Chapter 3

Socialization

Socialization

• Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture

• Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

• Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self image

Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model

• Id – the human being’s basic drives

• Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

• Superego – the operation of culture within the individual

Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development

• 1st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact

• 2nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols

Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development

• 3rd stage – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings

• 4th stage – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically

George Herbert Mead

• Mead’s theory on the social self includes:– Self develops with social experience– Social experience is exchange of symbols– Understanding by taking role of other– No biological element involved, self is social

• Stages of self• 1st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around

them• 2nd stage – Play stage – role taking – mentally assuming the

perspective of another• 3rd stage – Game stage – can consider tasks and relationships

simultaneously

Erik Erikson

• 8 stages of development

• Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust

• Stage 2 – Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt and shame

• Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt

• Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness vs. inferiority

Erik Erikson

• Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion

• Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – intimacy vs. isolation

• Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – making a difference vs. self-absorption

• Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair

Charles Horton Cooley

• Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others

• Imagine how we are presenting ourselves

• Imagine how people are evaluating us

• Form opinions about ourselves based on our perceptions

Agents of Socialization

• Family – the most important agent of socialization

• Peer groups

• School

• Media

Forced Socialization

• Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position

• Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment

• Total institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority