oxford University of Oxford * * * * * John Radcliffe Hospital * * * Radcliffe Infirmary * * Medical Research Council (several) * Churchill Hospital * PO Portsmouth University of Portsmouth * RG Reading University of Reading * * * Institute of Food Research (BBSRC) * Institute of Animal Health (BBSRC) * S Sheffield University of Sheffield * * * * Royal Hallamshire Hospital * * Northern General Hospital * SA Swansea University College Swansea * SE London (South East) United Medical and Dental School (Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital) * * * * University of London King’s College * * * * Institute of Psychiatry/ Maudsley Hospital * * * SG Stevenage Glaxo-Wellcome R & D Ltd * * * SK Stockport Zeneca Pharmaceuticals * SM Sutton Institute of Cancer Research/ Royal Marsden Hospital * * * SO Southampton University of Southampton * * * Southampton General Hospital * * ST Stoke on Trent Keele University * *

167

SW London (South West)

St George’s Hospital * * * * University of London Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine

(ICSTM) * * *

Institute of Cancer Research/ Royal Marsden Hospital * * National Heart and Lung Institute (ICSTM) * * Royal Brompton Hospital * * Chelsea and Westminster Hospital * National History Museum * University of London King’s College * UB Uxbridge Brunel University * Glaxo-Wellcome R & D Ltd * * W London (West) Hammersmith Hospital/ Royal Postgraduate Medical School (ICSTM) * * * * St Mary’s Hospital (ICSTM) * * * University College London * * * Charing Cross Hospital (ICSTM) * * * University College and Middlesex School of Medicine * * * University of London Imperial College Science Technology and Medicine * * University of London King’s College * WC London (West

Central) University College London * * * * *

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine * * * Imperial Cancer Research Fund * * * Institute of Child Health * * * University of London King’s College * * * Institute of Neurology * * Great Ormond Street Hospital * * * National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery * * University of London Birkbeck College * * YO York University of York * * * ***** over 10,000 papers **** between 5,000 and 10,000 papers *** between 2,000 and 5,000 papers ** between 1,000 and 2,000 papers * between 500 and 1,000 papers

Table A3.3.2b Leading foreign co-producers of UK biomedical papers, 1990-2001

Country Institution Size code

Australia University of Queensland *

168

University of Sydney * Canada University of Toronto * Denmark University of Copenhagen * Finland University of Helsinki * France Institut Pasteur * Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) * Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) * Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) * Germany University of Munich * Italy University of Milan * Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) * Netherlands Leiden University * University of Amsterdam * Sweden Karolinska Institute * USA National Institutes of Health ** Harvard University ** University of Texas ** University of Washington (St. Louis, MO) * University of Washington (Seattle, WA) * University of California San Francisco * Stanford University * National Cancer Institute * University of California Los Angeles * John Hopkins University * University of Pennsylvania * Yale University *

** between 1,000 and 2,000 papers * between 500 and 1,000 papers

Table A3.4.1 Major post code areas publishing UK biomedical research, with their percentage outputs in basic and clinical research journals, 1989-2000.

Post code Town % basic (4)

% clinical (1,2)

NR Norwich 63.1 17.7

CM Chelmsford 47.1 19.0

CB Cambridge 49.9 25.7

SK Stockport 33.2 25.2

BN Brighton 46.4 31.6

DD Dundee 43.5 37.3

OX Oxford 42.7 34.1

169

BA Bath 42.3 34.8

YO York 37.7 41.0

RG Reading 37.6 32.2

CV Coventry 43.1 39.6

AL St Albans 35.3 36.2

NW London NW 31.3 43.7

EH Edinburgh 30.9 44.7

WC London WC 30.9 45.7

LE Leicester 29.7 42.3

AB Aberdeen 28.6 41.0

G Glasgow 27.8 46.6

BS Bristol 26.9 50.6

SW London SW 26.8 49.5

GU Guildford 25.1 39.6

LS Leeds 24.9 54.8

S Sheffield 24.8 53.0

M Manchester 23.5 52.2

CF Cardiff 23.2 49.5

UB Uxbridge 22.6 52.0

B Birmingham 23.2 51.8

L Liverpool 23.1 54.8

SO Southampton 22.5 54.6

NE Newcastle 22.1 55.8

W London W 21.9 51.3

NG Nottingham 21.9 51.9

BT Belfast 19.4 55.3

E London E 19.4 55.0

SM Sutton 18.9 40.6

HA Harrow 18.6 58.9

SE London SE 14.4 62.9

EC London EC 13.4 59.4

170

Chapter 4 Table A4.1.1 Numbers of UK ROD papers acknowledging funding (from none to 6 and more funders), 1989-2000.

YEAR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total

1989 9305 7962 3786 1740 720 300 267 24080

1990 9835 8137 3938 1788 797 393 318 25206

1991 9796 8166 4106 2127 853 359 352 25759

1992 9937 8133 4493 2191 1033 497 475 26759

1993 9551 8445 4993 2550 1296 596 575 28006

1994 10133 8574 5186 2793 1429 696 646 29457

1995 10106 8952 5440 2915 1435 638 684 30170

1996 10376 8839 5302 2839 1338 739 711 30144

1997 10854 8333 5206 2804 1408 707 741 30053

1998 10441 8516 5722 3168 1646 814 929 31236

1999 10765 8112 5770 3187 1626 854 946 31260

2000 11256 8810 5757 3115 1619 826 832 32215

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1 2 3 4 5 6+

No of addresses

Non-funded papersFunded papers

Figure AA4.1.4 Percentage of unfunded and funded ROD papers with 1 to 6+ addresses, 1989-2000 Table A4.2.1 UK ROD papers acknowledging funding from five main sectors, 1989 to 2000

171

Numbers of papers by type of funder 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Foreign 2768 3024 3205 3633 4311 4813 5310 5586 5663 6557 6710 6935

Industry 3508 3791 4021 4167 4783 4959 5165 4909 4713 5232 4855 5377

International 680 793 836 968 1147 1405 1614 1855 2062 2340 2519 2452

UK Government 8085 8285 8462 8830 9428 9696 10035 9609 9418 10143 9567 9280

UK non-for-profit 6274 6614 7126 7590 8614 9225 9486 9214 8822 9545 9782 9444

Unclassified funding 461 502 568 728 902 971 343 397 298 342 344 326

No funding acknowledged 9305 9835 9796 9937 9551 10133 10106 10376 10854 10441 10765 11256 Note: Sum of papers by funder type is greater than all ROD paers with funding acknowledgements because of multiple funding acknowledgements of individual papers. Table A4.2.2 Funders of UK biomedical research, with numbers of ROD papers acknowledging their funding, 1989-2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

MRC BBC DOH MAF DAF NER BCO EPR SHD ESR ODA

1989-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000

172

Fig. A4.3.2. Percentage of all UK ROD papers acknowledging funding from UK government, 1989-92, 1993-96 and 1997-2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

WEL CRC ICR BHF RYS ART LKR RCD NUF BDA LVH LIP

% o

f UK

RO

D p

aper

s

1989-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000

Figure A4.2.6 Leading UK non-for-profit funders of ROD papers, 1989-92, 1993-96, 1997-2000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

GLX ZEN SKB MRK WBK HLR PFZ SDZ LLL LEV

1989-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000

173

Figure A4.2.8 Percentage of UK ROD papers acknowledging support from leading industry funders, 1989-92, 1993-96, 1997-2000

0

1

2

3

4

NIH DFG INS CRS CNR NSF HHM CAM CHN

1989-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000

Figure A4.2.9 Percentage of UK ROD papers acknowledging support from leading foreign funders, 1989-92, 1993-96, 1997-2000

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

CEC WHO EMB NAO UDP HFS ESF HCU IRC UNC

1989-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000

Figure A4.2.10 Percentage of UK ROD papers acknowledging support from leading international funders, 1989-92, 1993-96, 1997-2000 Tables A4.4.1-A4.4.7

174

Table A4.5.1 Percentage of funding acknowledgements in ROD status A papers in 32 subfields by type of funders, 1989-2000. Subfield UKGA UKGD UK

CH UK FO

UK MI/HT

Non-pharma

Pharma Biotech Foreign International

SURGE 10.5 2.8 14.6 6.9 6.6 4.1 4.8 1.1 8.7 1.3

DENTA 11.7 5.3 4.6 4.7 5.9 7.0 3.6 0.4 6.6 1.2

OTORH 13.9 1.7 9.9 6.2 5.8 3.0 3.3 0.3 8.4 2.2

RENAL 15.8 3.3 17.6 10.0 8.9 4.4 10.9 0.7 10.7 2.3

ASTHM 16.0 2.8 18.7 7.9 6.4 7.6 29.3 1.5 11.6 1.4

CARDI 16.0 3.0 25.3 12.2 8.6 4.9 12.5 1.2 12.5 2.4

DERMA 16.5 4.4 19.6 9.4 8.0 5.6 9.1 1.5 14.1 3.6

ARTHR 17.3 3.2 34.0 12.2 8.8 4.9 10.9 1.7 14.7 3.1

ONCOL 17.3 3.3 39.6 7.2 8.5 3.9 7.8 1.8 18.2 4.1

RESPI 18.2 6.3 17.6 9.7 7.5 5.7 14.5 1.0 13.7 3.2

CHILD 18.7 6.1 19.3 10.3 8.5 5.1 5.5 0.5 14.0 3.4

GASTR 19.2 6.9 14.4 10.1 8.8 5.0 11.1 1.3 12.6 2.8

GERON 22.4 4.1 17.5 9.8 8.9 4.8 11.2 1.2 13.3 3.4

STROK 22.4 3.9 21.3 15.7 7.7 4.4 12.8 0.7 11.1 2.5

MENTH 23.1 4.6 7.1 11.7 6.1 3.2 8.4 0.7 11.2 2.0

OPHTH 23.3 2.7 15.0 18.1 14.3 5.0 4.1 0.8 19.5 4.5

HAEMA 23.6 5.0 26.8 11.8 8.1 5.4 9.7 2.4 17.9 4.4

OBSGY 24.3 6.4 18.9 10.6 11.0 5.4 7.8 1.0 15.4 3.4

BIENG 24.3 4.8 19.3 10.6 8.7 10.7 7.6 2.3 13.9 3.5

DIABE 26.0 4.9 30.7 19.8 11.6 8.6 16.2 2.0 21.1 3.1

MULSC 26.6 1.1 43.6 22.5 12.8 5.0 7.4 2.7 22.7 5.7

ENDOC 28.7 5.9 20.0 14.9 11.3 6.5 14.6 1.5 19.0 4.0

TROPM 32.4 11.1 5.0 33.9 8.8 17.4 8.2 0.6 37.9 28.1

VETER 32.5 30.5 8.6 7.2 9.7 10.3 7.6 0.8 17.8 6.1

IMMAL 33.0 7.1 26.6 18.3 9.6 7.2 12.1 3.6 23.8 7.6

INFEC2 34.3 16.5 8.3 15.7 8.9 8.1 10.3 1.7 23.1 10.7

TROVE 37.1 31.1 3.4 9.8 12.0 9.7 5.0 0.8 40.2 18.9

MALAR 37.2 5.5 2.4 42.2 7.9 23.3 11.6 0.6 37.1 31.4

MONED 37.2 1.9 49.6 32.8 12.7 2.2 4.6 2.4 21.2 2.9

AIDSR 37.9 13.8 7.6 9.8 7.5 5.7 13.2 3.7 26.8 9.1

NEUSC 41.0 2.2 14.7 26.5 12.1 4.7 16.4 1.2 24.4 6.4

GENET 44.9 6.6 28.1 20.2 12.3 5.2 7.8 1.7 33.2 11.1

175

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200%

SURGE

DENTA

OTORH

RENAL

ASTHM

CARDI

DERMA

ARTHR

ONCOL

RESPI

CHILD

GASTR

GERON

STROK

MENTH

OPHTH

HAEMA

OBSGY

BIENG

DIABE

MULSC

ENDOC

TROPM

VETER

IMMAL

INFEC2

TROVE

MALAR

MONED

AIDSR

NEUSC

GENET

UKGA UKGD UK CH UK FO UK MI/HTNon-pharma Pharma Biotech Foreign International

Figure A4.5.1 Percentage of funding acknowledgements in ROD papers in 32 subfields by type of funders, 1989-2000

176

Tables and Figures A4.5.2-A4.5.8 Table A4.5.9 Numbers of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10 or more funding organisations, 1989-1992

Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 356 226 102 44 29 14 5 5 0 0ARTHR 912 489 263 122 53 22 8 5 1 6ASTHM 297 131 70 28 8 1 0 1 0 0BIENG 259 144 62 19 8 7 3 0 0 0CARDI 2629 1256 665 275 76 52 22 9 7 9CHILD 1669 875 393 202 95 37 22 18 7 13DENTA 448 122 40 12 3 3 2 0 0 0DERMA 1130 510 212 83 39 13 5 3 0 0DIABE 424 328 225 136 55 31 15 1 1 11ENDOC 3369 2039 1148 512 228 101 52 14 12 21GASTR 2073 987 464 163 66 31 15 8 2 6GENET 3216 2233 1321 622 328 169 73 40 18 18GERON 711 355 137 75 38 18 7 2 0 4HAEMA 1865 1040 548 212 106 56 24 7 7 16IMMAL 2730 1794 967 424 232 104 50 19 13 12INFEC2 4865 2632 1206 550 296 151 55 38 14 11MALAR 124 96 69 62 51 24 9 9 6 4MENTH 1372 497 220 79 33 17 8 7 0 5MONED 16 22 13 10 5 1 1 0 0 0MULSC 98 92 40 23 7 3 0 0 0 0NEUSC 2718 1710 925 461 189 103 45 29 12 11OBSGY 1787 941 488 178 72 35 16 10 4 6ONCOL 3108 1694 764 278 142 62 33 12 3 18OPHTH 613 365 200 95 56 20 8 11 3 0OTORH 393 137 59 30 19 3 4 1 0 0RENAL 638 315 145 62 24 8 7 0 1 10RESPI 1519 815 367 156 63 32 16 6 6 3STROK 156 92 48 23 8 1 3 1 0 1SURGE 1815 808 367 152 52 33 14 4 3 17TROPM 578 441 312 189 127 71 27 26 12 7TROVE 158 115 50 25 5 1 3 1 0 0VETER 1749 889 312 101 33 10 4 2 0 0

177

Table A4.5.10 Numbers of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10 or more funding organisations, 1993-1996

Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 445 290 165 94 60 27 20 15 4 6ARTHR 994 634 337 177 93 44 18 7 6 2ASTHM 394 182 101 38 16 4 3 4 0 4BIENG 329 219 98 41 11 7 2 0 2 0CARDI 2709 1709 834 391 171 102 40 24 14 13CHILD 1823 1074 545 289 128 71 42 19 9 17DENTA 509 144 63 29 12 3 6 0 0 0DERMA 1042 566 287 161 78 33 12 3 7 4DIABE 441 360 236 127 78 37 21 21 16 18ENDOC 3381 2406 1350 742 328 171 107 63 35 35GASTR 2098 1136 590 281 117 58 25 20 4 16GENET 3610 3072 2037 1148 600 323 189 90 58 67GERON 834 438 245 124 57 27 14 4 5 6HAEMA 1905 1164 706 336 167 90 49 23 12 14IMMAL 2654 2009 1213 677 342 171 97 45 27 29INFEC2 4779 3125 1701 906 494 225 113 52 31 39MALAR 185 142 102 78 63 33 22 9 5 5MENTH 1422 718 311 134 57 28 23 6 4 13MONED 51 37 25 12 10 2 1 1 3 1MULSC 89 96 74 34 17 6 3 2 1 0NEUSC 2808 2123 1258 602 309 127 63 42 21 16OBSGY 1750 1113 575 306 124 60 38 13 5 3ONCOL 3267 1996 1132 540 264 98 70 29 23 20OPHTH 653 451 271 129 76 29 23 14 6 2OTORH 420 205 85 32 14 4 7 0 1 0RENAL 570 314 166 68 50 20 6 10 2 1RESPI 1661 913 485 234 84 37 20 13 4 11STROK 227 123 73 36 18 7 4 2 0 0SURGE 1930 1035 471 228 97 50 24 10 10 9TROPM 588 528 362 274 200 98 51 24 18 15TROVE 142 141 85 56 34 10 5 5 1 1VETER 1654 1100 536 235 99 32 5 8 6 2

178

Table A4.5.11 Numbers of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10 or more funding organisations, 1997-2000

1997-2000 Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 364 304 194 125 92 48 19 10 6 15ARTHR 960 601 357 172 95 51 18 10 10 11ASTHM 392 248 120 51 30 10 9 1 1 7BIENG 390 251 116 53 32 10 9 5 2 3CARDI 2640 1776 867 398 211 104 45 24 16 23CHILD 1746 1085 624 294 137 79 44 23 19 40DENTA 502 208 78 34 11 5 3 2 1 0DERMA 874 578 318 181 95 49 18 6 2 4DIABE 449 388 218 114 73 49 32 13 5 28ENDOC 3109 2195 1314 663 332 189 85 56 32 57GASTR 1817 1159 546 276 127 67 27 16 9 10GENET 3645 3501 2307 1378 827 435 238 121 76 95GERON 1074 604 322 169 71 42 19 8 10 14HAEMA 1630 1098 647 329 184 105 50 26 23 32IMMAL 2418 1968 1252 712 375 219 90 47 27 34INFEC2 4564 3421 1927 1092 586 282 131 67 37 48MALAR 204 185 148 92 53 38 20 8 9 3MENTH 1843 849 352 160 81 28 25 9 8 12MONED 30 41 22 15 7 4 0 1 0 1MULSC 153 137 75 33 25 11 3 3 0 2NEUSC 2948 2290 1390 667 326 160 64 35 22 26OBSGY 1722 1061 562 247 138 68 26 11 8 18ONCOL 2699 1971 1110 613 324 179 87 52 36 67OPHTH 672 528 309 154 86 36 21 11 8 7OTORH 442 224 133 54 29 15 8 0 2 5RENAL 470 284 164 72 38 18 6 1 3 4RESPI 1576 1012 521 274 122 59 32 11 3 19STROK 360 198 99 36 22 7 3 1 1 4SURGE 1933 1096 545 271 127 62 27 21 8 25TROPM 682 658 417 295 183 101 51 25 20 16TROVE 166 198 98 63 27 18 4 1 0 0VETER 1494 1104 535 275 92 43 22 4 3 6

179

Table A4.5.12 Percentages of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10or more funding organisations, 1989-1992

Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 45.6 28.9 13.1 5.63 3.71 1.79 0.64 0.64 0 0ARTHR 48.5 26 14 6.49 2.82 1.17 0.43 0.27 0.05 0.32ASTHM 55.4 24.4 13.1 5.22 1.49 0.19 0 0.19 0 0BIENG 51.6 28.7 12.4 3.78 1.59 1.39 0.6 0 0 0CARDI 52.6 25.1 13.3 5.5 1.52 1.04 0.44 0.18 0.14 0.18CHILD 50.1 26.3 11.8 6.06 2.85 1.11 0.66 0.54 0.21 0.39DENTA 71.1 19.4 6.35 1.9 0.48 0.48 0.32 0 0 0DERMA 56.6 25.6 10.6 4.16 1.95 0.65 0.25 0.15 0 0DIABE 34.6 26.7 18.3 11.1 4.48 2.53 1.22 0.08 0.08 0.9ENDOC 44.9 27.2 15.3 6.83 3.04 1.35 0.69 0.19 0.16 0.28GASTR 54.3 25.9 12.2 4.27 1.73 0.81 0.39 0.21 0.05 0.16GENET 40 27.8 16.4 7.74 4.08 2.1 0.91 0.5 0.22 0.22GERON 52.8 26.4 10.2 5.57 2.82 1.34 0.52 0.15 0 0.3HAEMA 48.1 26.8 14.1 5.46 2.73 1.44 0.62 0.18 0.18 0.41IMMAL 43 28.3 15.2 6.68 3.66 1.64 0.79 0.3 0.2 0.19INFEC2 49.6 26.8 12.3 5.6 3.01 1.54 0.56 0.39 0.14 0.11MALAR 27.3 21.1 15.2 13.7 11.2 5.29 1.98 1.98 1.32 0.88MENTH 61.3 22.2 9.83 3.53 1.47 0.76 0.36 0.31 0 0.22MONED 23.5 32.4 19.1 14.7 7.35 1.47 1.47 0 0 0MULSC 37.3 35 15.2 8.75 2.66 1.14 0 0 0 0NEUSC 43.8 27.6 14.9 7.43 3.05 1.66 0.73 0.47 0.19 0.18OBSGY 50.5 26.6 13.8 5.03 2.04 0.99 0.45 0.28 0.11 0.17ONCOL 50.8 27.7 12.5 4.55 2.32 1.01 0.54 0.2 0.05 0.29OPHTH 44.7 26.6 14.6 6.93 4.08 1.46 0.58 0.8 0.22 0OTORH 60.8 21.2 9.13 4.64 2.94 0.46 0.62 0.15 0 0RENAL 52.7 26 12 5.12 1.98 0.66 0.58 0 0.08 0.83RESPI 50.9 27.3 12.3 5.23 2.11 1.07 0.54 0.2 0.2 0.1STROK 46.8 27.6 14.4 6.91 2.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 0 0.3SURGE 55.6 24.7 11.2 4.66 1.59 1.01 0.43 0.12 0.09 0.52TROPM 32.3 24.6 17.4 10.6 7.09 3.97 1.51 1.45 0.67 0.39TROVE 44.1 32.1 14 6.98 1.4 0.28 0.84 0.28 0 0VETER 56.4 28.7 10.1 3.26 1.06 0.32 0.13 0.06 0 0

180

Table A4.5.13 Percentages of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10 or more funding organisations, 1993-1996

Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 39.5 25.8 14.7 8.35 5.33 2.4 1.78 1.33 0.36 0.53ARTHR 43 27.4 14.6 7.66 4.02 1.9 0.78 0.3 0.26 0.09ASTHM 52.8 24.4 13.5 5.09 2.14 0.54 0.4 0.54 0 0.54BIENG 46.4 30.9 13.8 5.78 1.55 0.99 0.28 0 0.28 0CARDI 45.1 28.5 13.9 6.51 2.85 1.7 0.67 0.4 0.23 0.22CHILD 45.4 26.7 13.6 7.19 3.19 1.77 1.05 0.47 0.22 0.42DENTA 66.4 18.8 8.22 3.79 1.57 0.39 0.78 0 0 0DERMA 47.5 25.8 13.1 7.34 3.56 1.5 0.55 0.14 0.32 0.18DIABE 32.5 26.6 17.4 9.37 5.76 2.73 1.55 1.55 1.18 1.33ENDOC 39.2 27.9 15.7 8.61 3.81 1.98 1.24 0.73 0.41 0.41GASTR 48.3 26.1 13.6 6.47 2.69 1.33 0.58 0.46 0.09 0.37GENET 32.2 27.4 18.2 10.3 5.36 2.89 1.69 0.8 0.52 0.6GERON 47.5 25 14 7.07 3.25 1.54 0.8 0.23 0.29 0.34HAEMA 42.7 26.1 15.8 7.52 3.74 2.02 1.1 0.52 0.27 0.31IMMAL 36.5 27.7 16.7 9.32 4.71 2.35 1.34 0.62 0.37 0.4INFEC2 41.7 27.3 14.8 7.9 4.31 1.96 0.99 0.45 0.27 0.34MALAR 28.7 22 15.8 12.1 9.78 5.12 3.42 1.4 0.78 0.78MENTH 52.4 26.4 11.5 4.93 2.1 1.03 0.85 0.22 0.15 0.48MONED 35.7 25.9 17.5 8.39 6.99 1.4 0.7 0.7 2.1 0.7MULSC 27.6 29.8 23 10.6 5.28 1.86 0.93 0.62 0.31 0NEUSC 38.1 28.8 17.1 8.17 4.19 1.72 0.85 0.57 0.28 0.22OBSGY 43.9 27.9 14.4 7.67 3.11 1.5 0.95 0.33 0.13 0.08ONCOL 43.9 26.8 15.2 7.26 3.55 1.32 0.94 0.39 0.31 0.27OPHTH 39.5 27.3 16.4 7.8 4.59 1.75 1.39 0.85 0.36 0.12OTORH 54.7 26.7 11.1 4.17 1.82 0.52 0.91 0 0.13 0RENAL 47.2 26 13.8 5.63 4.14 1.66 0.5 0.83 0.17 0.08RESPI 48 26.4 14 6.76 2.43 1.07 0.58 0.38 0.12 0.32STROK 46.3 25.1 14.9 7.35 3.67 1.43 0.82 0.41 0 0SURGE 49.9 26.8 12.2 5.9 2.51 1.29 0.62 0.26 0.26 0.23TROPM 27.2 24.5 16.8 12.7 9.27 4.54 2.36 1.11 0.83 0.7TROVE 29.6 29.4 17.7 11.7 7.08 2.08 1.04 1.04 0.21 0.21VETER 45 29.9 14.6 6.39 2.69 0.87 0.14 0.22 0.16 0.05

181

Table A4.5.14 Percentages of ROD papers in 32 subfields acknowledging between 1 and 10 or more funding organisations, 1997-2000

Number of unique funding codes per paperNo. papers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+AIDSR 30.9 25.8 16.5 10.6 7.82 4.08 1.61 0.85 0.51 1.27ARTHR 42 26.3 15.6 7.53 4.16 2.23 0.79 0.44 0.44 0.48ASTHM 45.1 28.5 13.8 5.87 3.45 1.15 1.04 0.12 0.12 0.81BIENG 44.8 28.8 13.3 6.08 3.67 1.15 1.03 0.57 0.23 0.34CARDI 43.3 29.1 14.2 6.52 3.46 1.7 0.74 0.39 0.26 0.38CHILD 42.7 26.5 15.3 7.19 3.35 1.93 1.08 0.56 0.46 0.98DENTA 59.5 24.6 9.24 4.03 1.3 0.59 0.36 0.24 0.12 0DERMA 41.1 27.2 15 8.52 4.47 2.31 0.85 0.28 0.09 0.19DIABE 32.8 28.3 15.9 8.33 5.33 3.58 2.34 0.95 0.37 2.05ENDOC 38.7 27.3 16.4 8.25 4.13 2.35 1.06 0.7 0.4 0.71GASTR 44.8 28.6 13.5 6.81 3.13 1.65 0.67 0.39 0.22 0.25GENET 28.9 27.7 18.3 10.9 6.55 3.45 1.89 0.96 0.6 0.75GERON 46 25.9 13.8 7.24 3.04 1.8 0.81 0.34 0.43 0.6HAEMA 39.5 26.6 15.7 7.98 4.46 2.55 1.21 0.63 0.56 0.78IMMAL 33.9 27.6 17.5 9.97 5.25 3.07 1.26 0.66 0.38 0.48INFEC2 37.5 28.1 15.9 8.98 4.82 2.32 1.08 0.55 0.3 0.39MALAR 26.8 24.3 19.5 12.1 6.97 5 2.63 1.05 1.18 0.39MENTH 54.7 25.2 10.5 4.75 2.41 0.83 0.74 0.27 0.24 0.36MONED 24.8 33.9 18.2 12.4 5.79 3.31 0 0.83 0 0.83MULSC 34.6 31 17 7.47 5.66 2.49 0.68 0.68 0 0.45NEUSC 37.2 28.9 17.5 8.41 4.11 2.02 0.81 0.44 0.28 0.33OBSGY 44.6 27.5 14.6 6.4 3.57 1.76 0.67 0.28 0.21 0.47ONCOL 37.8 27.6 15.6 8.59 4.54 2.51 1.22 0.73 0.5 0.94OPHTH 36.7 28.8 16.9 8.41 4.69 1.97 1.15 0.6 0.44 0.38OTORH 48.5 24.6 14.6 5.92 3.18 1.64 0.88 0 0.22 0.55RENAL 44.3 26.8 15.5 6.79 3.58 1.7 0.57 0.09 0.28 0.38RESPI 43.4 27.9 14.4 7.55 3.36 1.63 0.88 0.3 0.08 0.52STROK 49.2 27.1 13.5 4.92 3.01 0.96 0.41 0.14 0.14 0.55SURGE 47 26.6 13.2 6.59 3.09 1.51 0.66 0.51 0.19 0.61TROPM 27.9 26.9 17 12.1 7.48 4.13 2.08 1.02 0.82 0.65TROVE 28.9 34.4 17 11 4.7 3.13 0.7 0.17 0 0VETER 41.8 30.9 15 7.69 2.57 1.2 0.61 0.11 0.08 0.17

182

Chapter 5 Table A5.2.1 ROD papers in 32 sub-fields by PIC level, 1989-2000

PIC0 PIC1 PIC2 PIC3 PIC4 Total

AIDSR 5 1064 1119 1356 814 4353

ARTHR 31 2659 4725 2103 948 10435

ASTHM 0 953 1340 969 196 3458

BIENG 2 1490 1276 408 182 3356

CARDI 91 9533 10585 6851 3071 30040

CHILD 21 9138 7980 3081 1327 21526

DENTA 2 4786 1139 243 87 6255

DERMA 25 4727 3912 1972 943 11554

DIABE 54 1586 1376 1947 788 5697

ENDOC 93 10046 12148 9696 3516 35406

GASTR 39 7601 6800 5951 1741 22093

GENET 60 5369 11085 11361 9238 37053

GERON 16 3651 3151 2004 916 9722

HAEMA 38 5405 5563 5215 2851 19034

IMMAL 40 5961 9092 6649 5029 26731

INFEC2 113 13432 15405 10325 4967 44129

MALAR 6 642 836 441 252 2171

MENTH 74 7113 5300 3884 760 17057

MONED 0 50 177 126 68 421

MULSC 2 269 316 437 309 1331

NEUSC 20 4073 8493 10342 3829 26737

OBSGY 30 5725 8655 3216 1246 18842

ONCOL 23 9844 9271 8310 4597 32022

OPHTH 16 3710 2555 1440 621 8326

OTORH 6 5043 967 505 277 6792

RENAL 6 2806 2280 1573 371 7030

RESPI 23 6032 6687 3806 1062 17587

STROK 5 774 734 626 477 2611

SURGE 9 8159 4775 979 198 14111

TROPM 19 2958 2716 1312 684 7670

TROVE 2 1061 382 153 56 1652

VETER 9 10026 1972 846 274 13118

183

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

97-00

93-96

SURGE 89-92

98-00

93-96

DENTA 89-92

97-00

93-96

VETER 89-92

97-00

93-96

TROVE 89-92

97-00

93-96

OTORH 89-92

97-00

93-96

MENTH 89-92

97-00

93-96

RENAL 89-92

97-00

93-96

BIENG 89-92

PIC 1 PIC 2 PIC 3 PIC 4

Figure A5.2.1a Distribution by potential impact category (PIC) of UK papers in eight subfields, 1989-2000

184

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

97-00

93-96

ASTHM 89-92

97-00

93-96

RESPI 89-92

97-00

93-96

CHILD 1989-92

97-00

93-96

OBSGY 89-92

97-00

93-96

OPHTH 89-92

97-00

93-96

GASTR 89-92

97-00

93-96

DERMA 89-92

97-00

93-96

TROPM 89-92

PIC 1 PIC 2 PIC 3 PIC 4

Figure A5.2.1b Distribution by potential impact category (PIC) of UK papers in eight subfields, 1989-2000

185

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

98-00

93-96

ARTHR 89-92

98-00

93-96

GERON 89-92

98-00

93-96

ENDOC 89-92

98-00

93-96

CARDI 89-92

98-00

93-96

INFEC 88-92

98-00

93-96

MALAR 89-92

98-00

93-96

DIABE 89-92

98-00

93-96

NEUSC 89-92

PIC 1 PIC 2 PIC 3 PIC 4

Figure A5.2.1c Distribution by potential impact category (PIC) of UK papers in eight subfields, 1989-2000

186

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

98-00

93-96

ONCOL 89-92

98-00

93-96

HAEMA 89-92

98-00

93-96

MONED 89-92

98-00

93-96

STROK 89-92

98-00

93-96

AIDSR 89-92

98-00

93-96

IMMAL 89-92

98-00

93-96

MULSC 89-92

98-00

93-96

GENET 89-92

PIC 1 PIC 2 PIC 3 PIC 4

Figure A5.2.1d Distribution by potential impact category (PIC) of UK papers in eight subfields, 1989-2000