chapter 3: independence (pages 90-116). what was the context in which independence was gained? ...
TRANSCRIPT
BORN IN BLOOD AND FIRE
Chapter 3: Independence (pages 90-116)
KEY QUESTIONS
What was the context in which independence was gained?
What events and ideas influenced the revolutions?
Who was and who was not involved? To what extent were they involved?
How did the outcomes of the revolutions match the founding ideals?
EUROPEAN CONTEXT
Bad government in Spain Carlos IV drove
state into bankruptcy
Increased taxes and sale of political offices for revenue
Resentment among Spanish Americans
Violence and Invasion Napoleonic Wars
(1799-1815 Imprisonment of
Spanish king gave colonies de facto independence
EUROPEAN IDEAS FLY ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
Liberalism+
Sovereignty
SOCIAL HIERARCHIES AND REVOLUTIONARY CRIES
• Loyalists• Selected first• Privileged jobs
Peninsulars
• Compete with Peninsulars• RebelsCreoles
• Maybe rebels• 80% of the population• Annoyed by Creoles in daily
life
Natives, Africans,
Mixed Descent
Slaves???
What w
as at stake for each of the
four?
AMERICAN REBELLIONS BEGIN SLOWLY
Mexico Hidalgo inspires peasants,
but “too indigenous for the Creoles
Father Morelos, a mestizo, energies creoles and lower classes
Peru Tupac Amaru II’s revolt of
1780s scare away creoles from uniting natives
Venezuela + Argentine Both had active creole
movements against Spain
Movements helped by experienced horsemen
!Viva la revolucion!
UNITING CREOLES AND NATIVES AGAINST SPAIN
CREOLES FOUND THEMSELVES IN A PICKLE
“NATIVISM”
Too few Creoles for a revolution
Considered indigenous rebellions dangerous
Need to unite with lower classes to fight Peninsulars
Birthplace distinguishes “them” from “us”
Creoles, Natives and Mestizo were now Americanos
Peninsulars were not Americanos
Now Americanos v Peninsulars
WHAT ABOUT BRAZIL?
BACKGROUND KEY DIFFERENCES
King Jao was living in Brazil to escape Napoleon
Jao left son to rule over Brazil when forced back to Portugal
New leader declared “Empire of Brazil”
No need to fight the king—the king declared independence
Imperial army too small to oppose declaration
THE LIBERATORS
SIMON BOLIVAR JOSE DE SAN MARTIN Began revolutions
in Venezuela Moved to Ecuador Finished the work
of an Martin after he fled to Europe
Launched surprise attack from Argentina through Chile
From Chile, captured Lima, Peru
Made his way towards the center of the continent, but had to flee
Bolivar finished liberation in highlands
UNFINISHED REVOLUTION?
SPANISH CONTROL CREOLE CONTROL
Patriarchy Racism Classicism
Patriarchy Racism Classicism
WAS BOLIVAR THE LATIN GEORGE WASHINGTON?Let’s ask the President Obama
And Hugo Chavez!
VOCABULARY TO KNOW
Americanos
LegitimacyNativism
Sovereignty