chapter 3: mineralsminerals. minerals have four characteristics naturally occurring: formed by...
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Crystal: solid with atoms arranged in orderly, repeating patterns.TRANSCRIPT
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Minerals have four characteristics
Naturally occurring: formed by processes on or inside Earth without input from humans.
Inorganic: not made by life processes.
Element or compound with a definite chemical composition.
Orderly arrangement of atoms; all minerals are crystalline solids.
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Crystal: solid with atoms arranged in orderly, repeating patterns.
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Some crystals form from magma, hot melted rock below the Earth’s surface.
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When magma cools slowly, crystals are large.
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When magma cools quickly, crystals are small.
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Crystals can form from solutions as water evaporates or if too much of a substance is dissolved in water.
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Mineral groups are defined by their composition.
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Silicates contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more other elements; they include most common rock-forming minerals.
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Silicon and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust; they form the building blocks of many minerals.
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Mineral Identification
Color and appearance are not enough to distinguish most minerals.
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Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched; the Mohs scale compares mineral hardness.
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The way a mineral reflects light is its luster.
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Can be metallic or nonmetallic.
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Nonmetallic lusters include dull, pearly, silky, and glassy.
glassy dull
pearly
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Specific gravity is the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water; expressed as a number.
=
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Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form; but the streak test is useful only for minerals softer than the streak plate.
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The way a mineral breaks can be a distinguishing characteristic.
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Minerals with cleavage break along smooth, flat surfaces.
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Minerals with fracture break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces.
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Some minerals have unique properties that involve light or magnetism.
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Gems –rare and beautiful minerals that are highly prized
The Cullinan diamond and the Hope diamond are famous historical gems.
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Gems have industrial applications in abrasives, lasers, and electronics.
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Minerals can contain other useful elements.
An ore is a mineral or rock containing a substance that can be mined at a profit.
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Elements must be refined, or purified, from ores.
Deposits of bauxite ore are mined and refined into alumina--one of the feedstocks for aluminum metal. Then alumina and electricity are combined in a cell with a molten electrolyte called cryolite. Direct current electricity is passed from a consumable carbon anode into the cryolite, splitting the aluminum oxide into molten aluminum metal and carbon dioxide.
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Some elements dissolve in fluids, travel through weaknesses in rocks, and in those weaknesses form mineral deposits called vein mineral deposits.
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Titanium is a useful element derived from the minerals ilmenite and rutile.